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  1. ConnorR

    Two specimens.

    From the album: Burmese Amber

    Top specimen contains a small lizard foot. Bottom specimen contains what appear to be two spiders. Bought from Israeli seller.
  2. Barrelcactusaddict

    Krantzite (Profen Fm., ~41.3-38 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    “Krantzite” Profen Coal Mine Profen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Profen Fm. (~41.3-38 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 79.25%, H: 10.41%, O: 10.34% Total Weight: 1.5g Longest Specimen: 14mm Lighting: 140lm LED Longwave UV Entry four of ten, detailing various rare ambers from European, Asian, and North American localities. This amber has rather unusual physical properties, despite being chemically quite near to succinite (i.e. Baltic amber), in terms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ratios: whereas succinite is rather hard, Krantzite is described as being “tender”, as well as “sectile and somewhat elastic”; Krantzite also fuses at a slightly lower temperature (225˚C, compared to 250˚C). In terms of appearance, unoxidized material generally bears a lighter coloration than succinite, and pieces are usually very small in size. Krantzite is a relatively widespread amber within Saxony-Anhalt State: it occurs in at least 12 deposits located within a roughly 6,000 square mile (9,650 sq. km.) area, all within Saxony-Anhalt. Most of the deposits are located near Nachterstedt, Nienburg, Amsdorf, Nietleben, Mücheln, and the most notable, Profen; despite the notability of the latter, there are four specific mining localities within the Mücheln area alone, each being a Krantzite occurrence. Regarding the history of the Profen Opencast Mine: exploration began in 1941, with actual coal production starting 3 years later; coal began to be mined from the lowest levels in 1951. A southern construction site for mining operations began in 1971, with conveyor bridges from both sites being connected in 1982: the bridge connection was demolished in 1990. Coal production in the Profen Opencast Mine is expected to remain operational until 2035. Sources: "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana 1837-1868: Descriptive Mineralogy"; p. 1005; Dana 1892 “Neufunde von fossilen Harzen aus dem Mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenrevier”; p. 166 (Abb. 2); Wimmer, Krumbiegel, Cosmowska-Ceranowicz, Wagner-Wysiecka 2015 https://second.wiki/wiki/profen

    © Kaegen Lau

  3. Barrelcactusaddict

    Krantzite (Profen Fm., ~41.3-38 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    “Krantzite” Profen Coal Mine Profen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Profen Fm. (~41.3-38 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 79.25%, H: 10.41%, O: 10.34% Total Weight: 1.5g Longest Specimen: 14mm Lighting: 140lm LED Longwave UV Entry four of ten, detailing various rare ambers from European, Asian, and North American localities. This amber has rather unusual physical properties, despite being chemically quite near to succinite (i.e. Baltic amber), in terms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ratios: whereas succinite is rather hard, Krantzite is described as being “tender”, as well as “sectile and somewhat elastic”; Krantzite also fuses at a slightly lower temperature (225˚C, compared to 250˚C). In terms of appearance, unoxidized material generally bears a lighter coloration than succinite, and pieces are usually very small in size. Krantzite is a relatively widespread amber within Saxony-Anhalt State: it occurs in at least 12 deposits located within a roughly 6,000 square mile (9,650 sq. km.) area, all within Saxony-Anhalt. Most of the deposits are located near Nachterstedt, Nienburg, Amsdorf, Nietleben, Mücheln, and the most notable, Profen; despite the notability of the latter, there are four specific mining localities within the Mücheln area alone, each being a Krantzite occurrence. Regarding the history of the Profen Opencast Mine: exploration began in 1941, with actual coal production starting 3 years later; coal began to be mined from the lowest levels in 1951. A southern construction site for mining operations began in 1971, with conveyor bridges from both sites being connected in 1982: the bridge connection was demolished in 1990. Coal production in the Profen Opencast Mine is expected to remain operational until 2035. Sources: "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana 1837-1868: Descriptive Mineralogy"; p. 1005; Dana 1892 “Neufunde von fossilen Harzen aus dem Mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenrevier”; p. 166 (Abb. 2); Wimmer, Krumbiegel, Cosmowska-Ceranowicz, Wagner-Wysiecka 2015 https://second.wiki/wiki/profen

