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Taxonomy from Fossilworks.org. Description (Südkamp 2017, p. 100): "The flattened theca is angular and trapezoidal in outline. The large angular anal field is positioned in the centre of one side of the theca (the anal), allowing it to be distinguished from the other (the abanal). The delicate plates are organized in large arcs across the abanal side. The peripheral rim is flat. The stem is very long. The body-oriented part consists of alternating simple and large collar ring-like elements. The more elongate distal elements are barrel-shaped. The long and slender uniserial brachiales are in the exothecal projections for food-gathering. Name meaning: Regula = Leiste, pleuro = to the side, lateral. Identified by oilshale. References: Dehm, R. (1934) Untersuchungen an Cystoideen des rheinischen Unterdevons. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 1934 Heft 1, p 19-43, 2 Tab. Nardin, E. and Bohatý, J. (2013) A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 533–544. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. München 2017. ISBN978-3-89937-221-2.

Taxonomy from Bandel et al. 1983. Diagnosis from Bandel et al. 1983, p. 411:"First chamber 0.5 - 0.6 mm wide and spherical, following chamber of equal height, but rapidlx increasing in width. Beyond the 3rd - 4th chamber, septa are less distinct and appear, if at all, as a transversal striation of very slow increase in width. At a length of 3 mm the conch develops a dorsal median keel and two lateral keels. Apical angle between 18-30°." Identified by oilshale. References: BANDEL, K., REITNER, J. & STÜRMER, W. (1983): Coleoids from the Lower Devonian Black Slate ("Hunsrück-Schiefer") of the Hunsrück (West Germany). N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 165: 397 417; Stuttgart. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.

Old name: Protospongia rhenana Taxonomy from Fossilworks.org. Description from Südkamp 2017, p. 25:"The large sponge has the outline of a vase, flask or bowl. It has mainly bundled diactines of the first order, which are woven into a rectangular mesh, but in contrary to Retifungus are not coiled (fibre optics network). In addition, the sponge has a lot of small triaxones of the second order lying in one plane, which radiate hexagonal (so called hexatines) or possibly also tetra radial (stauracts), because of the reduction of one of the axes of a triaxon." References: Schlüter, Clemens (1892) Protospongia rhenana. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft Band 44 Heft 4 (1892), p. 615 - 618. Mehl, D. (1996) Phylogenie und Evolutionsökologie der Hexactinellida (Porifera) im Paläozoikum. Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Insbruck. Sonderband 4, p. 1-55. Bartels, C., Poschmann, M., Schindler, T. & Wuttke, M. (2002) Palaeontology and palaeoecology of the Kaub Formation (Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian) at Bundenbach (Hunsrück, SW Germany). Metalla (Bochum) 9.2, 2002, 105-122. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.

Taxonomy from Fossilworks.com Brauckmann et al. 2002, p. 215 claim that "Nahecaris is a subjective junior synonym of Dilophaspis as already suggested by HAHN (1990)." Description from Südkamp 2017, p. 83: "Nahecaris is the most common non-trilobite arthropod. The large bivalved shield (carapace) covers the head, thorax, and anterior segments of the abdomen. Dorsally, a short anterior rostral plate and a longer posterior median plate separate the valves. The carapace shape (deep and rounded or long and narrow) and the ornamentation (generally fine ridges parallel to the oral border) varies. A strengthened rim along the margin forms a doublure. The head bears a pair of large, club-shaped, stalked eyes, and two pairs of biramous antennae, the second much larger than the first. The thoracic segments each bear a pair of biramous slender limbs (thoracopods) that decrease in size posteriorly. Mostly, the endopods are curved downwards so that they form a cone-shaped feeding basket. The abdomen consists of seven cylindrical segments, of which only up to four are visible. The first five bear biramous limbs (pleopods) made up of flap-like branches. The seventh abdominal segment is twice to three times longer than the others. The abdomen terminates with a median telson spine, flanked by two much longer, and coarser, lateral furcal branches. The ornament of abdomen and telson is similar to that of the carapace." Line drawing from Broili, 1929, p. 256: References: Broili, F. (1929) Beobachtungen an neuen Arthropodenfunden aus den Hunsrückschiefern. Sitzungsber. d. b. Akad. d. Wissensch. mathem.-naturw. Abt. 253-280. Taf. Jan Bergström et al. (1987) Nahecaris stuertzi , a phyllocarid crustacean from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 61(3):273-298. DOI 10.1007/BF02985909 Brauckmann, C., Koch, L., Gröning, E. (2002) New evidence for the synonymy of Dilophaspis and Nahecaris (Phyllocarida; Lower Devonian; Rhenish Massif). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 76 (2): 215-222, Abb. 1-6, Tab. 1. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.

References: María Consuelo Sendino Lara (2009) REVISIÓN DE LA COLECCIÓN DE CONULARIIDAE DE THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM DE LONDRES. ISBN: 978-84-692-1118-2

Taxonomy from Mindat.org. Together with the small brittlestar Ophiurina lymani. Description for the genus from Südkamp 2017, p. 106" The uniseral arms branch at least once above the second brachial. Proximally they bear pinnules on every second brachial. Beyond the seventh of these, a pinnule is attached to every brachial. Hapalocrinus has quadrangular or rectangular brachials. The anal tube is absent or incipient. The stem is slender. Some elements of the upper stem bear straight spines." Identified by oilshale. References: C. Bartels, M. Poschmann, T. Schindler & M. Wuttke (with contributions by H.-G. Mittmeyer) (2002) Palaeontology and palaeoecology of the Kaub Formation (Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian) at Bundenbach (Hunsrück, SW Germany). Metalla (Bochum) 9.2, p. 105-122. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.

Taxonomy from Fossilworks.org. Description (Südkamp 2017, p. 100): "The flattened theca is angular and trapezoidal in outline. The large angular anal field is positioned in the centre of one side of the theca (the anal), allowing it to be distinguished from the other (the abanal). The delicate plates are organized in large arcs across the abanal side. The peripheral rim is flat. The stem is very long. The body-oriented part consists of alternating simple and large collar ring-like elements. The more elongate distal elements are barrel-shaped. The long and slender uniserial brachiales are in the exothecal projections for food-gathering. Name meaning: Regula = Leiste, pleuro = to the side, lateral. Identified by oilshale. References: Dehm, R. (1934) Untersuchungen an Cystoideen des rheinischen Unterdevons. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 1934 Heft 1, p 19-43, 2 Tab. Nardin, E. and Bohatý, J. (2013) A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 533–544. Südkamp, W. (2017) Life in the Devonian. Identification book Hunsrück Slate fossils. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. München 2017. ISBN978-3-89937-221-2.