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  1. just seen in the net, 7 month of prep work on a fantastic Gorgosaur-skeleton, wow Video | Facebook
  2. Hello all, I’ve had this tyrannosaur tooth for a little while now, but haven’t been able to narrow down a species. I’m curious if it is possible to ID it any further. Would love to learn more. It was found in the Judith River Formation (Hill County, MT), and is ~13.5mm. Thank you all for your help in advance!
  3. https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/americas/tyrannosaur-fossil-discovery-scn/index.html https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi0505
  4. Gorgosaurus sp. (libratus?) partial femur (Lambe, 1914) Tyrannosaurid theropod Family: Tyrannosauridae Subfamily: Albertosaurinae Genus: Gorgosaurus (Lambe, 1914) Labelled as being a partial femur (thigh, upper leg). Late Cretaceous (Campanian), 75.1 – 76.6 Ma Red Deer River Valley, Nr. Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Unboxing my old collection that has been in storage for years and forgot that I had this (purchased August 1988) – labelled as being a Gorgosaurus sp.partial femur. I am assuming that the groove was for a tendon or blood vessel? It appears that fossilised / mineralised spongiform material is visible in the cross-section at one end – might this be fossilised / mineralised bone marrow or spongy (cancellous) bone? Areas of mineralised bone surface also appears to be present. Research suggests that it is likely from the Dinosaur Park Formation which is especially prolific in dinosaur remains and well exposed in the badlands which flank the Red Deer River.
  5. Tidgy's Dad

    Gorgosaurus for $6 million.

