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  1. Chase_E

    Isurus oxyrinchus

    From the album: Misc. Cenozoic Specimens

    Isurus oxyrinchus
  2. ScottM

    Sharktooth Hill shortfin mako?

    Despite several visits to Sharktooth Hill and hundreds of teeth, I've yet to confirm a shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus or is it Isurus desori?). Perhaps this is a possible candidate. Or maybe another C. planus or C. hastalis lower. To me, the features that make this one look different from those other common STH teeth are that it is relatively long with a narrow base/wide root, and also that little bend at the tip when viewed from the side (I think it shows up in the bottom two pics ok). It just stuck out as "something different" and I was able to eliminate a lot of other possibilities. So maybe I got my first shortfin mako? Thanks for your help!
  3. Hello to all of you, I would like to kindly as you about your opinion, because recently I have started to sort out my collection of shark teeth and I was hoping maybe here I will find someone who could help me with some ID's. I have found this shark tooth, which is not exactly small in the southern Slovakia. Age: lower miocene (Eggenburg). My guess is that it could be Isurus retroflexus, but I'm not sure. As you can see the tip was broken long time ago before I have found it. Please see the pictures attached. Any input will be welcome. Wish you a nice day. Gabriel.
  4. Jarekw20

    Possible isurus tooth

    I found this tooth last month in the Baltic Sea in Poland. After a little research I assumed it belongs to Isurus desori. The tooth is 24 mm long. Could you tell me if I’m right and how old probably this fossil is
  5. DevilDog

    Isurus Sp.?

    Is this tooth one of the Isurus species? Found on Topsail Island, North Carolina.
  6. From the album: Pisces

