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  1. Tidgy's Dad

    Adam's Early / Lower Devonian

    The Devonian period is known as "The Age of Fish", but could also be known as "The Age of Brachiopods." In the Early / Lower Devonian, brachiopods reached the height of their diversity towards its end in the Emsian. We see the ancestral groups occurring, lingulids, craniids, orthids, protorthids, pentamerids, rhynchonellids and strophomenids, as well as the later successful groups we have seen before such as atrypids, athyrids and orthotetids, plus the rise of spiriferids, spiriferinids and productids and the beginning of the terebratulids. By the end of the Devonian , several of these groups are extinct or severely reduced in importance and brachiopods never quite recover. Also, the Devonian is the last time we see trilobites with such variation, large sizes and numbers and orthocerids too are much more uncommon after the rise of the goniatites. The massive tabulate coral reefs also disappear after the Devonian. Fascinating period and I hope to share some of its wonders with you. Equally, a lot of this is rather new to me, so I would be very grateful for any assistance, corrections or further information on my specimens. Thank you. The Early Devonian epoch is split into three stages, so let's start with the first of those, the Lochkovian, that began about 419 mya and finished roughly 411 mya. I have been sent a nice selection of brachiopods from the Kalkberg Formation, Helderberg Group by the Mighty @Misha, mostly. But the kind gentleperson also sent me this fascinating little bryozoan hash : It is dominated by fenestellids, which is usually the case in the Devonian, but other orders sill occur. These ones, I think, are Fenestella, but there are so many species in the formation that I wont take a guess as to species : Not sure what this one is ;
  2. It's been a couple of weeks but it's taken me this long to take all the photos of my fossil finds from my trip to Oklahoma with the Paleontological Society of Austin! Our yearly trek to find Silurian, Devonian and Ordovician finds (not much of that in Texas!) was a great success again, thanks to our OK friends! Since it's just over a 6 hour drive for me, I went up early on Friday to hit a couple of "non field trip" spots before our "real" field trip on Saturday and Sunday. I had heard about a Permian site that I was excited to check out. It's a weird barren moonscape in the middle of a field. It was a bit warm.....and the sun radiating up from the baked clay was....intense. Fortunately a cold front was on the way so I kept reminding myself that the 90's of this Friday would recede into memory. But yeah...it was hot. There were bone bits everywhere....everywhere! But they were pretty crunched up. I didn't find much more than a few not-well preserved vertebrae, some okay bone bits, a few nice little amphib teeth and a couple of quite nice unbroken orthocanthus teeth. Tiny tiny ones, because all the big ones break easily. While I didn't find a lot of quality stuff initially, I did haul out about 60lbs of matrix so I can look through at my leisure at home! I learned a valuable lesson though...take two smaller buckets rather than one large bucket. It's a LOT easier to haul out two 30 lbs instead of one big haul a quarter mile over rough terrain! A little amphibian tooth: EDIT:...I thought these were Amphib teeth, but apparently....they are Orthocanthus Shark coprolites! hahahhha They are 1/4 inch each What is most amazing about these fossils is the color of the preservation. Astounding reds, yellows and purples. The little Orthocanthus shark teeth that were mostly complete. The Permian "moonscape": I decided to hit one other site before I headed to Ada where we were all meeting. It was the Ordivician site that I found a lovely Oklahomacystis echinoderm last year. The cold front had moved in and the temperature dropped almost 20 degrees and was just LOVELY hunting! I didn't find any more Oklahomacystis and wasn't finding much except a few nice brachiopods, but then I saw a crinoid calyx piece upside down (all I saw was the edges but I recognized it as crinoid) picked it up and got a nice surprise!! Too bad it's not the whole thing and just one segment, but I'll take what I get! It's a beauty...the geometric patterning is amazing. It is a Pleurocystites echinoderm. It's 1 1/4 inch wide. Early on Saturday, the whole group goes to Yellow Bluff which is a huge area above a creek and up a hillside. It's a great site with a plethora of fauna. It is completely possible to spend an ENTIRE day there! But first we had to drive through the pasture and the cows! They were nice cows. Yellow Bluff - It is primarily Silurian with a cap of Devonian at the very top of the hill. It is Henryshouse formation (which I keep wanting to call Harryhousen.... hahahha - that's for any of you old school animation lovers out there) And not only were the fossils abundant, so were the Missouri Primroses! A few nice finds in the field- A Gastropod Platyceras, Crinoid cup - I think this might be Ollulocrinus? A pink Brachiopod! Here's that pink brach again: I found a couple of Trilos, nothing quite good (last year I found the best one!!) but I did find one large one which still has lots of matrix on it, an interesting half a one, split vertically, not horizontally and then some others not very well preserved. This is an odd bit of crinoid : not sure what it is: So aside from the above pics of the in situ pieces, my only other really good find was this brachiopod Dictyonella. It was originally thought to have a bryozoan growing on it, but turns out it is actually the pattern of the brachiopod! There was also this cool bryozoan which I thought was a horn coral when I picked it up, only realizing it was bryzoan as I photographed it! It's 1 1/2 inches in size! But I did bring home a bucket of matrix and am having fun going through it, so will post some of those at a later time. Oh, and there were scorpions out and about enjoying the cool weather too. Hopefully no scorps in my bucket of matrix..... if so, now they are Texas Scorps. So Sunday was Black Cat Mountain Day. If you are not familiar with the trilobites from Black Cat Mountain...you are in for a google treat. Of course, finding the rare trilobites is.....rare. But there are plenty of other amazing things to find at Bob's quarry! The Quarry is Devonian with Haragan and Bois D'Arc Formations. But the trilobites are of course, the favorite. While I love the rollers the best (not sure why, I just do) I actually found better "open" ones this time than rollers! All of these are about an inch long. Paciphacops sp. Kainops sp. and not sure what this one is...probably Kainops and a surprising find of a (sadly not complete, but more complete than the typical) Huntoniatonia huntonensis Usually you just find the pygidiums...they are ALL OVER THE PLACE and they get HUGE. The biggest pygidium I found was 2" x 2"...just the trilobutt! It would have been a monster trilo. But the brachiopods are almost as amazing as the trilos. My favorite is this Howollella (I think) covered in Beekite: This is a big silicified Anastrophia (1 inch) An interesting Meristella with some crystals Orthostrophia and a neat coral which I think is Syringaxon perhaps? And one of my favorites to find - straight shelled cephalopods. This by far the most intact one I found. They are usually only three or four chambers but can get to be almost an inch in diameter. This one is 5 inches long And finally , my other favorite find from Black Cat Mountain.....a beautiful bryozoan ring:
  3. Dpaul7