    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62339887 Can you imagine how many brachiopods I could get for that? Several, at least.
  6. Updated Nov 25, 2022 Collectors, online sellers and some dealers periodically ask me to help them in the identification of tyrannosaur type teeth. So I thought I would put together a guide from Western North America (US/Canada) to help in identification. The following is the current understanding of those Tyrannosaurids described/known with the stratigraphic unit where they are found. If I missed any let me know. Albertosaurus sarcophagus : Horseshoe Canyon Formation cf Albertosaurus indet: Wapiti Formation Gorgosaurus libratus : Dinosaur Park Formation Gorgosaurus sp. or cf Gorgosaurus: Two Medicine Formation, Oldman Formation, Foremost Formation, Daspletosaurus horneri : Two Medicine Formation Daspletosaurus wilsoni: Judith River Formation Daspletosaurus torosus : Oldman Formation Daspletosaurus sp. or cf Daspletosaurus: Dinosaur Park Formation Dynamoterror dynastes: Menefee Formation Tyrannosaurus rex : Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Frenchman Formation, Scollard Formation, Denver Formation, (Trex fossils are also known from: Livingstone Fm, Laramie Fm, McRae Fm, Willow Creek Fm) Tyrannosaurus sp.: Javelina Formation, Ojo Formation Nanotyrannus lancensis : Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation cf Nanotyrannus : Frenchman Formation, Scollard Formation, Denver Formation Thanatotheristes degrootorum : Foremost Formation Tyrannosaurid indet. (spp): Judith River Formation, Mesaverde Formation (Group), Fruitland Formation, Aguja Formation Teratophoneus curriei: Kaiparowits Formation Lythronax argestes: Wahweap Formation Nanuqsaurus hoglundi: Prince Creek Formation Tooth Identification Aublysodon mirandus Premaxillary teeth, those without serrations. This dinosaur is considered nomen dubium and teeth ascribed to it belong to other Tyrannosaurs. Albertosaurus sarcophagus Probably the easiest to identify since its the only Tyrannosaurid described from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The most important item in acquiring one of these teeth is the provenance of where it was found. Alberta is not adequate to identify it. You need a specific locality like Drumheller or Tolman Bridge. BTW this is true for all the Tyrannosaurid's discussed in this topic. A disposition is also needed for all dinosaur teeth removed from Alberta. These teeth can get quite large from collection of SMM Gorgosaurus libratus (cf, sp.) The first step in identification is Provenance: you need to know State/Province along with the County (USA) or Locality (Canada) where the tooth was found. Differentiating isolated teeth between Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus is very difficult and in most cases its indeterminate. A paper that came out in 2005 which was authored by Phil Currie et al. studied isolated teeth from this period looking at tooth and serration morphology. Their conclusion was that "it is difficult to quantifiably distinguish these teeth reliably by taxon". Therefore identifying them as Tyrannosaurid indet. is the easiest approach in those faunas that Gorgosaurus may be present? There is a quantitative process described in a new paper that may help which will be discussed later. Please note that lots of collectors would like to use size to differentiate these teeth from Daspletosaurus. However Gorgosaurus teeth can get quite large as seen in this photo of a Maxilla with one tooth which is over 3 inches and located in the back of this jaw. Daspletosaurus horneri, D. wilsoni, D. torosus (cf, sp.) The first step in identification is Provenance: you need to know State/Province along with the County (USA) or Locality (Canada) where the tooth was found. A paper that came out in 2005 which was authored by Phil Currie et al. studied isolated teeth from this period looking at tooth and serration morphology. Their conclusion was that "it is difficult to quantifiably distinguish these teeth reliably by taxon". Therefore identifying them as Tyrannosaurid indet. is the easiest approach in those faunas that Daspletosaurus may be present? However, its reasonable to say that teeth over 4" are PROBABLY from a Daspletosaurus. There is a quantitative process described in a new paper that may help which will be discussed later. *****Since the Judith River and Two Medicine Formations fall within the range of all three of these species its going to be difficult to assign teeth to a specific species unless you know the age of the deposit it. Denver Fowler: "Hill County exposures are more easy to date because there we have the boundary between the upper Oldman Fm and the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Fm. Havre exposures were called Judith River Fm historically, but we should probably use Oldman & Dino Park now." And maybe ditto for those teeth found in the Belly River Group of Alberta. Denver Fowler "I expect that D. wilsoni is stratigraphically equivalent to the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation. At the moment this is based on the fact that the Judith in eastern Montana was deposited at the time when the WI seaway was receded at its maximum (in the Campanian)" Denver's response to my question on this subject. "There isn't currently any evidence for stratigraphic (time) overlap between the species. However, the 2Med and Judith River likely represent enough time such that it would be possible to find D. torosus in the Judith and both D. torosus and D. wilsoni in the 2Med." (Posted by Denver Fowler) Tyrannosaurus rex/ Nanotyrannus lancensis (cf, sp.) Whether you agree or disagree that Nanotyrannus is a valid taxon what is very clear to me is that we have two distinct morphologies of tyrannosaurid teeth at the very end,of the cretaceous. I can say that because