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Invertebrate(?) conical spines in Mississippian (Meramecian) Salem Limestone
pefty posted a topic in Fossil ID
Could use some help on these 0.5cm - 1cm invertebrate(?) conical spines in the well known Salem Limestone, a marine limestone of the American Midcontinent. They appear to be solid calcite but do not quite match up with the shapes of crinoid spines and echinoid spines that I know from the Mississippian. I have looked at umpteen Salem Limestone samples but have seen these spines at only one small locality. Any insights appreciated! but please provide your reasoning or evidence.
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Its been a long time since Ive posted any find on here, so I thought Id show some of what I collected during this past winter. I took a trip to the Silurian of Tennessee to collect with a friend and did pretty good. This was my first time collecting Silurian fossils. These are from the Brownsport Group. I'll start with the sponges Astraeospongia meniscus a fairly common sponge, I collected several. Next up is a neat little Brachiopod. Machaeraria sp. And now enchinoderms. Calyx of the crinoid Lampterocrinus tennesseensis Another first for me...a cystoid! Caryocrinites ornatus and another! A nice blastoid - Troosticrinus reinwardi Heres a shot showing the complete ones I found. The two large objects on the top left are sponges. The items with the branches may be bryozoans (one has a stem wrapped around it.) The crinoid cups to the right are Parapisocrinus sp. And the item by the penny is a tiny Leptaena sp. brachiopod (another first!) And now for my sole arthropod find. The surface is very rough, but it seems there is a mold under that. I may try to uncover it. The pygidium is folded down ninety degrees to the rest of it. Not sure as to id at this point. But it seems to be mostly there. I forgot to photograph the corals I found on this trip so I will add those this weekend. About a month ago I found myself very early for work so I decided to stop at the Pennington formation ( Upper Mississippian) for a quick hunt. I didnt keep much but I did snag this partial Deltodus affinis tooth. Thats all for now, thanks for looking.
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From the album: Northern's inverts
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From the album: Northern's inverts
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@TNCollector et al. This one seems rather non-descript. Any ideas? Helodus? Chomatodus? Psephodus? I have no idea... Location and age info in tags.
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Hello guys and gals, I greatly appreciate this forum and thanks for welcoming me. I have a set of 4 teeth that I only know that are from Florida. I’m thinking Carcharias but I’m a noob so I’m not confident. As far as the crinoids, I got them as a “gift” after purchasing a tooth from a dealer. All he knew is they were crinoids from Dakhla, Morocco. I’m guessing Pennsylvanian? Any information would be awesome. Thanks guys/gals
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Arizona, Mississippian, Redwall limestone, Mooney member. Hello, hope everyone had a good Christmas. About a week ago I found the first one of these two. Flipped the rock over and the small glossy area really stood out. First one I've seen. Then today I found another, about the same size, roughly 3/8". I have no idea what this could be, any thoughts would be appreciated. @Arizona Chris have you run across this?
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Archimedes bryzoan in matrix, rev crinoid spine a.JPG
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Archimedes bryzoan in matrix, crinoid spine on reverse Bangor Limestone Formation, North Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Archimedes is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Fenestellidae. The first use of the term "Archimedes" in relation to this genus was in 1838. This genus of bryozoans is named Archimedes because of its corkscrew shape, in analogy to the Archimedes' screw, a type of water pump which inspired modern ship propellers. These forms are pretty common as fossils but they have been extinct since the Permian. Archimedes is a genus of fenestrate bryozoans with a calcified skeleton of a delicate spiral-shaped mesh that was thickened near the axis into a massive corkscrew-shaped central structure. The most common remains are fragments of the mesh that are detached from the central structure, and these may not be identified other than by association with the "corkscrews", that are fairly common. Specimens in which the mesh remains attached to the central structure are rare. Like other bryozoans, Archimedes forms colonies, and like other fenestrates, the individuals (or zooids) lived on one side of the mesh, and can be recognized for the two rows of equally distanced rimmed pores. Inside the branches, neighbouring individuals were in contact through small canals. Bryozoans are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. The majority of fossils of this genus are distributed throughout Europe and North America, but they have also been found in sediments of Afghanistan, Canada, Russia, and Australia. Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata). The name comes from the Greek word krinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live in both shallow water and in depths as great as 9,000 meters (30,000 ft). Those crinoids which in their adult form are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk are commonly called sea lilies. The unstalked forms are called feather stars or comatulids. The taxa is split: Kingdom: Animalia/Animalia Phylum: Bryozoa/Echinodermata Class: Stenolaemata/Cridoidea Order: †Fenestrida Family: †Fenestellidae Genus: †Archimedes -
