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The Ctenacanthiform Sharks are perhaps one of the most famous, yet enigmatic groups of sharks currently known, with a fossil range stretching from the Early Devonian to the Early Cretaceous periods 407.6-136.4 Million Years ago and with a range that spans globally. The most enigmatic along with the most famous genus of Ctenacanthiform (as well as one of my personal favorites) is the genus Saivodus, which was only described properly in 2006 after its fossilized remains were mistaken for two centuries as remains of species belonging to two other Ctenacanthiform genus, Ctenacanthus and Cladodus. The genus Saivodus emerged during the Early Carboniferous 360.7-345.3 Million Years ago and included the largest currently known species of Ctenacanthiformes, the Carboniferous Saivodus striatus that grew up to 35 feet in length fully grown. Despite large numbers of teeth and even very well preserved fossilized remains of the head including jaws and fins from large Saivodus striatus specimens being discovered and described, still very little is known about the overall paleoecology of these enigmatic sharks. Artist reconstruction of an Adult Saivodus striatus and its size compared to an adult Human and adult Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by artist HodariNundu. Image Source: https://www.deviantart.com/hodarinundu/art/Super-Sized-Saivodus-866628428 https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=84108&is_real_user=1 The latest record of the genus Saivodus was believed for a few years to be fossils of a small Saivodus sp. from the Fossil Mountain Member of the Kaibab Formation dating to the Kungurian stage of the Permian period 279.3-272.3 Million Years ago in what is now Kachina Village of the U.S. State of Arizona. Hodnett, J. P. M., Elliott, D. K., Olson, T. J., & Wittke J. H. Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona. Historical Biology, (2012). 24. 381-395. Retrieved December 16, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254237970_Ctenacanthiform_sharks_from_the_Permian_Kaibab_Formation_northern_Arizona https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=132088&is_real_user=1 However, I just found a confirmed (until recently overlooked) record of the genus Saivodus with the assistance of a recent well researched paper on Ctenacanthiform diversity that extends the geological range of genus by around 25.1-20.1 Million Years. I think you’ll all find this record extremely interesting!!! A Ctenacanthiform tooth were found in 1970 in deposits of the Zewan Formation dating to the Changhsingian stage of the Permian period 254.2-252.2 Million Years ago in what is Guryul Ravine of the region of Kashmir, a disputed territory located at the northernmost point of the Indian Subcontinent of South Asia). This tooth were initially described in 1971 by Paleontologists from Kyoto University, Japan as belonging to a new species of Ctenacanthus, (Ctenacanthus ishii). The size of the tooth is the following: Length of the base of tooth specimen - 16 mm. (1.60 cm.) Width of of the tooth's base - 6 mm. (0.60 cm.) Length/height of each of the tooth's two largest subsidiary or lateral cusps on each side of the tooth - 3.5 mm. (0.35 cm.) Length/height from the base of the tooth's apex to the top of the tooth's central/medial cusp - 8 mm. (0.80 cm.) Photographs of the Kashmir Saivodus sp. tooth specimen from the Permian-Triassic Zewan Formation, Kashmir, Asia. Image Source: https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/186572/1/mfskugm 038001_163.pdf However, further analysis of the Kashmir specimen in 2021 (including the general tooth shape and morphology) has confirmed the Kashmir tooth is in fact the latest geological record of the Saivodus genus currently known. Kapoor, H. M,, and Sahni, A. A Shark Tooth from Zewan Series of Guryul Ravine, Kashmir. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, (1971). 38(1), 163-166. Retrieved December 16, 2023, from https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/186572/1/mfskugm 038001_163.pdf Shah, I. K., Farooq, M., Meraj, G., et al. Geological treasure of Guryul ravine section in Kashmir Himalaya - a case report. ESS Open Archive. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10510303.1 https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/75277/preprint_pdf/7673ce9d023bd875199a50b14e3f42e7.pdf Feichtinger, I., Ivanov, A. O., Winkler, V., Dojen, C., Kindlimann, R., Kriwet, J., Pfaff, C., Schraut, G., & Stumpf, S. Scarce ctenacanthiform sharks from the Mississippian of austria with an analysis of carboniferous elasmobranch diversity in response to climatic and environmental changes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, (2021). 41(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1925902 Not only does this expand the geologic range of Saivodus and is the first confirmed record of this genus from Asia, but the proximity the Kashmir specimen was collected to the location of the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Zewan Formation (only 3 meters away from the geologic boundary) could indicate small to medium species of the genus Saivodus survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event 252 Million Years ago and survived (albeit very briefly) into the Early Triassic. This is a major discovery in the study of Ctenacanthiform sharks. Hopefully more specimens of Ctenacanthiform sharks from Permian-Triassic deposits in Kashmir, Pakistan, India, and around the world could be uncovered, studied, and described soon so that we may all get a more accurate understanding of the paleobiology and paleoecology of these amazing prehistoric sharks. This will also give us a more accurate understanding of the fascinating time they lived before one of Earth’s largest mass extinction events along with the period of biological and ecosystem recovery afterwards.