I have handled over 1000 teeth over the years ranging from 3 mm to 5 inches two morphs are present in all ranges up to around 2 inches. Serration density through sampling I've done with teeth in my collection do not appear by itself to be a differentiator between these two morphologies. Density will change with size becoming less on larger teeth and can be the same with equivalent size teeth with both morphologies. DSDI (Denticle Size Difference Index) is also not a differentiator and through my sampling and Carr (2004) and indicates that DSDIs decrease in progressively larger specimens, that is, there are fewer mesial denticles per given unit length than distal denticles in large specimens and there are as many or more mesial than distal denticles in small specimens. Also, the DSDI among dentary teeth is higher than that in the maxilla, indicating that mesial denticles are smaller in the dentary than in the maxillary dentition. So how do you tell the difference between these two morphologies. Well, if a tooth is larger than 2 1/2" and has bulk its clearly T rex, regardless of what the serrations say. It cannot be anything else. With small teeth since serrations density is not a differentiator the other characteristic of the tooth plays a key role. I've found that maxillary teeth can be the most difficult to differentiate and a few teeth are just indeterminate, at least with me. The best way to distinguish between the two morphology the shape at the base, compression of the crown and tip and if there is a pinch at the base. Shape at the base T rex dentary teeth and the very anterior maxillary teeth are oval at the base while Nano teeth are unique as tyrannosaurids and rectangular. However, T rex maxillary teeth can be rectangular so you will have to determine if there is a pinch at the base a characteristic found on Nanotyrannus teeth Here are examples of the cross sections of couple small Rex teeth under 1 1/2 inch and Adult Nano's Tyrannosaurus rex Dentary teeth are oval Maxillary Teeth are rectangular Nanotyrannus Bases are rectangular and show a pinch on both sides. Profile of the teeth is another characteristic Nanotyrannus teeth are compressed, with a pointed tip T rex teeth are fat, with a rounded tip, often the serrations wrap around from the mesial to distal carina to form a continuous carina Crown Height Ratios In the study I did, since nothing is published, with 30 Nanotyrannus teeth the average was 2.2 For Trex teeth the mean for Maxillary teeth is 1.75 and for Dentary its around 2 but all these can change depending on position Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions Joshua B. Smith (2005) T rex Premaxillary Teeth can easily be confused with dentary D1 position. Here is a photo of how to determine what you have. Identifying Gorgosaurus and Daspeletosaurus Teeth using Dental Features A recent paper by Hendrickx et al. (Oct 2019) has provided us a way to try to identify certain teeth using dental features. Positional Daspletosaurus & Gorgosaurus teeth have distinct denticle features that can hopefully can be used to differentiate the species which currently does not exist. Together with @Omnomosaurus we are looking at studying this technique to determine if its a practical method for collectors to use for identification, obtain data on campanian tyrannosaurid teeth and try to understand if the results we are getting is any good? We will be using teeth from my collection and members for the study. @dinosaur man has a topic where a lot of member data will be collected. Step 1 The most critical part in using this process is knowing where the tooth sits in the jaw - Premaxillary, Mesial or Lateral Here is a photo of to help in determining its location Paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261630184_Morphometry_of_the_teeth_of_western_North_American_tyrannosaurids_and_its_applicability_to_quantitative_classification Step 2 DSDI (Denticle Size Difference Index) needs to be determined DSDI = MC / DC MC = Number of denticles per 5 mm on the mesial carina at mid-carina DC = Number of denticles per 5 mm on the distal carina at mid-crown Mesial Carina is on the outer curvature Distal Carina is on the inside curvature Step 3 1) If your tooth is from a lateral position in the jaw and your DSDI is <0.8 your tooth may be considered a Gorgosaurus or cf Gorgosaurus depending on the locality of where it was found. 2) If your tooth is from a Mesial position in the jaw and your DSDI is >1.2 your tooth may be considered a Daspletosaurus sp. or cf Daspletosaurus depending on the locality of where it was found. Premaxillary Teeth 1) In my opinion all these teeth should be identified as "Tyrannosaurid indet" 2) The paper does make the following statement "In the young specimens of Daspletosaurus, the carinae of the premaxillary teeth are unserrated (TMP 1994.143.1; Currie, 2003) and show the beaded condition. My concern is that it does not specify what size young teeth are and its looking at TMP 1994.143.1 which is a Daspletosaurus sp in Dinosaur Park Fm. Do all Daspletosaurus premax teeth in other faunas have contain similar features? Gorgosaurus premax teeth are not mentioned. Study Currently 33 teeth from the collection of Troodon, Omnomosaurus, dinosaur man Localities included : Judith River Formation (18 teeth), Two Medicine Formation (13 Teeth), Dinosaur Park Formation (1 Tooth), One unknown Results: 1) None of the lateral teeth have had DSDI < 0.8 and could be described as Gorgosaurus 2) Three of the Mesial teeth had DSDI > 1.2 and could be described as Daspletosaurus 3) One of the Premaxillary teeth was not serrated but could not verify if it was a young tooth 4) So 9% of the population can be tentatively assigned Hendrickx et al paper https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2806-dental-features-in-theropods
  7. Ginger0412