    Kainops invius Trilobite.jpg

    From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Kainops invius Trilobite Bois d’Arc Formation, Oklahoma Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Kainops is a genus of trilobites from the family Phacopidae, order Phacopida. It can be distinguished from Paciphacops by the greater number of facets to the eye (6–8 per row, compared to 3–4 in Paciphacops). The form of the furrow between the palpebral area and the palpebral lobe also distinguishes Kainops from the genera Paciphacops and Viaphacops. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: †Trilobita Order: †Phacopida Family: †Phacopidae Genus: †Kainops Species: †invius
  4. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Discomyorthis oblata Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Orthida is an extinct order of brachiopods which appeared during the Early Cambrian period and became very diverse by the Ordovician, living in shallow-shelf seas. Orthids are the oldest member of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea, and is the order from which all other brachiopods of this group stem. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures. Typically one valve, often the brachial valve, is flatter than the other. The interior structure of the brachial valves are usually simple. In shape they are sub-circular to elliptical, with typically biconvex valves. There is some debate over the forms that first appeared of this order as to how they should be classified. However, they began to differentiate themselves by the late Early Cambrian period, and by the late Cambrian period had diversified into numerous varieties and reach 2 to 5 cm in width. Specimens from the late Cambrian to the earliest Ordovician exhibit shells with rounded and pointed pedical valves, with sharp to obtuse extremities and ridges that are fine to course. Punctate shells appear during the mid-Ordovician, which establish the suborder Dalmanellidina. The Ordovician is a productive period which gives rise to numerous genera in this order. However, they started to become greatly reduced by the end of the Ordovician extinction event. Both the impunctate and punctate survived through to the early Devonian Eventually, though, only the punctate lived on, and would play a minor role in benthic ecosystems until the late Permian, when they became extinct. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: †Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Rhipidomellidae Genus: †Discomyorthis Species: †oblata
  5. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Discomyorthis oblata Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Orthida is an extinct order of brachiopods which appeared during the Early Cambrian period and became very diverse by the Ordovician, living in shallow-shelf seas. Orthids are the oldest member of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea, and is the order from which all other brachiopods of this group stem. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures. Typically one valve, often the brachial valve, is flatter than the other. The interior structure of the brachial valves are usually simple. In shape they are sub-circular to elliptical, with typically biconvex valves. There is some debate over the forms that first appeared of this order as to how they should be classified. However, they began to differentiate themselves by the late Early Cambrian period, and by the late Cambrian period had diversified into numerous varieties and reach 2 to 5 cm in width. Specimens from the late Cambrian to the earliest Ordovician exhibit shells with rounded and pointed pedical valves, with sharp to obtuse extremities and ridges that are fine to course. Punctate shells appear during the mid-Ordovician, which establish the suborder Dalmanellidina. The Ordovician is a productive period which gives rise to numerous genera in this order. However, they started to become greatly reduced by the end of the Ordovician extinction event. Both the impunctate and punctate survived through to the early Devonian Eventually, though, only the punctate lived on, and would play a minor role in benthic ecosystems until the late Permian, when they became extinct. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: †Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Rhipidomellidae Genus: †Discomyorthis Species: †oblata
  6. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Leptaena acuticuspidata Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Leptaena, genus of extinct brachiopods (lamp shells) commonly found as fossils in Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous sedimentary rocks (between 488 million and 318 million years old). The very distinctive shell of Leptaena is characterized by its wrinkled ornamentation and fine linear markings. Leptanea (Dalman 1828) is a flat, Strophomenid type shell that develops a defined lip. This prolific and long lived genera is easily recognizable and can be found in rocks from the Ordovician through the Carboniferous. Strophomenata is an extinct class of brachiopods in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: †Strophomenata Order: †Strophomenata Family: †Rafinesquinidae Genus: †Leptaena Species: †acuticuspidata
  7. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Anastrophia grossa Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Data: The genus Anastrophia first becomes widely seen in the Silurian and it extends into the lower Devonian before disappearing from the fossil record. The specimens below are Anastrophia grossa from the Bois d'Arc formation of Oklahoma. The shell is subpentagonal in outline with coarse costae present on both valves. There is a shallow sulcus on the pedicle valve that becomes much more expressed at the anterior margin forming a "u" shape. The corresponding fold is also shallow. Both valves are convex with the brachial valve being more so than the pedicle valve. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Pentamerida Family: †Parastrophinidae Genus: †Anastrophia Species: †grossa
  8. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Anastrophia grossa Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Data: The genus Anastrophia first becomes widely seen in the Silurian and it extends into the lower Devonian before disappearing from the fossil record. The specimens below are Anastrophia grossa from the Bois d'Arc formation of Oklahoma. The shell is subpentagonal in outline with coarse costae present on both valves. There is a shallow sulcus on the pedicle valve that becomes much more expressed at the anterior margin forming a "u" shape. The corresponding fold is also shallow. Both valves are convex with the brachial valve being more so than the pedicle valve. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Pentamerida Family: †Parastrophinidae Genus: †Anastrophia Species: †grossa