    © Kaegen Lau

  4. Hello everyone, saw this Burmese Amber leaf for sale and it looked a bit too good to be true. I usually buy Baltic so I'm not familiar with who's reputable and not in the Burmese world. Dimensions are 31/14/6.9 mm and it weighs 1.87g. Is the whitish strip running down the side all natural or is it glue? Do you guys think it looks legit? Thanks!
  5. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen C (Bubbles): 3.5g / 29x22x12mm Lighting: Longwave UV The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE to SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999, the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  6. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen C (Bubbles): 3.5g / 29x22x12mm Lighting: 140lm LED The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE so SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999,the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  7. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen B (Run/Layered): 2.1g / 24x20x9mm Lighting: Longwave UV The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE to SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999, the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  8. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen B (Run/Layered): 2.1g / 24x20x9mm Lighting: 140lm LED The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE to SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999, the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  9. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen A (Clear): 2.7g / 33x21x19mm Lighting: 140lm LED The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE to SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999, the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  10. Barrelcactusaddict

    Bitterfeld Amber (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Bitterfeld Amber" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Friedersdorf and Zöckeritz Sub-Horizons Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Specimen A (Clear): 2.7g / 33x21x19mm Lighting: 140lm LED The origin of Bitterfeld amber has been the subject of much serious study and debate, especially within the last couple decades; it was originally believed to be redeposited material from the northern Baltic amber deposits, based mainly on the similarity of insect inclusions, but also due to their similarity in visual appearance and hardness. Chemical analyses of the amber by different authors, has recently shown that Bitterfeld amber came from a botanical and geographical source different from that of Baltic amber. Botanical Source: Recent chemical analyses (especially FTIR and ToF-SIMS) have shown significant differences; Baltic amber generally contains higher concentrations of succinic and communic acids, while Bitterfeld amber contains more dehydroabietic acid. Due to the presence of a specific triterpenoid (allobetulane class), Bitterfeld amber is believed to have been produced by a member of the Betulaceae Family (Birch). Age: Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers’ levels of carbon and hydrogen isotopes are extremely similar, indicating they are roughly the same age; Bitterfeld amber is found in Late Oligocene strata, which is younger than that which Baltic amber is found in: Bitterfeld amber was redeposited from nearby sources, before it was deposited into its current geological Formation (Cottbus), and was believed to have been carried northward into a delta by river action. Geological Setting: Bitterfeld amber shares a similar geological setting to Siegburgite, which it is found in association with. The upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., host to the large amber and coal reserves, was formed during the late Oligocene: the North Sea ingressed an area between two stretches of land running NE to SW, and as sea levels fell, forests developed, laying down organic matter; sea levels rose, and covered the organic matter in marine sediments. Bitterfeld amber is found in the lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Fm., which amber-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam: these layers constitute the “Bernsteinschluff” master horizon, which contains the upper “Friedersdorf” and lower “Zöckeritz” sub-horizons, which are particularly rich in amber. Differing levels of hydrogen isotopes in Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers indicate distinct geographical sources. There was a minimum of 3-degrees latitude difference between the northernmost Bitterfeld amber forests and the southernmost Baltic amber forests. Mining History: The Goitzsche Mine originally began coal production around 1949, and in 1955 amber was discovered; active mining of this amber began in 1975 until the Goitzsche Opencast Mine finally closed in 1991. From 1991 to 1999, the Goitzsche became subject to reclamation efforts, which involved flooding the mine with water, which was conducted from the nearby Mulde River. On 4/13/2000, the reclaimed site officially became a public recreation area. Sources: "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 “Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinate”; Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology; Wolfe, et. al. 2015 “Chemical and spectroscopic signatures of resins from Sumatra (Sarolangun mine, Jambi Province) and Germany (Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt)”; Scientific Reports, Issue 10; Drzewicz, et. al. 2020 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Rr9hVIGK28Bb2pzEcWxw3PG4TGS42HaKOS99vwcT8_ivqgi9EiclEWa0

    © Kaegen Lau

  11. Hello Friends. This time i'd like to show one of my fav. ants from Baltic Ambers. Definitely not common ant. Gesomyrmex in great condition. 5mm body. better quality pic -----> https://ibb.co/gMkyFX2 head closeup ---------> https://ibb.co/SrgPnZ2 Enjoy and greetings from the amber cave in Poland Artur
  12. ConnorR

