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Taxonomy from Fossilworks.org. Revised generic diagnosis from Grande and Grande 2008, p. 10. "†Notogoneus differs from all other genera in the family Gonorynchidae by the following characters: (1) the subopercle bears a series of deep clefts along its posterior margin; (2) the first and second hypurals are not fused to each other; (3) the parhypural is not fused to the vertebral column; (4) the first and second hypurals are not fused to the vertebral column; and (5) scales in adults are nearly the length of a centrum. Also, the frontal is a paired element in †Notogoneus (vs. median in Gonorynchus)." Line drawing from Grande & Grande 2008, p. 4: References: Cope, E. D. (1885) Eocene paddle-fish and Gonorhynchidae. American Naturalist, 19:1090–1091. Woodward, A. S. (1901) Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part IV 1-63. Hay, O. P. (1902) Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868. Grande, L. and Grande, T. (2008) Redescription of the type species for the genus Notogeneus (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae) based on new, well-preserved material. The Paleontological Society Memoir 70:1-31 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen]
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References: L. Grande and T. Grande (2008) Redescription of the type species for the genus Notogeneus (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae) based on new, well preserved material. The Paleontological Society Memoir 70:1-31 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen].
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Grande distinguishes two forms of Hypsiprisca: Hypsiprisca hypsacantha (originally described by Cope in 1886 under the name Priscacara hypsacantha) and a second yet undescribed, closely related form Hypsiprisca sp. H. sp. is more common than H. hypsacantha; H. sp. are mostly very small individuals less than 60mm long. Quotation L. Grande (2013): "The second species that remains undescribed differs from H. hypsacantha in being more slender-bodied and having a more convex posterior tail fin margin (H. hypsacantha has a very slightly forked tail margin)." References: Whitlock, J. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene percomorph fishes †Priscacara and †Mioplosus Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Volume 30 – Issue 4, pages 1037-1048. Grande, L. T (2013) The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 13: 978-0-226-92296-6.
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The Mioplosus is an extinct genus of Percid fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene. These fish were predators in Fossil Lake's large ecosystem.
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Priscacara Serrata is one of several species of recognized in the Green River formation. It is less common that its relative the Priacacara Liops.
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Astephus and Hypsidoris are both members of the Family Ictaluridae, native to North America. Green River catfish are easily recognized by their stout dorsal and pectoral spines, scale less bodies and broad skull. Ictalurid species have four pairs of barbels (or whiskers). Like modern catfish, they possessed a vibration sensitive organ called the Weberian apparatus. The Weberian apparatus consists out of specialized vertebrae at the front of the spinal column which passed vibrations to the inner ear using the swim bladder as a resonance chamber. The structure essentially acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. Normal size of Astephus is around 15cm and rarely exceeds 18cm, maximum total length is about 30cm. Hypsidoris seems to be in the same size range. The diet of Green River catfish was probably similar to existing ictalurids consisting of plants, small fish, crayfish and mollusks. Astephus and Hypsidoris were probably bottom feeders. Astephus antiquus is unknown as a body fossil in the middle unit of Fossil Butte Member, and only one specimen has been found in all of Fossil Lake, although it is abundant in Lake Gosiute strata. The discovery of numerous and widespread fossil catfish in oil shale units of the Laney Member of the Eocene Green River Formation is evidence of aerobic conditions in the hypolimnic waters of ancient Lake Gosiute. Hypsidoris farsonensis has only been found in Lake Gosiute deposits of the Green River Formation, east of Fossil Lake. References: Grande, L. and J. G. Lundberg (1988) Revision and redescription of the genus Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships. J. Vert. Paleont 8:139–171. Grande, L. (1987) Redescription of Hypsidoris farsonensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with a reassessment of its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:24–54. Grande, L. and de Pinna, M. C. C. (1998) Description of a second species of the catfish Hypsidoris and a reevaluation of the genus and the family Hypsidoridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:451–474.