  9. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Levenea subcarinata pumilis Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) One of the more common brachiopods that are found in the Bois d'Arc formation is Levenea subcarinata pumilis. It is similar to Rhipimelloides oblata except for a few key features. The hinge line is wide and straight and the presence of a wide, shallow fold/sulcus structure. Otherwise they share some similar traits like the rounded shape to the shell and the pedicle valve extending slightly past the brachial valve. Another difference are the fine costae on the valve surfaces which on L. subcarinata pumilis are more curved instead of straight. the margin between the valves is flat except for where it bends to follow the fold/sulcus. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Dalmanellidae Genus: †Levenea Species: †subcarinata pumilis
  10. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Levenea subcarinata pumilis Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) One of the more common brachiopods that are found in the Bois d'Arc formation is Levenea subcarinata pumilis. It is similar to Rhipimelloides oblata except for a few key features. The hinge line is wide and straight and the presence of a wide, shallow fold/sulcus structure. Otherwise they share some similar traits like the rounded shape to the shell and the pedicle valve extending slightly past the brachial valve. Another difference are the fine costae on the valve surfaces which on L. subcarinata pumilis are more curved instead of straight. the margin between the valves is flat except for where it bends to follow the fold/sulcus. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Dalmanellidae Genus: †Levenea Species: †subcarinata pumilis
  11. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Orthostrophia strophomenoides parva Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Orthida is an extinct order of brachiopods which appeared during the Early Cambrian period and became very diverse by the Ordovician, living in shallow-shelf seas. Orthids are the oldest member of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea, and is the order from which all other brachiopods of this group stem. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures. Typically one valve, often the brachial valve, is flatter than the other. The interior structure of the brachial valves are usually simple. In shape they are sub-circular to elliptical, with typically biconvex valves. There is some debate over the forms that first appeared of this order as to how they should be classified. However, they began to differentiate themselves by the late Early Cambrian period, and by the late Cambrian period had diversified into numerous varieties and reach 2 to 5 cm in width. Specimens from the late Cambrian to the earliest Ordovician exhibit shells with rounded and pointed pedical valves, with sharp to obtuse extremities and ridges that are fine to course. Punctate shells appear during the mid-Ordovician, which establish the suborder Dalmanellidina. The Ordovician is a productive period which gives rise to numerous genera in this order. However, they started to become greatly reduced by the end of the Ordovician extinction event. Both the impunctate and punctate survived through to the early Devonian Eventually, though, only the punctate lived on, and would play a minor role in benthic ecosystems until the late Permian, when they became extinct. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Orthidae Genus: †Orthostrophia Species: †strophomenoides parva
  12. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Orthostrophia strophomenoides parva Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Orthida is an extinct order of brachiopods which appeared during the Early Cambrian period and became very diverse by the Ordovician, living in shallow-shelf seas. Orthids are the oldest member of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea, and is the order from which all other brachiopods of this group stem. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures. Typically one valve, often the brachial valve, is flatter than the other. The interior structure of the brachial valves are usually simple. In shape they are sub-circular to elliptical, with typically biconvex valves. There is some debate over the forms that first appeared of this order as to how they should be classified. However, they began to differentiate themselves by the late Early Cambrian period, and by the late Cambrian period had diversified into numerous varieties and reach 2 to 5 cm in width. Specimens from the late Cambrian to the earliest Ordovician exhibit shells with rounded and pointed pedical valves, with sharp to obtuse extremities and ridges that are fine to course. Punctate shells appear during the mid-Ordovician, which establish the suborder Dalmanellidina. The Ordovician is a productive period which gives rise to numerous genera in this order. However, they started to become greatly reduced by the end of the Ordovician extinction event. Both the impunctate and punctate survived through to the early Devonian Eventually, though, only the punctate lived on, and would play a minor role in benthic ecosystems until the late Permian, when they became extinct. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Orthida Family: †Orthidae Genus: †Orthostrophia Species: †strophomenoides parva
  13. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Obturamentella wadei Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) The taxonomic order Rhynchonellida is one of the two main groups of living articulate brachiopods, the other being the order Terebratulida. They are recognized by their strongly ribbed wedge-shaped or nut-like shells, and the very short hinge line. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: Rhynchonellida Family: †Obturamentellidae Genus: †Obturamentella Species: †wadei
  14. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Obturamentella wadei Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) The taxonomic order Rhynchonellida is one of the two main groups of living articulate brachiopods, the other being the order Terebratulida. They are recognized by their strongly ribbed wedge-shaped or nut-like shells, and the very short hinge line. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: Rhynchonellida Family: †Obturamentellidae Genus: †Obturamentella Species: †wadei
  15. Dpaul7