    2cm. Or Carcharodon hastalis. Or Isurus hastalis. Whatever.... Burdigalian, Miocene. Found at Billafingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Genus to "Isurus" hastalis is still being debated. Some call it Carcharocles.
  7. Last week I was on holiday in the Netherlands/Belgium for a short time and I had the chance to visit the area of Antwerp to find some shark teeth. Too bad the weather wasnt good (I think it rained the entire day). Nevertheless I found some teeth and I have to say that I am kinda satisfed with the result! I almost sieved the whole day so my body still hurts a bit The material I searched in comes from the Miocene, Pliocene and was washed up from the extension of Churchill dock in Antwerp. Here are two "in-situ" pictures: A nice tooth on the sifter: Pictures of the nicest teeth: A nice dolphin tooth with enamel (4 cm long): A dolphin ear bone: (a little bit more than 2 cm long) An Isurus retroflexus tooth (3 cm long): And an 4.2 cm long Cosmopolitodus hastalis: (I am not sure if I determined this one right ...) I think I will post some more detailed pictures of other teeth in the next days! Thanks for watching
  8. Our final stop in the Shark program is of course the giant Sharks of the Miocene. We wrap our adventure through the timeline of shark evolution by giving the kids what they expect to see, big shark teeth. Truthfully, we do not have many large shark teeth. I went for interesting teeth not big teeth but we have a few that will grab the kids attention. We give a very brief introduction to the giant sharks with a 2 inch Otodus tooth. We can spend too much time on Otodus or the ancestors of Megalodon as it just do not have time ( plus we do not have teeth from Auriculatus, Angustidens, or Chubutensis). After that brief bit, we ask the kids a question.... What shark is the ancestor of the modern Great White ? We give the kids a chance to answer that question for themselves by connecting them to the sharks that swimming in the ocean off the coast of California 12 million years. I want to explore the origins of the most well known modern shark and connect them to the fossil rich area just 6 or so hours south of where they live so we journey to Sharktooth Hill to finish the program. Isurus planus was a fairly large shark and probably reached lengths of over 20 feet. I have not found a lot of material about planus but I would think that based on tooth size, 20 feet seems possible. I have seen 2 inch planus teeth though I have nothing that big myself. We also show the kids a couple Isurus desori teeth only to mention that they MIGHT be related to modern Short-fin Makos. We then jump into another species that is present at STH and the one the kiddos will be most familiar with, Megalodon. This is obviously a super important species to talk about because it is the most popular prehistoric shark. It is the T-rex of sharks. Biggest teeth of any shark found so far. Most likely the largest shark ever and quite possibly the largest fish. They ate whales. They were also common and the apex predator in the worlds oceans during their time. We do not know what they look like but my son is working on his version of Megalodon and it has elements of a basking shark to it along with the traditional Great White like appearance. I will tell the kids that for a long time, Megalodon was thought to be the ancestor of great whites but science has uncovered another possible contender for being the ancestor of great whites. Carcharodon hastalis was a large shark that probably reached 30 feet in length. They had large teeth and were probably fast swimming ambush predators. I remember reading somewhere, that evidence existed from STH that the Broad-tooth White Shark hunted early pinnipeds from underneath, just as modern white sharks do. I can not remember where I read that and I want to track that down again to verify before saying that to kids. Anyway, we explain that they were probably very similar in appearance to great whites and filled a similar ecological role. I will add that transitional teeth have been found that are a pretty conclusive link the chain of white shark evolution but we want them to check out the teeth and judge for themselves. Our presentation teeth Pic 1 I. planus and I. desori. These are not the exact teeth for program. I do have a few bigger teeth but these were in my desk as I am doing this lol Pic 2 Our 5.08 inch Megalodon tooth and the tooth that I suspect will be the most popular in the presentation. Not the prettiest nor the biggest but it is still a really big tooth to me. We also use a 3 inch tooth for the presentation but I did not photograph it. Pic 3 a 2 inch hastalis, a 2.5 inch hastalis, and one that I personally think is cooler than even Megalodon, a 2.54 inch Great White. It is blue. It just looks cool and I think 2.54 is pretty large for a white shark tooth. We wrap it up with questions from the kids while we go around the classroom handing out shark teeth to the students. If you happened to read all of these, you are a good soul because these are long winded posts I know lol Thank you to all who commented and offered encouragement. I will probably start putting up the marine mammal stuff next.
  9. I've recently was lucky to have found an online copy of Purdy et al. (2001)'s paper on Lee Creek sharks, and I've found a passage that caught my interest- "In morphology, the teeth lsurus hastalis (Figure 27) are almost identical to those from large individuals (TL=3.7-4.3 m) I. paucus. The tips of the upper anterior teeth of the latter species, however (TL=2.3^1.2 m, n=9), usually lack the labial recurvature that is so well developed in I. hastalis (Figure 28a). In the small number of I. paucus dentitions available to us (n=9), only one dentition (Hubbell collection, JF91980, 2.6 m TL, female) had upper anterior teeth with tips that exhibited a strong labial recurvature. At present, we do not know how common this recurvature is in the extant species. The upper anterior teeth of Leriche's (1910:275-280, figs. 78-86, pi. 16: figs. 16-31) sample of teeth from the Oligocène of Belgium, which he identified as Oxyrhina desori and O. desori flandrica, are identical to those of the extant Isurus paucus. They lack a labial recurvature. This suggests that I. paucus may be a junior synonym of I. hastalis, but because of the small number of dentitions available of I. paucus, we hesitate in synonymizing the two species. " Traditionally, I think people believed that I. paucus evolved from Isurus retroflexus. Capetta (2012) now describes retroflexus in the genus Anotodus as an alopiid with later authors following suit, making it unlikely to have any relation with the longfin mako and making the lineage of paucus unclear. Of the few papers and articles I've read that mention Purdy et al. (2001)'s observation and its possibilities, none give an actual opinion or response to it and simply mention it without anything else, which sort of makes me feel like this observation could be a legitimate possibility. So I really want to know the opinion any of you shark experts and enthusiasts out there on this topic. What do you guys think?
  10. One of my nice Lee creek mako teeth were sitting in one of my pockets with a few Hershey's chocolates with paper wrappers (don't ask why I was pretty hungry). after I ate them all, I looked at my tooth, and to my dismay saw that what looked like the ink from the wrappers had rubbed onto the root. Aside from the weird story, I have tried using a toothbrush with soap and water, to no avail. What would be the best way to get rid of the stain? I have attached before and after pics below. I know there are a few lighting differences, so I also put it aside one of my other lee creek makos that used to be a similar color as a reference to the darkness of the stain. Thanks.
  11. Ludwigia

    Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque 1810)