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Characteristic for Massilosteus is the - for a Lepisosteiformes - extremely short snout. References: Grande, L., Kammerer, Ch. & Westneat, M. (2006) Comparative and Developmental Functional Morphology of the Jaws of Living and Fossil Gars. Journal of Morphology, Vol 267, Issue 9, 1017-1031. Grande, L. (2010) An Empirical Synthetic Pattern Study of Gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related Species, based mostly on Skeletal Anatomy. The Resurrection of Holostei. Copeia, 2010, No 2A, 1-863.
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References: John A. Whitlock (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene percomorph fishes Priscacara and Mioplosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(4):1037–1048. Lance Grande (2013) The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time. Edition: 1 Publisher: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 13: 978-0-226-92296-6.
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Today, the family Hiodontidae is represented by two species and a single genus (Hiodon) restricted to North America. They are large-eyed, fork-tailed fish that physically resemble shads. The “goldeye”, Hiodon alosoides, is widespread across Nord America. It prefers turbid slower-moving waters of lakes and rivers. The mooneye, Hiodon tergisus, is also widespread across North America, living in the clear waters of lakes, ponds, and rivers. Hiodontids feed mainly on insects, insect larvae, and a few small fish. The fossil genus Eohiodon was set up by Cavender in 1966 based on a review of Leuciscus rosei by Hussakof. Since then, three additional species have been included in this genus: Eohiodon rosei is the type species and known from the Tranquille beds near Kamloops, the Horsefly beds near Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada and the Allenby Formation near Princeton. Eohiodon woodruffi Wilson 1978 is known from the Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic, Washington and the Horsefly beds near Horsefly, British Columbia. Eohiodon falcatus Grande 1978 has been found from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, Lincoln County, Wyoming, USA. Recent study by Li, Wilson, and Grande, 1997 of new specimen of both Eohiodon falcatus and Eohiodon woodruffi indicates that the two specimens are indistinguishable in the vast majority of characters; Eohiodon falcatus might be treated as a junior synonym of Eohiodon woodruffi. In their 2008 paper Grande & Hilton reassessed the Hiodontidae and concluded: " After correcting the descriptions of the fossil taxa, we could find no valid synapomorphies to separate the genus †Eohiodon from the genus Hiodon. Therefore, we conclude that †Eohiodon should be regarded as a synonym of Hiodon." References: Hilton, E. & Grande, L.: Fossil Mooneyes (Teleostei: Hiodontiformes, Hiodontidae) from the Eocene of western North America, with a reassessment of their taxonomy. In: CAVIN, L., LONGBOTTOM, A. & RICHTER, M. (eds) Fishes and the Break-up of Pangaea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 295, 221–251. DOI: 10.1144/SP295.13 Grande, L. (1979): Eohiodon falcatus, a new species of hiodontid (Pisces) from the late early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 53:103-111. Wilson, M. V. H. (1978): Eohiodon woodruffi n. sp. (Teleostei, Hiodontidae) from the middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic, Washington. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15:679-686. Cavender, T. (1966): Systematic position of the North American Eocene fish, "Leuciscus" rosei Hussakof. Copeia, 1966:311-320.
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Amphiplaga is one of the rarer of the Green River fish fossils, making up some 1% of the total from Fossil Lake, its only known location. Amphiplaga belongs to the family Percopsidae within the order Percopsiformes. The Order Percopsiformes is a small order of North American freshwater fishes that includes three families: Amblyopsidae (cavefishes); Aphredoderidae (pirate perches); and Percopsidae (trout-perches). Closely related to neither trout nor perch, trout-perches have characteristics of both the trout and perch families. They exhibit characters of the salmonids, such as an adipose fin, cycloid scales, and soft fin rays, as well as characters of the percids, such as dorsal and anal fin spines, and ctenoid scales. Trout-perch are generally silvery in appearance, often with a partially transparent appearance, and relatively large heads and eyes. They are small fish with weak fin spines, and an adipose fin similar to those of trouts. Amphiplaga grew to as much as 150 mm. long; the average length was 100 mm. They feed on insects and small crustaceans. Fossil percopsids are only known from North America, the current home of the extant genus Percopsis. References: Grande, L. (1984): PALEONTOLOGY OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION, WITH A REVIEW OF THE FISH FAUNA. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WYOMING, BULLETIN 63
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