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But one group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event which would have a massive ecological impact in the Mesozoic are the Diapsida or the Diapsid reptiles. The Diapsids emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous era 302 Million Years ago and includes the Archosaurs. This resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic and gave rise to the non-avian dinosaurs, the crocodilians, and eventually the avian dinosaurs the birds. Luckily for all of us, this remarkable group continues to thrive today. Here’s a list of all currently known Diapsid reptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Neodiapsida Palacrodon (Neodiapsid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 252.3-205.6 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37821 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.13770 Drepanosauromorpha https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320327662_A_bird-like_skull_in_a_Triassic_diapsid_reptile_increases_heterogeneity_of_the_morphological_and_phylogenetic_radiation_of_Diapsida Weigeltisauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225192300_New_data_on_the_morphology_of_permian_gliding_weigeltisaurid_reptiles_of_Eastern_Europe https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/vol31_part4_pp951-955.pdf Younginiformes Tangasauridae Hovasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37802 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cjes/article-abstract/41/1/1/53678/New-reptile-material-from-the-Lower-Triassic-of Kenyasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37805 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event Lepidosauromorpha https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2021.1084 Archeosauriformes Ichthyosauromorpha https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01990-X Proterosuchidae Proterosuchus (Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80904 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820772/ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33528314.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233304760_Osteohistology_of_the_Triassic_Archosauromorphs_Prolacerta_Proterosuchus_Euparkeria_and_Erythrosuchus_from_the_Karoo_Basin_of_South_Africa https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/120/11/1749.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Vonhuenia (Archosaurid, possible Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-250 Million Years ago) https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Microcnemus (Protersuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37535 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321853963_Sequence_of_Permian_Tetrapod_Faunas_of_Eastern_Europe_and_the_Permian-Triassic_Ecological_Crisis http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226333243_New_Tanystropheids_Reptilia_Archosauromorpha_from_the_Triassic_of_Europe https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf Prolacertidae Prolacerta (Prolacertid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38193 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1536664 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450940/ https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.170499 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app68/app010672023.pdf I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One surprising group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Parareptilia, also known as the Parareptiles. The Parareptiles were an ancient group of sauropsids that emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous 306 Million Years ago and are a sister taxon to Eureptilia. The Parareptiles reached their ecological zenith during the Permian with some becoming small aquatic predators while others like the Pareiasaurs became 9 foot long, 2,200 lbs herbivores. The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event decimated the group's initial diversity, but a few smaller and more generalist parareptiles survived the event and briefly diversified again before becoming extinct 201.3 Million Years ago at the end of the Triassic. Here’s a list of all currently known Parareptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Procolophonomorpha Procolophonidae Sauropareion (Procolophonid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-2247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139841 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314303_New_Information_on_the_Skull_of_the_Early_Triassic_Parareptile_Sauropareion_anoplus_with_a_Discussion_of_Tooth_Attachment_and_Replacement_in_Procolophonids Owenettidae Owenetta (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37521 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524219 