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  1. oilshale

    Astephus antiquus (Leidy, 1873)

    Astephus and Hypsidoris are both members of the Family Ictaluridae, native to North America. Green River catfish are easily recognized by their stout dorsal and pectoral spines, scale less bodies and broad skull. Ictalurid species have four pairs of barbels (or whiskers). Like modern catfish, they possessed a vibration sensitive organ called the Weberian apparatus. The Weberian apparatus consists out of specialized vertebrae at the front of the spinal column which passed vibrations to the inner ear using the swim bladder as a resonance chamber. The structure essentially acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. Normal size of Astephus is around 15cm and rarely exceeds 18cm, maximum total length is about 30cm. Hypsidoris seems to be in the same size range. The easiest way to distinguish Hypsidoris from Astephus is by counting anal fin rays; H. farsonensis has about 15 to 17 and A. antiquus has about 26. The diet of Green River catfish was probably similar to existing ictalurids consisting of plants, small fish, crayfish and mollusks. Astephus and Hypsidoris were probably bottom feeders. Astephus antiquus is unknown as a body fossil in the middle unit of Fossil Butte Member, and only one specimen has been found in all of Fossil Lake, although it is abundant in Lake Gosiute strata. The discovery of numerous and widespread fossil catfish in oil shale units of the Laney Member of the Eocene Green River Formation is evidence of aerobic conditions in the hypolimnic waters of ancient Lake Gosiute. Hypsidoris farsonensis has only been found in Lake Gosiute deposits of the Green River Formation, east of Fossil Lake. Revised Species Diagnosis from Grande & Lundberg 1988, p. 146: "An extinct genus of ictalurid catfish that differs from all other known ictalurids by the following combination of characters: lack of jawmuscle origin on the temporal region of the skull roof, the possession of villiform vomerine teeth, the possession of tooth plates lateral to the vomerine tooth plate, and the location of the cranial opening for the infraorbital canal in the sphenotic rather than the frontal. Admittedly none of these characters alone is unique to †Astephus, but the combination of all of them is. The genus appears to be unique among catfishes in having the ventral surface of the supraethmoid inclined sharply upward relative to the ventral surface of the vomer. No other characters apparently unique to the genus were discovered here." Emended Species Diagnosis from Grande & Lundberg 1988, p. 147: "A species that differs from the only other known species recognized here (tA. antiquus) by the presence of a narrower vomerine tooth patch. Also, the median supraethmoid cleft appears to be deeper and the cranial fontanelles appear to be wider than in †A. antiquus (although the latter feature is possibly an artifact of preservation)." Line drawing from Grande & Lundberg 1988, p. 151: Identified by oilshale. References: Grande, L. and J. G. Lundberg. 1988. Revision and redescription of the genus Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships. J. Vert. Paleont 8:139–171 Grande, L. 1987. Redescription of Hypsidoris farsonensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with a reassessment of its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:24–54. Grande, L. and M. C. C. de Pinna. 1998. Description of a second species of the catfish Hypsidoris and a reevaluation of the genus and the family Hypsidoridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:451–474.
  2. sixgill pete

    nautilus

    Self collected at the Martin Marietta Quarry in Onslow County N.C. A surprise find at the very end of the day. And it even has its own display pedestal. This nautilus was invertebrate fossil of the month 05/2016
  3. oilshale

    Gosiutichthys parvus Grande, 1982

    References: Lance Grande. 1982. A Revision of the Fossil Genus Knightia, With a Description of a New Genus From the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae). AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES. NO. 2731
  4. oilshale

    Erismatopterus levatus (Cope, 1870)