Archimedes bryzoan in matrix, rev crinoid spine a.JPG
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Archimedes bryzoan in matrix, crinoid spine on reverse Bangor Limestone Formation, North Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Archimedes is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Fenestellidae. The first use of the term "Archimedes" in relation to this genus was in 1838. This genus of bryozoans is named Archimedes because of its corkscrew shape, in analogy to the Archimedes' screw, a type of water pump which inspired modern ship propellers. These forms are pretty common as fossils but they have been extinct since the Permian. Archimedes is a genus of fenestrate bryozoans with a calcified skeleton of a delicate spiral-shaped mesh that was thickened near the axis into a massive corkscrew-shaped central structure. The most common remains are fragments of the mesh that are detached from the central structure, and these may not be identified other than by association with the "corkscrews", that are fairly common. Specimens in which the mesh remains attached to the central structure are rare. Like other bryozoans, Archimedes forms colonies, and like other fenestrates, the individuals (or zooids) lived on one side of the mesh, and can be recognized for the two rows of equally distanced rimmed pores. Inside the branches, neighbouring individuals were in contact through small canals. Bryozoans are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. The majority of fossils of this genus are distributed throughout Europe and North America, but they have also been found in sediments of Afghanistan, Canada, Russia, and Australia. Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata). The name comes from the Greek word krinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live in both shallow water and in depths as great as 9,000 meters (30,000 ft). Those crinoids which in their adult form are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk are commonly called sea lilies. The unstalked forms are called feather stars or comatulids. The taxa is split: Kingdom: Animalia/Animalia Phylum: Bryozoa/Echinodermata Class: Stenolaemata/Cridoidea Order: †Fenestrida Family: †Fenestellidae Genus: †Archimedes -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Schellwienella sp. Brachiopod Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Strophomenata is an extinct class of brachiopods in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection. Two major groups are recognized, articulate and inarticulate. The word "articulate" is used to describe the tooth-and-groove features of the valve-hinge which is present in the articulate group, and absent from the inarticulate group. This is the leading diagnostic feature (fossilizable), by which the two main groups can be readily distinguished. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles, while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to keep the two halves aligned. In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening in one of the valves near the hinges, known as the pedicle valve, keeping the animal anchored to the seabed but clear of silt that would obstruct the opening. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: †Strophomenata Order: †Orthotetida Family: †Pulsiidae Genus: †Schellwienella -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Schellwienella sp. Brachiopod Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Strophomenata is an extinct class of brachiopods in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection. Two major groups are recognized, articulate and inarticulate. The word "articulate" is used to describe the tooth-and-groove features of the valve-hinge which is present in the articulate group, and absent from the inarticulate group. This is the leading diagnostic feature (fossilizable), by which the two main groups can be readily distinguished. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles, while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to keep the two halves aligned. In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening in one of the valves near the hinges, known as the pedicle valve, keeping the animal anchored to the seabed but clear of silt that would obstruct the opening. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: †Strophomenata Order: †Orthotetida Family: †Pulsiidae Genus: †Schellwienella -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Deltodus primus Shark Tooth in matrix Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) The Cochliodontiformes are an extinct group of cartilaginous fish, which is mainly known through fossil and tooth plate finds and occurred from the Upper Carboniferous to the Upper Permian. Externally, the fish looked like skinned, flattened transitional forms between primitive sharks and today's sea cats (Chimaeriformes). Upper and lower jaws were each occupied in each half with a long, spirally curved tooth plate. In front of it were possibly even smaller teeth. The tooth plates were very similar to those of Jurassic sea cats. Transverse lines on the dental plates suggest that they originated from the merging of several individual teeth. The Cochliodontiformes are close relatives of the sea cats are considered their sister group. Similar to the sea cats the upper jaw (the Palatoquadratum) is completely merged with the Neurocranium ("brain skull"), a state of the Holostylie is called ("holocephal" = skull from a piece). Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Order: †Cochliodontiformes Family: †Cochliodontidae Genus: †Deltodus Species: †primus -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Deltodus primus Shark Tooth in matrix Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) The Cochliodontiformes are an extinct group of cartilaginous fish, which is mainly known through fossil and tooth plate finds and occurred from the Upper Carboniferous to the Upper Permian. Externally, the fish looked like skinned, flattened transitional forms between primitive sharks and today's sea cats (Chimaeriformes). Upper and lower jaws were each occupied in each half with a long, spirally curved tooth plate. In front of it were possibly even smaller teeth. The tooth plates were very similar to those of Jurassic sea cats. Transverse lines on the dental plates suggest that they originated from the merging of several individual teeth. The Cochliodontiformes are close relatives of the sea cats are considered their sister group. Similar to the sea cats the upper jaw (the Palatoquadratum) is completely merged with the Neurocranium ("brain skull"), a state of the Holostylie is called ("holocephal" = skull from a piece). Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Order: †Cochliodontiformes Family: †Cochliodontidae Genus: †Deltodus Species: †primus -
graveyard fossil - bryzoans, crinoid stems, shells side a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Graveyard Fossil - Crinoid, Bryzoan, Mollusk Fragments SITE LOCATION: Bangor Formation, Northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (325,000,000 years ago) Data: Various types of fossil fragments, crinoid stems, bryzoan sections, a shell fragment or two from mollusks. -
graveyard fossil - bryzoans, crinoid stems, shells side a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Graveyard Fossil - Crinoid, Bryzoan, Mollusk Fragments SITE LOCATION: Bangor Formation, Northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (325,000,000 years ago) Data: Various types of fossil fragments, crinoid stems, bryzoan sections, a shell fragment or two from mollusks. -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Orthonychia Gastropod SITE LOCATION: northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Orthonychiidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusks in the clade Cyrtoneritimorpha. There is an unusually great degree of variability within the shells of species in the genus Orthonychia, but an analysis of this variability has not been done yet (2008). Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Family: †Orthonychiidae Genus: †Orthonychia -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Shizodus depressus bi-valve SITE LOCATION: Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Trigoniida is order of medium-sized saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Within the fossil record the occurrence of this order is widespread, ranging from the Devonian Period to Recent. The diagnostic feature for the order is the unique and complex dentition of the shell, (i.e. the interior hinge teeth that articulate the two valves). The dentition is particularly elaborate within the family Trigoniidae. Bieler, Carter, & Coan (2010) included the following families and superfamilies in Trigoniida. Taxa marked with a † are extinct with the only extant family in the order being Trigoniidae. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Trigoniida Family: †Schizodidae Genus: †Shizodus Species: †depressus -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Shizodus depressus bi-valve SITE LOCATION: Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Trigoniida is order of medium-sized saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Within the fossil record the occurrence of this order is widespread, ranging from the Devonian Period to Recent. The diagnostic feature for the order is the unique and complex dentition of the shell, (i.e. the interior hinge teeth that articulate the two valves). The dentition is particularly elaborate within the family Trigoniidae. Bieler, Carter, & Coan (2010) included the following families and superfamilies in Trigoniida. Taxa marked with a † are extinct with the only extant family in the order being Trigoniidae. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Trigoniida Family: †Schizodidae Genus: †Shizodus Species: †depressus -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Eumetria vera Brachiopods SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Athyridida is an order of Paleozoic brachiopods included in the Rhynchonellata, which makes up part of the articulate brachiopods. The Athyridida are the Rostrospracea of R.C Moore, 1952,[3] considered at that time to be a suborder of the Spiriferida. As with the Spiriferida, the Athyridida have outwardly directed spiral brachidia that support the lophophores on either side, but instead have non-plicate shells with rounded outlines and prominent beaks but almost no inner areas on the pedicle valve. Athyridids began early in the Silurian, reached their greatest diversity in the following Devonian, and from then declined steadily until almost becoming extinct at the end of the Permian The order rejuvenated somewhat during the Triassic, only to decline again until becoming extinct in the Jurassic. Athyris, Composita, and Meristella are representative genera. Three suborders have been defined. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Athyridida Family: †Retziidae Genus: †Eumetria Species: †vera -