Barasaurus (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37519 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Ctenacanthiforms sharks emerged in the Late Devonian period and were one of the earliest evolutionary radiations in the Chondrichthyan lineage. They were also an incredibly successful group, surviving up to at least the Early Cretaceous in deep waters of what is now Southern France and Austria. Image of Reconstructions by J.P. Hodnett of some Ctenacanthid Sharks (the three yellow sharks) from Permian formations at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, U.S. Image Source: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/fossil-inventories-uncover-permian-sharks-in-western-national-parks.htm Unfortunately, this group is currently still relatively rarely studied by large sections of academia specializing in prehistoric sharks. This is the case even for species with preserved body fossils such as the magnificent, awe inspiring, and a personal favorite of mine, Saivodus striatus (Duffin and Glinter, 2006)! Duffin, C. J., & Ginter, M. (2006). Comments on the Selachian genus Cladodus Agassiz, 1843. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:cotsgc]2.0.co;2 However, one incredible genus that deserves more study and academic along with public spotlight is Amelacanthus (Maisey, 1982)!! Maisey, J. G. (1982). Studies on the Paleozoic selachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz. No. 2, Bythiacanthus St. John and Worthen, Amelacanthus, new genus, Eunemacanthus St. John and Worthen, Sphenacanthus Agassiz, and Wodnika Münster. American Museum novitates; no. 2722. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3536

The Sarcopterygian fish (also called lobed-fined fish) are an ancient group of fish that emerged in the Late Silurian 425 Million Years ago and gave rise to the direct ancestors of the first land vertebrates, the amphibians during the Late Devonian. Today represented by the still living Coelacanths and Lungfish, These fish were incredibly common and diverse during the late Paleozoic. But the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event 252 Million Years ago nearly decimated the group. But thankfully some of the Sacopterygii survived and all living Sarcopterygians and trace their origins to these few hardy survivors. Here's a list of all currently known Sacropterygian fish genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Sarcopterygii Dipnoi (Lungfish) Gnathorhiza (Dipnoid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 318.1-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=90709 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278743788_Environmental_significance_of_lungfish_burrows_Gnathorhiza_within_Lower_Permian_Wolfcampian_paleosols_of_the_US_midcontinent https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291808594_The_westernmost_occurrence_of_Gnathorhiza_in_the_Triassic_with_a_discussion_of_the_stratigraphic_and_palaeogeographic_distribution_of_the_genus Ceratodontiformes https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284186167_The_first_find_of_Permian_ceratodontids_Dipnoi_Osteichthyes_in_Russia Coelacanthiformes (Coelacanth fish) Coelacanthus (Coelacanthid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 314.6-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34911 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226724498_Erratum_to_A_coelacanthid-rich_site_at_Hasbergen_NW_Germany_taphonomy_and_palaeoenvironment_of_a_first_systematic_excavation_in_the_Kupferschiefer_Upper_Permian_Lopingian https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265184906_Coelacanths_from_the_Middle_Triassic_Luoping_Biota_Yunnan_South_China_with_the_earliest_evidence_of_ovoviviparity I hope you all find this list helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event of 252 Million Years ago was one of Earth’s largest mass extinction events, wiping out around 75% of all terrestrial genera and 95% of all oceanic genera. Cephalopods (represented at the time mostly by ammonites and the still extant Nautilidae) were especially hit hard, with around 97% of all ammonite genera becoming extinct by the start of the Triassic. But those genera that survived the event formed the basis for a major radiation in cephalopod diversity. Ammonites (particularly those of the order Ceratitida) experienced an era of rapid diversification during the Triassic. Cephalopods continued to diversify in the later stages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Here’s a list of all currently known cephalopod genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forgot any examples, please let me know and I’ll add the examples to the list promptly. Ammonoidea Prolecanitida Episageceras (Prolecanitid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13964 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x Ceratitida Xenodiscus (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 268.