    From the album: Pisces

    24mm. Shortfin Mako upper. From the Miocene at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Traded with Fossil-Hound.
  12. The following content is purely based on applying a mathematical equation from Ferron (2017), who obtained it from Sambilay (1990). No other source besides a few used for length measurements have been used besides Ferron (2017). I am not a mathematician and my calculations may have mistakes, which is why I've shown all of my work in case any of you want to check my math. The formulas themselves may possibly be updated/invalidated by later studies. Please take this with the finest grain of salt. Apparently, Cretoxyrhina may possibly be the one of the, if not the fastest shark known so far according to a set of equations. When reading through the scientific paper Ferron (2017), I found out that the equation he used to make his speed calculations are ones that I might be able to do myself, so here I am making a post that consists of a wall of algebraic nonsense to try to see for myself on things. Ferron (2017) used an equation that was developed by Sambilay (1990) (which I unfortunately cannot access) to calculate the maximum burst speed of a large fish: Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(PCL) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(AR) AR stands for aspect ratio, which is the ratio between the height and surface area of the caudal fin. PCL stands for post-caudal length and can be calculated from a shark's total length (TL) using this equation: PCL = -0.9195 + 0.8535 ⋅ TL When Ferron (2017) inputted the equation for Cretoxyrhina mantelli using Shimada (2006)'s conservative estimates for maximum size of 640 cm as total length (TL) and an unspecified aspect ratio (AR), a burst swimming speed of ≈70 km/h was calculated. This is essentially one of the highest confirmed calculated speeds of any shark ever recorded. I decided to try the equation for myself, which is shown below. I assumed that the AR used would be the conservative aspect ratio of 4.3 (The aspect ratios for C. mantelli were 4.3 and/or 4.9 depending on the type of angle used). AR = 4.3 PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ TL PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ (640) PCL = 546.14805 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(PCL) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(AR) Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(546.14805) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(4.3) Log10(546.14805) = x1 x1 = Log(546.14805)/Log(10) x1 = (2.73731038736)/(1) x1 = 2.73731038736 Log10(4.3) = x2 x2 = Log(4.3)/Log(10) x2 = (0.6334684556)/(1) x2 = 0.6334684556 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ (2.73731038736) + 0.3478 ⋅ (0.6334684556) Log10(Sb) = 1.84995107 Sb = 101.84995107 Sb = 70.7866028 Sb ≈ 71 km ⋅ h-1 Sb ≈ 44 mi ⋅ h-1 My result is a burst swimming speed of 70.8 km/h, 71 km/h when using proper rounding. Sort of off, but considering that the aspect ratio could have been different, I think this is good enough. But Ferron (2017) only used Shimada (2006)'s conservative estimates. Here, I redid the equation but used the maximum size of 700 cm as total length (TL) and a mean estimate of 4.6 for aspect ratio (AR)- AR = 4.6 PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ TL PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ (700) PCL = 597.35805 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(PCL) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(AR) Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(597.35805) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(4.6) Log10(597.35805) = x1 x1 = Log(597.35805)/Log(10) x1 = (2.7762347206)/(1) x1 = 2.7762347206 Log10(4.6) = x2 x2 = Log(4.6)/Log(10) x2 = (0.6627578317)/(1) x2 = 0.6627578317 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ (2.7762347206) + 0.3478 ⋅ (0.6627578317) Log10(Sb) = 1.8847622067 Sb = 101.8847622067 Sb = 76.6941443789 Sb ≈ 77 km ⋅ h-1 Sb ≈ 48 mi ⋅ h-1 My results show that a C. mantelli that measures 7 meters in length can swim at a bust speed of almost 77 km/h. That is essentially faster than any ocean animal except some of the billfishes according to popular estimates. Amazingly, this may possibly not be too farfetched. It has already been predicted for a long time that C. mantelli is likely a fast swimmer, potentially one of the fastest. Shimada (1997) showed that Cretoxyrhina possess a scale pattern that has superb efficiency in drag reduction (such patterns have only been found in the fastest Lamnids today). Kim et al. (2013) noted that the caudal fin of Cretoxyrhina represents the most extreme case of a Type 4 fin, where both the Cobb's and hypochordal ray angles are higher than any known shark. Type 4s are ones that are the most efficient in building speed, so maybe the "most Type 4" of them all could be the fastest? For comparison, I also applied the equation to Carcharodon carcharias, which is most similar with C. mantelli in morphology and ecological role (I assumed that the largest confirmed length is 610 cm) AR=2.7* PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ TL PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ (610) PCL = 520.54305 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(PCL) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(AR) Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(520.54305) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(2.7) Log10(520.54305) = x1 x1 = Log(520.54305)/Log(10) x1 = (2.7164566524)/(1) x1 = 2.7164566524 Log10(2.7) = x2 x2 = Log(2.7)/Log(10) x2 = (0.4313637642)/(1) x2 = 0.4313637642 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ (2.7164566524) + 0.3478 ⋅ (0.431367642) Log10(Sb) = 1.7672462077 Sb = 101.7672462077 Sb = 58.5121703926 Sb ≈ 59 km ⋅ h-1 Sb ≈ 36 mi ⋅ h-1 As far as I know, the fastest recorded speed for a great white is about 56 km/h. Considering that they probably have been clocked from smaller, more average individual, this calculation seems reasonable. However, if I input the equation to Isurus oxyrinchus using the 2013 Huntington Beach catch record of 373 cm for total length (TL)- AR=3.3* PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ TL PCL = -0.09195 + 0.8535 ⋅ (373) PCL = 318.26355 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(PCL) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(AR) Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ Log10(318.26355) + 0.3478 ⋅ Log10(3.3) Log10(318.26355) = x1 x1 = Log(318.26355)/Log(10) x1 = (2.502786903)/(1) x1 = 2.502786903 Log10(3.3) = x2 x2 = Log(3.3)/Log(10) x2 = (0.51851399)/(1) x2 = 0.51851399 Log10(Sb) = -0.0659 + 0.6196 ⋅ (318.26355) + 0.3478 ⋅ (0.51851399) Sb = 102.086400122 Sb = 122.0113188 Sb ≈ 122 km ⋅ h-1 Sb ≈ 76 mi ⋅ h-1 -I get a calculated burst speed of 122 km/h, completely tearing the "Cretoxyrhina the fastest shark" claim to shreds. Mako sharks already are the fastest of all extant sharks, but having a calculated speed of this much is mind-blowing. As far as I know, the fastest recorded speed for a mako shark (and therefore any shark) is about 74 km/h, but my calculation is higher than that of any ocean animal ever recorded except the sailfish whose swimming speeds is up to 130 km/h according to some sources. However, it is possible that I either messed up the math, this equation might not work on smaller fishes, or this equation calculates the dire, dire fastest speed of a large fish. If the latter is true, I'm really eager to obtain an aspect ratio for the sailfish and run it through the equation and see if it tops the peregrine falcon. What do you guys think? *AR was obtained from Ferron (2017) EXTRAS
  13. Ludwigia