    References: Fossil Butte National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report, NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2012/587 Grande, L. (1984) PALEONTOLOGY OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION, WITH A REVIEW OF THE FISH FAUNA. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WYOMING, BULLETIN 63.
  5. Taxonomy from Grande & Bemis 1998. Diagnosis from Grande & Bemis 1998, p. 247: "†Cyclurus gurleyi differs from all other species of the genus by the following adult characters A through D. (A) The body is relatively short and deep, deeper than known for any other amiine and most other amiid species. Body depth of adult sized individuals (e.g., specimens over 120 mm SL) is 35-42% of SL (Table 62), compared to 27-32% for †C. kehreri (Table 52); 19-21% for †C. efremovi (Table 72); 20% for †C. valenciennesi; 30-31% for †C. ignotus; 24-27% for †C. macrocephalus; 18-29% for Amia (Tables 3, 22, 42); 16-23% for † vidalamiines (Tables 82, 102, 112); 18- 23% for †Solnhofenamia gen. nov. (Table 122). (B) The possession of relatively numerous premaxillary teeth, more numerous than in any other amiid (nine to 12, Table 64, versus eight to nine in †C. kehreri, Table 54; seven to nine in †C. efremovi, Table 74; eight in †C. fragosus; eight to nine in †C. macrocephalus; six to eight in Amia, Tables 5, 24, 44; five to six in †Vidalamiinae subfam. nov., Tables 84, 104, 114; five to six in †Solnhofenamia gen. nov., Table 124; five to six in †Amiopsinae subfam. nov., Tables 134, 144, 154, 164). (C) The gular is relatively shorter than in any other species of †Cyclurus (gular length is 32-33% of head length, Table 60, compared to 36-38% of head length in adult †C kehreri, Table 50; 37-40% in †C efremovi, Table 70; and 39% in †C. valenciennesi). (D) There are more dorsal fin rays and dorsal proximal radials in this species than in any other species of †Cyclurus (44-46 segmented dorsal rays and 44-47 dorsal proximal radials, Table 68, compared to 36-39 segmented rays and 37-38 proximal radials in †C kehreri, Table 58; 41 segmented rays and 41 proximal radials in †C. efremovi, Table 78; 39-40 proximal radials in †C. macrocephalus; 39 segmented rays and 38 proximal radials in †C oligocenicus; 38 proximal radials in †C. ignotus). Identified by oilshale using Grande & Bemis 1998. References: Grande, L., & Bemis, W. E. (1998). A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(sup001), 1–696. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.1001111 Grande, L. (2001) An updated review of the fish faunas from the Green River Formation, the world's most productive freshwater Lagerstaetten. In Eocene biodiversity., unusual occurrences and rarely sampled habitats. Gunell, Gregg F., eds, Topics in Geobiology, Vol 18, p. 1-38.
  6. oilshale

    Notogoneus osculus Cope, 1885

    Taxonomy from Fossilworks.org. Revised generic diagnosis from Grande and Grande 2008, p. 10. "†Notogoneus differs from all other genera in the family Gonorynchidae by the following characters: (1) the subopercle bears a series of deep clefts along its posterior margin; (2) the first and second hypurals are not fused to each other; (3) the parhypural is not fused to the vertebral column; (4) the first and second hypurals are not fused to the vertebral column; and (5) scales in adults are nearly the length of a centrum. Also, the frontal is a paired element in †Notogoneus (vs. median in Gonorynchus)." Line drawing from Grande & Grande 2008, p. 4: References: Cope, E. D. (1885) Eocene paddle-fish and Gonorhynchidae. American Naturalist, 19:1090–1091. Woodward, A. S. (1901) Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part IV 1-63. Hay, O. P. (1902) Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868. Grande, L. and Grande, T. (2008) Redescription of the type species for the genus Notogeneus (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae) based on new, well-preserved material. The Paleontological Society Memoir 70:1-31 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen]
  7. oilshale

    Notogoneus osculus Cope, 1885

    References: L. Grande and T. Grande (2008) Redescription of the type species for the genus Notogeneus (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae) based on new, well preserved material. The Paleontological Society Memoir 70:1-31 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen].
  8. oilshale

    Hypsiprisca sp.

    Grande distinguishes two forms of Hypsiprisca: Hypsiprisca hypsacantha (originally described by Cope in 1886 under the name Priscacara hypsacantha) and a second yet undescribed, closely related form Hypsiprisca sp. H. sp. is more common than H. hypsacantha; H. sp. are mostly very small individuals less than 60mm long. Quotation L. Grande (2013): "The second species that remains undescribed differs from H. hypsacantha in being more slender-bodied and having a more convex posterior tail fin margin (H. hypsacantha has a very slightly forked tail margin)." References: Whitlock, J. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene percomorph fishes †Priscacara and †Mioplosus Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Volume 30 – Issue 4, pages 1037-1048. Grande, L. T (2013) The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 13: 978-0-226-92296-6.
  9. PRK

    Phareodus sp.

    Detail of skull and teeth of juvenile Phareodus specimen that I collected at Carl Ulrich Quarry back in the early '70s when he used to let visitors collect with him.
  10. sixgill pete

    C. auriculatus

    Self Collected at a quarry in Onslow County N.C. Love the beautiful gun metal blue color.
  11. This juvenile stingray is an Asterotrygon . The body is covered with denticles and the tail is thicker than that of a normal Heliobatis. References: M. De Carvalho, J. Maisey, L. Grande (2004): Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming with the Description of a new Genus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 284, 136pp., 53 figures, 7 tables.
  12. Trilobites