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14458 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0907992106 Otoceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14276 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/476/1/wignallpb2.pdf Ophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14272 https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/3896 https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/136979/1/1-s2.0-S1871174X17300434-main-1.pdf Tompophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14429 https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app58/app20110054.pdf Anderssoniceratidae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=86838 Prionolobus (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=82362 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277925393_First_occurrence_of_temnospondyls_from_the_Permian_and_Triassic_of_Turkey_Paleoenvironmental_and_paleobiogeographic_implications https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/136979/1/1-s2.0-S1871174X17300434-main-1.pdf Paratirolites (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14312 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272149073_Importance_of_Carbon_Isotopic_Data_of_the_Permian-Triassic_Boundary_Layers_in_the_Verkhoyansk_Region_for_the_Global_Correlation_of_the_Basal_Triassic_Layer https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x Hypophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=82367 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272149073_Importance_of_Carbon_Isotopic_Data_of_the_Permian-Triassic_Boundary_Layers_in_the_Verkhoyansk_Region_for_the_Global_Correlation_of_the_Basal_Triassic_Layer https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361222295_Biotic_Response_to_Rapid_Environmental_Changes_During_the_Permian-Triassic_Mass_Extinction Metophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=93264 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818118301322 Orthocerida https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13358-019-00188-2 Belemnoidea Xiphoteuthididae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=265569 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12070 Nautilida Liroceratidae Paranautilus (Liroceratid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 259-205 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13256 https://www.cnidaria.nat.uni-erlangen.de/tersane/tersane-papers/Korn&Gliwa_2019_The morphospace of Late Permian coiled nautiloids.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327721272_Aly_MF_2001_Middle_Triassic_Cephalopods_from_the_Musandam_Peninsula_Northern_Oman_Mountains_United_Arab_Emirates_Geo_Soc_Egypt_45_1B_463-479 Tainoceratidae Aulametacoceras (Tainoceratid) (Middle Permian-Early Triassic, 272-242 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13151 https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1207/report.pdf Germanonautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 254-201 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13201 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327721272_Aly_MF_2001_Middle_Triassic_Cephalopods_from_the_Musandam_Peninsula_Northern_Oman_Mountains_United_Arab_Emirates_Geo_Soc_Egypt_45_1B_463-479 Holconautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 265-232 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13216 https://www.cnidaria.nat.uni-erlangen.de/tersane/tersane-papers/Korn&Gliwa_2019_The morphospace of Late Permian coiled nautiloids.pdf https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13358-022-00263-1 Pleuronautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Carboniferous-Late Triassic, 298-205 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13270 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336065301_A_Changhsingian_late_Permian_nautiloid_assemblage_from_Gujiao_South_China Tainionautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13314 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336065301_A_Changhsingian_late_Permian_nautiloid_assemblage_from_Gujiao_South_China https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/_downloads/bruehwiler_2012_ammonoids_salt_range.pdf Grypoceratidae https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1207/report.pdf Syringonautilidae Syringonautilus (Syringonautilid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 254-232 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13311 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292364105_Triassic_ammonoid_succession_in_South_Primorye_1_Lower_Olenekian_Hedenstroemia_bosphorensis_and_Anasibirites_nevolini_Zones I hope you all find this helpful?