Brachiopods- Anthracospirifer increbescens specimen 2 a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Anthracospirifer increbescens brachiopod in matrix SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. Mucrospirifer) it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like appearance. They often have a deep fold down the center of the shell. The feature that gives the spiriferids their name ("spiral-bearers") is the internal support for the lophophore; this brachidium, which is often preserved in fossils, is a thin ribbon of calcite that is typically coiled tightly within the shell. Spiriferids first appear in the Late Ordovician with the appearance of Eospirifer radiatus. They increased in diversity throughout the Silurian and underwent a dramatic evolutionary radiation during the Devonian period, reaching peak development in variety and numbers. Spiriferida survived the great Permian extinction, finally becoming extinct during the Early Jurassic. Fossils of this order are often preserved as pyrite. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Spiriferidae Genus: †Anthracospirifer Species: †increbescens -
Brachiopods- Anthracospirifer increbescens specimen 2 a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Anthracospirifer increbescens brachiopod in matrix SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. Mucrospirifer) it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like appearance. They often have a deep fold down the center of the shell. The feature that gives the spiriferids their name ("spiral-bearers") is the internal support for the lophophore; this brachidium, which is often preserved in fossils, is a thin ribbon of calcite that is typically coiled tightly within the shell. Spiriferids first appear in the Late Ordovician with the appearance of Eospirifer radiatus. They increased in diversity throughout the Silurian and underwent a dramatic evolutionary radiation during the Devonian period, reaching peak development in variety and numbers. Spiriferida survived the great Permian extinction, finally becoming extinct during the Early Jurassic. Fossils of this order are often preserved as pyrite. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Spiriferidae Genus: †Anthracospirifer Species: †increbescens -
Brachiopods- Anthracospirifer increbescens a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Anthracospirifer increbescens brachiopod SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. Mucrospirifer) it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like appearance. They often have a deep fold down the center of the shell. The feature that gives the spiriferids their name ("spiral-bearers") is the internal support for the lophophore; this brachidium, which is often preserved in fossils, is a thin ribbon of calcite that is typically coiled tightly within the shell. Spiriferids first appear in the Late Ordovician with the appearance of Eospirifer radiatus. They increased in diversity throughout the Silurian and underwent a dramatic evolutionary radiation during the Devonian period, reaching peak development in variety and numbers. Spiriferida survived the great Permian extinction, finally becoming extinct during the Early Jurassic. Fossils of this order are often preserved as pyrite. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Spiriferidae Genus: †Anthracospirifer Species: †increbescens -
Brachiopods- Anthracospirifer increbescens a.jpg
Dpaul7 posted a gallery image in Member Collections
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Anthracospirifer increbescens brachiopod SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. Mucrospirifer) it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like appearance. They often have a deep fold down the center of the shell. The feature that gives the spiriferids their name ("spiral-bearers") is the internal support for the lophophore; this brachidium, which is often preserved in fossils, is a thin ribbon of calcite that is typically coiled tightly within the shell. Spiriferids first appear in the Late Ordovician with the appearance of Eospirifer radiatus. They increased in diversity throughout the Silurian and underwent a dramatic evolutionary radiation during the Devonian period, reaching peak development in variety and numbers. Spiriferida survived the great Permian extinction, finally becoming extinct during the Early Jurassic. Fossils of this order are often preserved as pyrite. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Rhynchonellata Order: †Spiriferida Family: †Spiriferidae Genus: †Anthracospirifer Species: †increbescens -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Horn Coral SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 yrs old) Horn Corals are from the extinct order of corals called Rugosa. Rugose means wrinkled. The outside of these corals have a wrinkled appearance. Horn Coral grows in a long cone shape like a bull’s horn. The fossil is the skeleton of the coral animal or polyp. They built these cone shaped structures from calcium carbonate that came from the ocean water. The animal lived at the top of the cone. As the animal got bigger it added more material to the cone. Each layer was a little bigger than the previous one. All corals belong to the phylum of animals called cnidaria. They are related to jellyfish which are also cnidaria. While modern corals are colonial the now extinct horn corals could be colonial or solitary animals. They had many tentacles sticking out to gather food. The tentacles gave them a flower like appearance. The oldest of the Rugosa corals are found in rocks from the Ordovician Period. Many species evolved during the Paleozoic Era. As a group they flourished until the Permian Period when they became extinct along with most living things during the Great Permian Extinction. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Order: †Rugosa -
From the album: MY FOSSIL Collection - Dpaul7
Graveyard Fossil - with Trilobite Appendage SITE LOCATION: Chesterian Zone of the Bangor Limestone Formation in northern Alabama TIME PERIOD: Mississippian Period (ca 325,000,000 years old) A "Graveyard" style fossil; many animals here. Both sides of the specimen show bryzoan remnants, some crinoid, Mollusk and Bryzoan remnants.