    Is this a Gorgosaurus tooth?

    Is this a Gorgosaurus tooth? Please let the opinion of everyone. Fossil size: 39×13×7 (mm) Origin: America Northern Montana Judith River Formation Era: Cretaceous I appreciate everyone's comments! thank you!
  8. Hello. I was wondering if anyone could help me identify this tyrannosaur tooth I recently added to my collection. It is said to be from the Judith River formation in North-Central Montana. Unfortunately, I don't have the county it came from. The tooth has the following measurements. Thanks for your help. CH = 40 mm CWB = 10 mm CBL = 16 mm MC = 18 denticles/5 mm DC = 14 denticles/5 mm DSDI = 1.29
  9. Darwin and Wallace

    Need ID for Two Medicine Tyrannosaur teeth

    Hello all, I need some help ID'ing these two tyrannosaur teeth from the Two Medicine Formation in Montana. Does anyone know how to tell the difference between Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus teeth based on this size? Thanks for any help.
  10. Hello again. I saw this tooth on the internet, I don't know what dinosaur it could be from. In the description of the publication it does not say anything, only that it is from the theropod and from the United States. I suspect it is from a tyrannosaurid, but which one? I don't know. Gorgosaurus? or T rex? There is no further information on the origin or training where it was obtained. What do you think it could be? I know that with so little data not much can be done, but I would like to know the opinions or suggestions that you have on this matter anyway, so that I can have a better idea and decide whether to buy it or not.
  11. I have here five Therapod teeth from the Judith River Formation of Hill County, Montana. Four are partials, and one is a small and complete. They were identified as Tyrannosaurs, but I'm wondering if that's accurate, and if it's possible to narrow them down further. It's probably a long shot, but I felt it would be useful to ask here where there are many more knowledgeable about theropods than I am. I've offered different angles, sizes, and serration counts. Thank you, Bellamy
  12. Hi everyone, So I came across a tooth that says this tooth comes from a carnivore (Gorgosaur/Daspletosaur), is 3.81 cm in length. The seller is a Daspletosaurus, but you know, before buying anything I have to ask your opinion. It was found in the Two Medicine Formation. There was a debate as to whether it was either a Gorgosaurus or a Daspletosaurus. So the questions are: Is it a Daspletosaurus or a Gorgosaurus? In what condition it is?
  13. Hi All I am open to trading my following theropod teeth. I have attached a couple of images of each teeth along with info on the size and locality etc. Please PM me for more info and images/offers if interested. EDIT - I am after other theropod teeth in return Paul
  14. Top Trilo

    Tyrannosaur tooth ID

    I bought this tyrannosaur tooth a while back and it says it’s a albertosaurus, gorgosaurus, or daspletosaurus. Is there anyway to narrow it down any further? It says it was found in the Judith river formation of eastern Montana and it measures just over an inch. Any and all help is appreciated.
  15. dinosaur man

    My largest dinosaur tooth yet

    I just got this and it will be arriving soon, It will be my largest dinosaur tooth yet once It comes. It’s a Tyrannosaur indet for now and it’s from the Judith River Formation. Just wanted to share this. I wanted to share more information compared to my other topic.
  16. dinosaur man