    Meristella atoka Brachiopod a.jpg

    From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Meristella atoka Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Meristella is an extinct genus of brachiopods found from the Late Silurian to the Late Devonian They are characterized by a smooth oval shell and a prominent incurved beak on the pedicle valve. Meristella is placed in the family Meristellidae of the articulate brachiopod order Athyridida. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Athyridida Family: †Meristellidae Genus: †Meristella Species: †atoka
  16. Dpaul7

    Meristella atoka Brachiopod a.jpg

    From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Meristella atoka Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Meristella is an extinct genus of brachiopods found from the Late Silurian to the Late Devonian They are characterized by a smooth oval shell and a prominent incurved beak on the pedicle valve. Meristella is placed in the family Meristellidae of the articulate brachiopod order Athyridida. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Athyridida Family: †Meristellidae Genus: †Meristella Species: †atoka
  17. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Atrypa oklahomensis Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Atrypa is a genus of brachiopod with shells round to short egg-shaped, covered with many fine radial ridges (or costae), that split further out and growthlines perpendicular to the costae and 2-3 times wider spaced. The pedunculate valve is a little convex, but tends to level out or even become slightly concave toward the anterior margin (that is: opposite hinge and pedicle). The brachial valve is highly convex. There is no interarea (that is a flat area bordering the hinge line approximately perpendicular with the rest of the valve) in either valve. Atrypa was a cosmopolitan and occurred from the late Lower Silurian (Telychian) to the early Upper Devonian (Frasnian). Other sources expand the range from the Late Ordovician to Carboniferous, approximately from 449 to 336 Ma. A proposed new species, A. harrisi, was found in the trilobite-rich Floresta Formation in Boyacá, Colombia. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Atrypidae Genus: †Atrypa Species: †oklahomensis
  18. From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7

    Atrypa oklahomensis Brachiopod Bois d'Arc Formation (overlays the Haragan) of Oklahoma TIME PERIOD: Lower Devonian (359-383 Million Years Ago) Atrypa is a genus of brachiopod with shells round to short egg-shaped, covered with many fine radial ridges (or costae), that split further out and growthlines perpendicular to the costae and 2-3 times wider spaced. The pedunculate valve is a little convex, but tends to level out or even become slightly concave toward the anterior margin (that is: opposite hinge and pedicle). The brachial valve is highly convex. There is no interarea (that is a flat area bordering the hinge line approximately perpendicular with the rest of the valve) in either valve. Atrypa was a cosmopolitan and occurred from the late Lower Silurian (Telychian) to the early Upper Devonian (Frasnian). Other sources expand the range from the Late Ordovician to Carboniferous, approximately from 449 to 336 Ma. A proposed new species, A. harrisi, was found in the trilobite-rich Floresta Formation in Boyacá, Colombia. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Atrypidae Genus: †Atrypa Species: †oklahomensis
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