    Amber Inclusion

    I found this amber inclusion for sale, and my first impression is that it looks like some kind of mammal tail. Maybe it's a plant?
  13. Barrelcactusaddict

    Siegburgite (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Siegburgite" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Chemical Composition: C: 81.37%, H: 5.26%, O: 13.37%, Cinnamic Acid: 0.0073% Specimen A (Top Left): 0.4g / 14x12x6mm Specimen B (Top Right): 0.5g / 14x14x8mm Specimen C (Bottom Left): 0.3g / 14x12x4mm Specimen D (Bottom Right): 0.2g / 13x10x4mm *I did not take a photograph of these specimens under longwave UV, due to the fluorescent response of Siegburgite being so weak; they fluoresce a dull burgundy. Siegburgite is referred to as an "accessory resin", but is considered a true amber. It occurs alongside several other accessory resin species, as well as the more well-known Bitterfeld amber. Siegburgite is a fascinating amber, and is one of the few fossil resins classified as a Class III resin; it is essentially a natural polystyrene, found as concretions where it is a binding agent to fine sand and mica: the sand is often evenly distributed, and is variable in proportion to the resin, occasionally more than 60%. Siegburgite is highly flammable. Siegburgite was produced by a plant of the genus Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae Family, also commonly known as the "witch-hazel" family): within the fresh resin, known as storax or copalm balsam, cinnamic acid and esters quickly decarboxylate (chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group, and releases carbon dioxide), forming styrene; upon its burial, the newly-formed styrene underwent polymerization over tens of millions of years, as it became polystyrene. It is found in the lignite (German: "Braunkohle"), lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Formation; Bitterfeld amber is also found within this Formation. The amber- and accessory resin-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam. The Goitzsche Mine, from which Siegburgite and other fossil resins were obtained, opened in 1949 and closed in 1991. Sources: "Siegburgite, a new Fossil Resin."; Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 1875; pp. 128-133; A. V. Lasaulx "Roman Amber Identified as Siegburgite"; p. 12; Dietz, Catanzariti, Quintero, Jimeno 2013 "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana 1837-1868: Descriptive Mineralogy"; p. 1005; Dana 1892 "Biology of Amber-Producing Trees: Focus on Case Studies of Hymenaea and Agathis"; p. 9; Jean H. Langenheim 1995 "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1RiYz3wsaHe-k20RnzaZv4jZt29VpR9oxrndNKKQ7ueDaygvpPC4peqVQ

    © Kaegen Lau

  14. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    - Subjects: Three exceptional specimens of amber, recovered from exposures on Tiger Mountain, Washington State; this is the second of two videos detailing the specimens' natural fluorescent and phosphorescent responses: longwave UV light (Convoy S2 flashlight) was used in this entry. All were prepared by hand using a diamond needle file, 240 to 3,000 grit SiC sandpaper, and chromium oxide (ZAM compound) on a Selvyt microfiber cloth. - Amber's Source Formations and Age: The amber-bearing coal contained within the the Tiger Mountain, Tukwila, and Renton Formations spans a geologic timescale ranging from Middle to Late Eocene in age (~41.3-33.9 Ma). - About Amber Phosphorescence: Phosphorescence is the noticeably-extended emission of radiation from an illuminated subject, after the source of illumination has been removed; the atoms of certain hydrocarbons within the amber, when irradiated by high intensity UV wavelengths (LED or dedicated UV light sources), achieve a higher energy or "excited" state; the rotation of atoms becomes the opposite of their rotation in their grounded "non-excited" state, allowing for a longer release of radiation (light). The light emitted in fluorescence and phosphorescence is always a longer wavelength than the source of illumination. *Regrettably, my camera could not record the full duration of the phosphorescence of these specimens, or all other specimens (Chiapas, Sumatra, Baltic, Claiborne, Dominican), for that matter; multiple tests on all three Tiger Mountain specimens showed an average response of nearly 8 seconds, after 4 seconds of sustained direct illumination. These results are comparable to that of the Chiapas amber specimen from one of my previous videos. Source: https://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ri21_strat_eocene_king_co.pdf