    DSDI between 0.8 and 1.2

    Hi I have a question, I went back since I had some time and re measured my Tyrannosaur tooth denticles. But there both the same size, the Mesial and Distal are both 6. And the DSDI is 1, what would this mean? Thank you!! @Omnomosaurus, @Troodon
  17. Hi I decided to make this since the new Tyrannosaur from Alberta’s Foremost Formation, Thanatotheristes deerootorum has just been named and described. Enjoy!! Tyrannosaur bearing Formations in Canada: Formations in Alberta but most of the Formations on my list are I Alberta anyway. Horseshoe Canyon Formation 74-68 million years ago, Alberta: Albertosaurus sarcophagus, possibly Daspletosaurus sp. but no compelling evidence so far. Oldman Formation 78.2-77 million years ago, Alberta: Daspletosaurus torosus, Gorgosaurus sp. Foremost Formation 80.5-78.2 million years ago, Alberta: Thanatotheristes deerootorum, possibly Gorgosaurus sp. Milk River Formation 84.5-83.4 million years ago, Alberta: Tyrannosaur. indet could be a species of Thanatotheristes, possibly Gorgosaurus sp. Scollard Formation 68-66 million years ago, Alberta: T. rex, possibly Nanotyrannus Formations in British Columbia: Wapiti Formation 76.8-70 million years ago, Alberta, British Columbia: Unknown Albertosaurinae either Gorgosaurus or Albertosaurus, possibly Daspletosaurus sp. Tumbler Ridge 135-74 million years ago, British Columbia: Tyrannosaur. indet Formations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba: Dinosaur Park Formation 77-75.5 million years ago, Alberta, Saskatchewan: Daspletosaurus sp., Gorgosaurus libratus Frenchmen Formation, 68-66 million years ago, Saskatchewan: T. rex, possibly Nanotyrannus Bearpaw Formation 75-72 million years ago, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba: Daspletosaurus sp. one specimen from Daspletosaurus sp. that drowned. For now these are all the Tyrannosaurs known from Canada. No Eastern Tyrannosaurs in Canada yet either but maybe someday. I will also update this and add as more information comes available.
  18. Wow its already the 17 of January where has the year gone? Well always time for some cool photos of some great fossils to keep us going Its not unheard of to find dinosaur bite marks on a fossil. This Triceratops pelvis on display at Museum of the Rockies has Tyrannosaurus bite marks on it (red arrows) One way to identify a theropod bone is to see if they are hollow, another way is to look at their vertebra most are pneumatized, have a honeycomb structure. Here is an example of a T rex vertebra You hear alot about the Nanotyrannus associated with the Dueling Dinosaurs but here is a photo of the foot of other partner in this dynamic due a Triceratops. Complete ceratopsian feet are rare and this is the ventral view of one. in the less prepped version Mike Tribold posted this photo of Axestemys infernalis, a new soft shelled turtle from the Hell Creek Formation. I am sure Mike will have it on display at his booth at the Tucson 22nd Street Show More info on this turtle can be found here https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2827-a-new-species-of-trionychid The lower jaw of the pterosaur Liaodactylus, with its numerous and extremely slender teeth. At 160 million years old, this is the earliest evidence of adaptations for filter-feeding in pterosaurs. Info by Jordan Bestwick Check out these loooong flight feathers on the wings of Confuciusornis sanctus. Courtesy of Talia Lowi-Marri Palaeontological Institute in Moscow gives us the rather mean-looking Archosaurus rossicus, from the very end of the Permian (~255 Mya) in Russia. Skull is a bit under half a meter long. Not something you want to meet hiking in Siberia. The Supraorbital horn of Baby and Juvenile Triceratops (or Torosaurus), courtesy of the BHI Carnotaurus sastrei, original holotype skull. photo by Damian Perez Tom Holtz shared a different view of the Tyrant King skull From the Smithsonian's NMNH Deep Time exhibit, a beautiful Gorgosaurus libratus skull Here is a photo that compares different Tyrannosaurid finger bones digit I-1. From left to right : Gorgosaurus TVM 2001.89.1, Nanotyrannus BHI-6437, adult T.rex MOR-980, and sub adult T.rex TCM 2001.90.1. Your can see on similarities with the two on the right both of Trex of different ages. Interesting thought the paleontologists said the younger one should be longer photo P. Larsen