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Tetracynodon, Promoschorhynchus, the Archosaur Proterosuchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Amphibians, the original tetrapods. One resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic. These were the truly iconic and mostly salamander like Temnospondyls (Temnospondyli). This group lasted from the Carboniferous until the Early Cretaceous period (330-120 Million Years ago). It’s also likely that they are the direct ancestors of today’s Lissamphibia (the most common group of Amphibians alive today). Here’s a list of all currently known amphibian genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Temnospondyli Rhinesuchidae Broomistega (Rhinesuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic. 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=266422 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674584.pdf Micropholidae Micropholis (Micropholid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37033 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/10_3/pineiro.pdf https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-41/issue-1/02724634.2021.1904251/First-Record-of-the-Amphibamiform-Micropholis-stowi-from-the-Lower/10.1080/02724634.2021.1904251.short Capitosauria Lydekkerina (Capitosaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=267018 http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=255237 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228494637_The_South_African_stereospondyl_Lydekkerina_huxleyi_Tetrapoda_Temnospondyli_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Australia https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317225232_The_Rhinesuchidae_and_early_history_of_the_Stereospondyli_Amphibia_Temnospondyli_at_the_end_of_the_Palaeozoic https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240535618_Cranial_anatomy_of_the_Early_Triassic_stereospondyl_Lydekkerina_huxleyi_Tetrapoda_Temnospondyli_and_the_taxonomy_of_South_African_lydekkerinids Rhytidosteidae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37110 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/10_3/pineiro.pdf Tupilakosauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232672896_Slaugenhopia_texensis_Amphibia_Temnospondyli_from_the_Permian_of_Texas_is_a_primitive_tupilakosaurid I hope you all found this helpful?

The Permian-Trassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic the and beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Tetracynodon, Promoschorhynchus, the Archosaur Proterosuchus, the Amphibian Broomistega, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But in the decimated realm of the Oceans, one resilient group of fish beat the odds and survived the extinction event...the Chondrichthyans!!! Both Ancient groups of Chondricthyans and the Ancestors of today's Sharks and Rays survived the Great Dying. The Chondricthyans's survival served a crucial role in establishing balance to the nearly destroyed Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, a role they still proudly and effectively play to the present day. In celebration of this group and to encourage greater respect, protection, and conservation these animals deserve, here's a list of all the currently known Chondricthyan genuses and families that survived the Permian-Trassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll the examples to the list promptly. Eugeneodontids Caseodus (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 306.95-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34451 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Fadenia (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 314.6-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34456 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Ctenacanthiformes https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3669 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_2/8(2)mutter.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Listracanthidae Listracanthus (Listracanthid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 326.4-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151730 https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-271.pdf Falcatidae https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Hybodontiformes Lissodus (Hybodontid) (Early Carboniferous-Late Cretaceous, 345.3-66 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34501 https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Omanoselache (Hybodontid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 268.0-221.5 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=262009 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01199.x https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=298243 http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34498 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2013ESR.pdf https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Xenacanthiformes Pleuracanthus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Middle Triassic, 314.6-235.0 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=209484 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/149235994.pdf Triodus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Late Triassic, 318.1-212.1 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=105053 https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/56/56_p0319_p0334.pdf Neoselachii Synechodus (Neoselachian) (Permian-Eocene, 296-41.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34673 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487527_Early_Permian_chondrichthyans_of_the_Middle_and_South_Urals https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/96918/Synn-veMoSaugen_MasterThesis.pdf?sequence=1 I hope you all find this list helpful!!!

Just thought I’d share something from South Africa for a change. I found these while on holiday in a very rural and remote part of South Africa called the Wild Coast. They are very fragmented fossils, most likely Dicynodonts, from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group (part of the Karoo Supergroup). The rock is incredibly hard and the fossils so fragmented that they will likely remain there for many more years, to delight the next fossil enthusiast who wanders past. Picture 1 is the most intriguing. It looks more or less intact and I really want to know how much is still hidden beneath the rock. Any guesses? Or maybe I’ll just return in a 100,000 years or so and see if it’s eroded out yet.... pic1 Looks interesting, any ideas? Pic2 Femur pic3 Fragment pic4 Could be anything Pic5 More fragments pic6+7 Nice scenery too

An international team of paleontologists, which includes the University of Bristol, have identified the world's oldest lizard, providing key insight into the evolution of modern lizards and snakes. "This is the story of the re-discovery of a specimen and highlights the importance of preserving naturalistic specimens in well maintained, publicly accessible collections." LINK