    Isurus desori (Agassiz 1843)

    From the album: Pisces

    25mm. long. Not quite perfect, bur my first sample of this species from the southern German Miocene Burdigalian. Found near Bodman, Lake of Constance.
  14. Brett Breakin' Rocks

    Isurus desori 01

    From the album: Sharks and their prey ....

    Isurus desori Summerville, SC

    © Matthew Brett Rutland

  15. From the album: Pisces

    4.5cm. A gift from Cheney. Miocene. Probably from Shark Tooth Hill, Bakersfield, CA.
  16. Ludwigia

    Isurus planus (Agassiz 1856)

    From the album: Pisces

    3cm. Hooked-tooth Mako. Found in the Miocene sands at Shark Tooth Hill in Bakersfield California. Obtained on a trade with mattbsharks.
  17. Ludwigia

    Isurus oxyrinchus

    Mackerel shark tooth.
  18. Mitchu

    Isurus

    From the album: Mitchu Fossils

    Found a bunch of teeth from this site but this is the only one that had most of the root intact
  19. belemniten

    Isurus Oxynchus

    From the album: Pleistocene and Miocene fossils

    A 3.7 cm long Isurus Oxynchus from Hoevenen near Antwerp.
  20. belemniten

    Isurus desori

    From the album: Pleistocene and Miocene fossils

    A beautiful 3.5 cm long Isurus desori from Hoevenen near Antwerp.
  21. Ludwigia

    Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque 1810)

    From the album: Pisces

    23mm. Shortfin Mako upper. From the Miocene at Calvert Cliffs, MD. Recieved on a trade with Fossil Hound.
  22. Ludwigia

    Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque 1810)

    From the album: Pisces

    23mm. Shortfin Mako lower. From the Miocene at Calvert Cliffs, MD. Recieved on a trade with Fossil Hound.
  23. Past Hunter

    C. hastalis

    Field collected in 2012.
  24. sixgill pete

    Isurus desori

    Self Collected in the Lee Creel Mine during my very first trip into it.
  25. BrowniesMix

    assortment1

    From the album: Chesapeake Western Shore - Miocene

    - At top and top left, extinct mako shark teeth - At right and upper right, upper and lower Hemipristis serra (snaggletooth shark) teeth - At left and center-left, sand tiger shark teeth - At bottom and bottom-left, ray dental crushing plates - At lower right, fish (sturgeon?) dermal scute

    © rpw/sew 2013

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