  19. This report is a bit late, but better late than never! During late July through to mid August 2018 i was on a research trip to study a new Canadian dinosaur footprint site for my Masters degree project. I am based in Australia, and this was the first time i had been to Canada! So of course i had to make the most of it and pay a visit to the world renowned Dinosaur Provincial Park in southern Alberta, arguably the richest site in the world for dinosaur fossils. The park is the best exposure of the Dinosaur Park Formation (which it is now named after), which dates to about 76.5 million years ago during the mid-Campanian. I had long read about this location and watched it on documentaries for so many years growing up as a kid. Finally being there in person was very surreal! I was quite lucky and managed to go on a long, extended walk through the park with one of the guides for about 6 hours in total. In this relatively short amount of time i observed so many amazing fossils. I must have been completely desensitised within the first 30 minutes! It really is incredible how much fossil material there is lying all over the park. In Australia, whole scientific papers are written about isolated or fragmentary dinosaur bones, yet here they were just lying everywhere! The pictures really speak for themselves. As said, all of these fossils were observed in the field during a single days visit to the park. As this is a World Heritage site, nothing was taken, all finds were put straight back onto the ground after i took these photos. It's a VERY hard thing to do, but rules are rules. The only thing that was removed from the park on my trip was my best find of the day... a near-perfect 5.3 cm tyrannosaur tooth from Gorgosaurus!!!! This find was too special to leave behind, so the park tour guide GPS marked the location and brought it back for display, likely at the visitor centre or as a demonstration piece for their guided tours. To say that i have found a tyrannosaur tooth is a great honour! You may remember it from the July 2018 VFOTM poll. Without further ado, here are the pics! It is going to take multiple posts to fit them all in, so scroll all the way down to see them all! Various dinosaur vertebrae. Everything from hadrosaurs (duck billed dinosaurs) and ceratopsians (horned dinosaurs) to theropods (two legged meat eaters) and ankylosaurs (armoured dinosaurs). These were so common! I would probably pick a new one up every 5 minutes or so. Ankylosaur tooth
  20. The Royal Terrell Museum shared a super specimen they collected and prepared of a Gorgosaurus that is the most complete juvenile tyrannosaur specimen discovered in Canada (and possibly even in North America). The Museum of the Rockies gave the skull of Big Al, MOR 693, a much needed acetone bath, new coat of vinac & a new conservation cradle before going back on exhibit. Big Al is one of the most complete Allosaurus specimens in the world! The most complete sauropod specimen known is CM 11338, a juvie Camarasaurus lentus. Courtesy: Saurian Spence A tyrannosaur tooth from the Campanian of Alberta, NHM London Check out remarks on label Allosaurus snoot, very cool. Check out those pretty, jet black dagger teeth w serrations. From ROM toronto collections, Late Jurassic, Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry, Utah. Big chompers The holotype of Styracosaurus albertensis (CMN 344) at the Museum of Nature. This centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur was collected by Sternberg in Alberta (in what's now Dinosaur Provincial Park), and named by Lambe in 1913 More Gorgosaurus, Healed bite marks in fossilized tyrannosaur skulls suggest they regularly engaged in face-biting behaviour. This Gorgosaurus upper jaw is an extreme example, with five raised scars. Look at the size of that back tooth .. thats a 10cm scale, who said Gorgo teeth were small. Makes me rethink how large these teeth got +3" does not appear unrealistic @-Andy- A ornithopod cutie Weewarrasaurus, described from a stunning piece of colourful opalized jawbone from Down Under. Thanks John Pickrell
  21. Hadrosaur carcasses must have been great hiding places for fishes during the Cretaceous. A beautifully preserved primitive sturgeon, in the belly cavity of a Brachylophosaurus skeleton. Thanks Jack Horner Here’s the holotype skull of Gorgosaurus libratus. This specimen was collected by Charles Sternberg from Dino Prov Park, Alberta & described by Lawrence Lambe, Canada’s first vertebrate palaeontolgist. Thanks Dave Evans Thigh bone and shin bone of a subadult Triceratops. The thigh is much longer than the shin making for a relatively short stride, suggesting Triceratops was very slow. T. rex was definitely faster than a trike & probably didn’t need to run to catch one. Compliments of Dave Evans. Wonderful skull of the very early dinosaur Eoraptor from the PVSJ collection in San Juan. It’s from the early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation. NHM Dinolab The theropod Coelophysis baur the State Fossil of New Mexico. This mass death assemblage depicts multiple individuals who died at the same time. Thanks Guy Leahy. Here’s a nice big T. rex tooth from Saskatchewan. Not the prettiest but from a cool location. D. Evans Acrocanthosaurus mount completed by the Black Hills Institute. Heading to the Netherlands Something you dont see often jaws of Iguanacolossus fortis. Its a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period from Utah . Jim Kirkland Dinossur material from Austria wow.... you are looking at the nodosaur Struthiosaurus austriacus, from the Campanian of eastern Austria. Represented by multiple individuals of different growth stages, here is the braincase and two spikes. Tom Raven
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