    © Kaegen Lau

  15. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    - Subjects: Three exceptional specimens of amber, recovered from exposures on Tiger Mountain, Washington State; this is the first of two videos detailing the specimens' natural fluorescent and phosphorescent responses: 140 lumen LED light (yellow phosphor) was used in this entry. All were prepared by hand using a diamond needle file, 240 to 3,000 grit SiC sandpaper, and chromium oxide (ZAM compound) on a Selvyt microfiber cloth. - Brief Description of Deposit: Tiger Mountain amber occurs in lignitic coal seams, mainly contained within two Geologic Formations, namely the Tukwila and Renton (along their boundary); there is also a third, the aptly-named Tiger Mountain Fm., that hosts amber-bearing coal, though not to such a degree as the former two. The Tiger Mountain Fm. (roughly 2,000 ft. in depth) underlies and is inter-bedded with the younger Tukwila Fm., while the Tukwila Fm. is overlain by the Renton Fm.: the amber-bearing coal contained within the three Formations spans a geologic timescale ranging from Middle to Late Eocene in age (~41.3-33.9 Ma). - About Amber Fluorescence: The light blue fluorescence emitted by some of this amber upon exposure to LED and sunlight, bears a remarkable resemblance in color and intensity to that of blue Dominican amber. Various aromatic hydrocarbons, naturally contained within the blue variety of amber, are responsible for this fluorescence. Blue amber is commercially mined from three major sources: Sumatra (Indonesia), the Dominican Republic, and limited production from Chiapas (Mexico) deposits. Source: https://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ri21_strat_eocene_king_co.pdf

    © Kaegen Lau

  16. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Ajkaite" Ajka-Csingervölgy, Ajka District, Hungary Ajka Coal Fm./Csehbánya Fm. (~86.8-83.4 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 80%, H: 10%, O: 9%, S: 1-2% Refractive Index: 1.541 Specific Gravity: 1.0 Weight of Specimen: 2.4g Dimensions: 18x14x13mm Lighting: Longwave UV (Convoy S2) Ajkaite is a fossil resin with chemical composition markedly different from succinite (i.e., Baltic amber); it also contains low levels of sulfur. Ajkaite is found within layers of fossiliferous marl (numerous fossil shells can be seen in the matrix in the images): the marl is also accompanied by layers of coal, sand, sandstone, and siltstone. Ajkaite is found in both the Ajka Coal Fm. and the Csehbánya Fm., which two Formations are roughly the same age, and laterally transition into each other. The coal mines roughly 4km southeast of Ajka first began production in 1872, and continued until the last mine was closed on September 3, 2004. Now, Ajkaite specimens can only be found in spoil-banks or refuse piles (Jókai coal refuse) near the city. Various arthropods have been found trapped within Ajkaite, e.g., Araneae (spiders), Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hymenoptera (ants, wasps). Since much of this amber is typically cloudy, X-ray tomography (CT scan) is often used to visually document the inclusions. Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121003451?fbclid=IwAR2in5-wXBSojVWPQKkSwSuEPuZ5Wd77Z5I0iYfRPWHbc5PAHI7gegfmr3o https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2-JvTOC8CPgd4eft49V5vrItPEtiXd1iWmKkjzd8Vdw75ZXmjGGOIz5jU https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg

    © Kaegen Lau

  17. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Ajkaite" Ajka-Csingervölgy, Ajka District, Hungary Ajka Coal Fm./Csehbánya Fm. (~86.8-83.4 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 80%, H: 10%, O: 9%, S: 1-2% Refractive Index: 1.541 Specific Gravity: 1.0 Weight of Specimen: 2.4g Dimensions: 18x14x13mm Ajkaite is a fossil resin with chemical composition markedly different from succinite (i.e., Baltic amber); it also contains low levels of sulfur. Ajkaite is found within layers of fossiliferous marl (numerous fossil shells can be seen in the matrix in the images): the marl is also accompanied by layers of coal, sand, sandstone, and siltstone. Ajkaite is found in both the Ajka Coal Fm. and the Csehbánya Fm., which two Formations are roughly the same age, and laterally transition into each other. The coal mines roughly 4km southeast of Ajka first began production in 1872, and continued until the last mine was closed on September 3, 2004. Now, Ajkaite specimens can only be found in spoil-banks or refuse piles (Jókai coal refuse) near the city. Various arthropods have been found trapped within Ajkaite, e.g., Araneae (spiders), Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hymenoptera (ants, wasps). Since much of this amber is typically cloudy, X-ray tomography (CT scan) is often used to visually document the inclusions. Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121003451?fbclid=IwAR2in5-wXBSojVWPQKkSwSuEPuZ5Wd77Z5I0iYfRPWHbc5PAHI7gegfmr3o https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2-JvTOC8CPgd4eft49V5vrItPEtiXd1iWmKkjzd8Vdw75ZXmjGGOIz5jU https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg

