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Taxonomy from Poplin & Lund 2000. Description for the genus from Woodward 1893, p 286: "Trunk elegantly fusiform, more or less elongated. Mandibular suspensorium oblique, and dentition compromising conspicuous well-spaced conical laniaries; external head and opercular bones completely ornamented with striations, vermiculating rugae, and dots of ganoine. Fins small, without fulcra, and the rays delicate, distally bifurcated. Dorsal and anal fins triangular, the former opposed to the space between the pelvic and anal fins; upper caudal lobe slender and the caudal fin forked. Scales large and thick, covered with ganoine and ornamented with transverse ridges, usually serrated at the hinder border; principal flank-scales not much deeper than broad, and no enlarged series of ridge-scales; lateral line conspicuous." Line drawing from Birstein et al. 1997, p. 17: Identified by oilshale. References: Woodward (1893) Palaeichthyological Notes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 12. Obruchev, D.V. 1955. L.S. Berg’s works on fossil fishes. pp. 127– 137. In: E.N. Pavlovskii (ed.) To the Memory of Academician L.S. Berg, Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk USSR, Moscow (in Russian). Birstein, V. & Bemis, W. E. (1997) Leo Semenovich Berg and the biology of Acipenseriformes: A dedication. Environmental Biology of Fishes 48: 15–22. Lund, R. & Poplin, C. (1997) The Rhadinichthyids (Paleoniscoid Actinopterygians) from the Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana (USA, Lower Carboniferous). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 466-486. Lund, R. & Poplin, C. (2000) Two New Deep-Bodied Palaeoniscoid Actinopterygians from Bear Gulch (Montana, USA, Lower Carboniferous). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3):428-449.

References: Matveeva (1958). Palaeoniscids from the Izuik-Chal horizon (L. Carboniferous) of the Minusinsk Basin. Vop. Iktiologii. Akad Nauk SSSR, No. 11, 154-161.

Carycinacanthus lopatini and Homalacanthus lopatini are alternative names for Acanthodes lopatini. Reconstruction from Beznosov 2009, p. 191: References: Rohon, J. V. (1889) Über fossile Fische vom oberen Jenissei. – Memoires de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg, VII Séri 36: 1–17. Beznosov, P. (2009) A redescription of the Early Carboniferous acanthodian Acanthodes lopatini Rohon, 1889. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90 (Suppl. 1): 183–193. Beznosov, P. (2017) Ontogeny of the Early Carboniferous Acanthodian Acanthodes lopatini Rohon. Paleontological Journal, 2017, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 746–756. ISSN 0031-0301.