    Diplomystus dentatus

    Common fish from the Green River Formation in Wyoming.
  13. Al Dente

    Himerometra bassleri

    One of the more widespread of the Eocene comatulids. This species is found in several Southeastern and Gulf states.
  14. Prepped by transfer method (Toombs, Harry; A.E. Rixon (1950). "The use of plastics in the "transfer method" of preparing fossils". The museums journal. 50: 105–107.) Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon with partly preserved wing membrane and fur. As far as I know, four bat genera with a total of 8 species are known from Messel: Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon and P. spiegeli, Archaeonycteris trigonodon and A. pollex, Trachypteron franzeni, Hassianycteris messelense, H. magna and Hassianycteris? revilliodi. The genus Palaeochiropteryx is the most common and smallest bat from Messel with a wingspan of around 26 to 29cm. Archaeonycteris is rarer and somewhat larger - the wingspan is about 37cm. The largest bat in Messel is Hassianycteris magna with a wingspan of almost 50cm. Diagnosis from Russel & Sigé 1969, p. 124 (translated from French by oilshale): Diagnosis: size smaller than Palaeochiropteryx spiegeli. P3 relatively longer and narrower; protocortid high and acute; tubercles of lower molars higher and more acute; trigonid of M1 more compressed anteroposteriorly; talonid of M3 wider and higher relative to trigonid. Upper canine relatively taller, narrower and more pointed posteriorly at its base; heel of P³ narrower lingually, with its posterior margin oblique anterolingually; on M'-M², notch between mesostyle and parastyle deeper. Identified by Dr G. Storch, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M. Germany. References: Revilliod, P. (1917): Fledermäuse aus der Braunkohle von Messel bei Darmstadt. Abhandlungen der Großherzoglichen Hessischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Darmstadt, 7 (2), 162-201. Richter, G. & Storch, G. (1980): Beiträge zur Ernährungsbiologie eozäner Fledermäuse aus der "Grube Messel". Natur und Museum, 110 (12), p. 353-367. Russell, D. E. & Sigé, B. (1969) REVISION DES CHIROPTÈRES LUTÊTIENS DE MESSEL (HESSE, ALLEMAGNE). Palæovertebrata, Montpellier, 3 : 83-182, 29 fig., 6 pl. Simmons, N.B. & Geisler, J.H.(1998): Phylogenetic relationships of Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Hassianycteris and Palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages, with comments on the Evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in Microchiroptera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 235: 1-182.
  15. oilshale

    Palaeopython sp.

    Palaeopython sp. together with a coprolite (containing several small fish vertebrae)
  16. Al Dente

    Hertha plana

    One of the smaller comatulids from the Castle Hayne Formation. Has an irregular outline.
  17. Al Dente

    Microcrinus conoideus

    First described crinoid from North Carolina. It is one of the more common and easy to identify.
  18. These columnals can be quite common. Some are smooth, some warty.
  19. Al Dente

    Democrinus simmsi

    Only described stalked crinoid from the Castle Hayne Formation. Quite common in some areas, absent in others.
  20. oilshale

    Astephus antiquus (Leidy, 1873)

    Astephus and Hypsidoris are both members of the Family Ictaluridae, native to North America. Green River catfish are easily recognized by their stout dorsal and pectoral spines, scale less bodies and broad skull. Ictalurid species have four pairs of barbels (or whiskers). Like modern catfish, they possessed a vibration sensitive organ called the Weberian apparatus. The Weberian apparatus consists out of specialized vertebrae at the front of the spinal column which passed vibrations to the inner ear using the swim bladder as a resonance chamber. The structure essentially acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. Normal size of Astephus is around 15cm and rarely exceeds 18cm, maximum total length is about 30cm. Hypsidoris seems to be in the same size range. The diet of Green River catfish was probably similar to existing ictalurids consisting of plants, small fish, crayfish and mollusks. Astephus and Hypsidoris were probably bottom feeders. Astephus antiquus is unknown as a body fossil in the middle unit of Fossil Butte Member, and only one specimen has been found in all of Fossil Lake, although it is abundant in Lake Gosiute strata. The discovery of numerous and widespread fossil catfish in oil shale units of the Laney Member of the Eocene Green River Formation is evidence of aerobic conditions in the hypolimnic waters of ancient Lake Gosiute. Hypsidoris farsonensis has only been found in Lake Gosiute deposits of the Green River Formation, east of Fossil Lake. References: Grande, L. and J. G. Lundberg (1988) Revision and redescription of the genus Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships. J. Vert. Paleont 8:139–171. Grande, L. (1987) Redescription of Hypsidoris farsonensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with a reassessment of its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:24–54. Grande, L. and de Pinna, M. C. C. (1998) Description of a second species of the catfish Hypsidoris and a reevaluation of the genus and the family Hypsidoridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:451–474.
  21. oilshale

    Masillosteus janeae GRANDE, 2010

    Characteristic for Massilosteus is the - for a Lepisosteiformes - extremely short snout. References: Grande, L., Kammerer, Ch. & Westneat, M. (2006) Comparative and Developmental Functional Morphology of the Jaws of Living and Fossil Gars. Journal of Morphology, Vol 267, Issue 9, 1017-1031. Grande, L. (2010) An Empirical Synthetic Pattern Study of Gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related Species, based mostly on Skeletal Anatomy. The Resurrection of Holostei. Copeia, 2010, No 2A, 1-863.
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