    © Kaegen Lau

  18. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Ajkaite" Ajka-Csingervölgy, Ajka District, Hungary Ajka Coal Fm./Csehbánya Fm. (~86.8-83.4 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 80%, H: 10%, O: 9%, S: 1-2% Refractive Index: 1.541 Specific Gravity: 1.0 Weight of Specimen: 2.4g Dimensions: 18x14x13mm Lighting: Longwave UV (Convoy S2) Ajkaite is a fossil resin with chemical composition markedly different from succinite (i.e., Baltic amber); it also contains low levels of sulfur. Ajkaite is found within layers of fossiliferous marl (numerous fossil shells can be seen in the matrix in the images): the marl is also accompanied by layers of coal, sand, sandstone, and siltstone. Ajkaite is found in both the Ajka Coal Fm. and the Csehbánya Fm., which two Formations are roughly the same age, and laterally transition into each other. The coal mines roughly 4km southeast of Ajka first began production in 1872, and continued until the last mine was closed on September 3, 2004. Now, Ajkaite specimens can only be found in spoil-banks or refuse piles (Jókai coal refuse) near the city. Various arthropods have been found trapped within Ajkaite, e.g., Araneae (spiders), Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hymenoptera (ants, wasps). Since much of this amber is typically cloudy, X-ray tomography (CT scan) is often used to visually document the inclusions. Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121003451?fbclid=IwAR2in5-wXBSojVWPQKkSwSuEPuZ5Wd77Z5I0iYfRPWHbc5PAHI7gegfmr3o https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2-JvTOC8CPgd4eft49V5vrItPEtiXd1iWmKkjzd8Vdw75ZXmjGGOIz5jU https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg

    © Kaegen Lau

  19. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Ajkaite" Ajka-Csingervölgy, Ajka District, Hungary Ajka Coal Fm./Csehbánya Fm. (~86.8-83.4 Ma) Chemical Composition: C: 80%, H: 10%, O: 9%, S: 1-2% Refractive Index: 1.541 Specific Gravity: 1.0 Weight of Specimen: 2.4g Dimensions: 18x14x13mm Ajkaite is a fossil resin with chemical composition markedly different from succinite (i.e., Baltic amber); it also contains low levels of sulfur. Ajkaite is found within layers of fossiliferous marl (numerous fossil shells can be seen in the matrix in the images): the marl is also accompanied by layers of coal, sand, sandstone, and siltstone. Ajkaite is found in both the Ajka Coal Fm. and the Csehbánya Fm., which two Formations are roughly the same age, and laterally transition into each other. The coal mines roughly 4km southeast of Ajka first began production in 1872, and continued until the last mine was closed on September 3, 2004. Now, Ajkaite specimens can only be found in spoil-banks or refuse piles (Jókai coal refuse) near the city. Various arthropods have been found trapped within Ajkaite, e.g., Araneae (spiders), Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hymenoptera (ants, wasps). Since much of this amber is typically cloudy, X-ray tomography (CT scan) is often used to visually document the inclusions. Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121003451?fbclid=IwAR2in5-wXBSojVWPQKkSwSuEPuZ5Wd77Z5I0iYfRPWHbc5PAHI7gegfmr3o https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03573-5.pdf?origin=ppub&fbclid=IwAR2-JvTOC8CPgd4eft49V5vrItPEtiXd1iWmKkjzd8Vdw75ZXmjGGOIz5jU https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1627/report.pdf?fbclid=IwAR142uewIjbJxH2oQDfnoX3j4C0K-cH33lTKfDd7AePr-rfIUQCkPylTmXg

    © Kaegen Lau

  20. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Waterworn amber from the beaches near Homer, Alaska; this piece weighs 0.7g and measures 11x9x9mm. The town of Homer is situated on the shores of the Cook Inlet on the western half of the Kenai Peninsula, south of Anchorage. A few geological Formations (Kenai Group) in the nearby area contain coal reserves, but mainly the Beluga Fm. is exposed along the beaches of Homer to Anchor Point: this Formation is of freshwater origin, and comprises layers of sandstone, siltstone, and coal. The Pliocene-aged Sterling Fm. is located slightly farther inland, with numerous streams cutting through it and emptying into the Cook Inlet, however this Formation does not contain much coal. There were a few coal mines north and south of Tustumena Lake, back in the late-19th to mid-20th centuries: the Bluff Point Mine, west of Homer, was active from 1899-1951.

    © Kaegen Lau

  21. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    11g of waterworn amber from the beaches near Homer, Alaska; this town is situated on the shores of the Cook Inlet on the western half of the Kenai Peninsula, south of Anchorage. A few geological Formations (Kenai Group) in the nearby area contain coal reserves, but mainly the Beluga Fm. is exposed along the beaches of Homer to Anchor Point: this Formation is of freshwater origin, and comprises layers of sandstone, siltstone, and coal. The Pliocene-aged Sterling Fm. is located slightly farther inland, with numerous streams cutting through it and emptying into the Cook Inlet, however this Formation does not contain much coal. There were a few coal mines north and south of Tustumena Lake, back in the late-19th to mid-20th centuries: the Bluff Point Mine, west of Homer, was active from 1899-1951.

    © Kaegen Lau

  22. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Small specimen of red-skinned blue amber from the La Toca Mine. Piece weighs 2.4g and measures 26x18x16mm. There are a few dendritic inclusions of moss, and as a whole, the piece is free of fractures and quite clean. The blue fluorescence is caused by certain hydrocarbons (i.e., perylene) that formed within the resin over its millions of years of burial; fluorescent hydrocarbons in amber are believed to be formed due to several possible factors: fire, geothermal or volcanic heat, prolonged submergence in a marine or lacustrine (lake) environment, etc. This specimen was partially polished and illuminated with 140 lumen LED light (yellow phosphor).

    © Kaegen Lau

  23. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    A sizeable specimen originating from the La Toca Mine, Cordillera Septentrional, Santiago Province, Dominican Republic; specimen weighs 145.0g and measures 120x88x40mm. There are numerous visible flow lines, which are evidence of successive resin flows, each previous layer being slightly oxidized (discoloration): most of the layers in this piece are coated in small particulates. This piece is a transverse section of what was once a massive flow of resin-turned-amber, as evidenced by the raw outer "crust" with slight matrix on its three sides; the flow was likely formed as resin traveled downward along a deep groove in the resin-producing tree's trunk. There are no observable insect inclusions.

    © Kaegen Lau

  24. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Amber from Tiger Mountain, Washington State, U.S.A. Same subjects in separate video depicting their fluorescence. Total weight is 0.4g, each piece measuring only a few millimeters in length. Subjects: Tiger Mountain Amber (Upper-Tukwila/Lower-Renton Formation [along boundary], Middle to Late Eocene) Lighting: Quantum 140 lumen LED light (yellow phosphor) Recording: Samsung WB35F

    © Kaegen Lau

  25. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Incredible blue fluorescence in amber from Tiger Mountain, Washington State, U.S.A. No longwave UV light has been used here; these select pieces fluoresce in the same LED light conditions as Dominican blue amber, and with a strikingly similar coloration. Commercial quantities of blue amber have been officially described to be found in the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, and Mexico (Chiapas); to my knowledge, blue amber has never been described, much less documented, from North American deposits. Total weight is 0.4g, each piece measuring only a few millimeters in length. In the fluorescent video & image, specimens were submerged in water in a borosilicate glass petri dish; also, an additional video and image of the subjects when dry. *Please note there are several condensed air bubbles on surfaces of amber and glass. Subjects: Tiger Mountain Amber (Upper-Tukwila/Lower-Renton Formation [along boundary], Middle to Late Eocene) Lighting: Quantum 140 lumen LED light (yellow phosphor) Recording: Samsung WB35F

    © Kaegen Lau

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