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The Ctenacanthiform Sharks are perhaps one of the most famous, yet enigmatic groups of sharks currently known, with a fossil range stretching from the Early Devonian to the Early Cretaceous periods 407.6-136.4 Million Years ago and with a range that spans globally. The most enigmatic along with the most famous genus of Ctenacanthiform (as well as one of my personal favorites) is the genus Saivodus, which was only described properly in 2006 after its fossilized remains were mistaken for two centuries as remains of species belonging to two other Ctenacanthiform genus, Ctenacanthus and Cladodus. The genus Saivodus emerged during the Early Carboniferous 360.7-345.3 Million Years ago and included the largest currently known species of Ctenacanthiformes, the Carboniferous Saivodus striatus that grew up to 35 feet in length fully grown. Despite large numbers of teeth and even very well preserved fossilized remains of the head including jaws and fins from large Saivodus striatus specimens being discovered and described, still very little is known about the overall paleoecology of these enigmatic sharks. Artist reconstruction of an Adult Saivodus striatus and its size compared to an adult Human and adult Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by artist HodariNundu. Image Source: https://www.deviantart.com/hodarinundu/art/Super-Sized-Saivodus-866628428 https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=84108&is_real_user=1 The latest record of the genus Saivodus was believed for a few years to be fossils of a small Saivodus sp. from the Fossil Mountain Member of the Kaibab Formation dating to the Kungurian stage of the Permian period 279.3-272.3 Million Years ago in what is now Kachina Village of the U.S. State of Arizona. Hodnett, J. P. M., Elliott, D. K., Olson, T. J., & Wittke J. H. Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona. Historical Biology, (2012). 24. 381-395. Retrieved December 16, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254237970_Ctenacanthiform_sharks_from_the_Permian_Kaibab_Formation_northern_Arizona https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=132088&is_real_user=1 However, I just found a confirmed (until recently overlooked) record of the genus Saivodus with the assistance of a recent well researched paper on Ctenacanthiform diversity that extends the geological range of genus by around 25.1-20.1 Million Years. I think you’ll all find this record extremely interesting!!! A Ctenacanthiform tooth were found in 1970 in deposits of the Zewan Formation dating to the Changhsingian stage of the Permian period 254.2-252.2 Million Years ago in what is Guryul Ravine of the region of Kashmir, a disputed territory located at the northernmost point of the Indian Subcontinent of South Asia). This tooth were initially described in 1971 by Paleontologists from Kyoto University, Japan as belonging to a new species of Ctenacanthus, (Ctenacanthus ishii). The size of the tooth is the following: Length of the base of tooth specimen - 16 mm. (1.60 cm.) Width of of the tooth's base - 6 mm. (0.60 cm.) Length/height of each of the tooth's two largest subsidiary or lateral cusps on each side of the tooth - 3.5 mm. (0.35 cm.) Length/height from the base of the tooth's apex to the top of the tooth's central/medial cusp - 8 mm. (0.80 cm.) Photographs of the Kashmir Saivodus sp. tooth specimen from the Permian-Triassic Zewan Formation, Kashmir, Asia. Image Source: https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/186572/1/mfskugm 038001_163.pdf However, further analysis of the Kashmir specimen in 2021 (including the general tooth shape and morphology) has confirmed the Kashmir tooth is in fact the latest geological record of the Saivodus genus currently known. Kapoor, H. M,, and Sahni, A. A Shark Tooth from Zewan Series of Guryul Ravine, Kashmir. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, (1971). 38(1), 163-166. Retrieved December 16, 2023, from https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/186572/1/mfskugm 038001_163.pdf Shah, I. K., Farooq, M., Meraj, G., et al. Geological treasure of Guryul ravine section in Kashmir Himalaya - a case report. ESS Open Archive. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10510303.1 https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/75277/preprint_pdf/7673ce9d023bd875199a50b14e3f42e7.pdf Feichtinger, I., Ivanov, A. O., Winkler, V., Dojen, C., Kindlimann, R., Kriwet, J., Pfaff, C., Schraut, G., & Stumpf, S. Scarce ctenacanthiform sharks from the Mississippian of austria with an analysis of carboniferous elasmobranch diversity in response to climatic and environmental changes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, (2021). 41(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1925902 Not only does this expand the geologic range of Saivodus and is the first confirmed record of this genus from Asia, but the proximity the Kashmir specimen was collected to the location of the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Zewan Formation (only 3 meters away from the geologic boundary) could indicate small to medium species of the genus Saivodus survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event 252 Million Years ago and survived (albeit very briefly) into the Early Triassic. This is a major discovery in the study of Ctenacanthiform sharks. Hopefully more specimens of Ctenacanthiform sharks from Permian-Triassic deposits in Kashmir, Pakistan, India, and around the world could be uncovered, studied, and described soon so that we may all get a more accurate understanding of the paleobiology and paleoecology of these amazing prehistoric sharks. This will also give us a more accurate understanding of the fascinating time they lived before one of Earth’s largest mass extinction events along with the period of biological and ecosystem recovery afterwards.

Hello. I'm interested in a Permian Labidosaurus foot/leg. The fossil is advertised as being from Lawton, Oklahoma, Aroyo Formation. I am aware that this piece is a composite and that there has been some repaired bones. The size is not indicated. I'm wondering if these are genuine fossils. Any information is appreciated, thank you.

Hello everyone! Firstly, I know that this is a topic about whether or not a fossil is real, but seeing as a), I'm not looking to purchase one and b), I'm mostly interested in how they could possibly form, I've put it in the general fossil discussion. If an administrator thinks this topic would be better for the 'is it real?' discussion, please feel free to move it. Anyways, a while ago the above Captorhinus fossil was posted to the 'is it real?' discussion board, which I thought was an obvious fake, as the matrix looked unnatural, the cervical ribs looked less like ribs and more like sea urchin spines, the skull was miraculously immaculately preserved and the knee joints were facing in the wrong direction for tetrapods. However, I was browsing the internet, when I came across the Wikipedia page for the Richard's Spur Quarry, and saw this image of Captorhinus aguti: Now, these specimens obviously look more real than the fake Captorhinus at the top; although I know Wikipedia isn't always a reliable source the information on it is usually not too far from the truth, and I'd be very surprised if they had fake fossils as images representing 'real' ones. However, I still have my doubts about these two skeleton's legitimacy; the skulls looks too well preserved and a bit like resin, and the knee joints are yet again facing the wrong direction. Are these fossils real, and if so, how did the skull preserve so immaculately while the legs were distorted? Is this something unique to Richard's Spur? Thank you for your help.

Hi all! This time I'd like to inform you on a short, but diverse trip to several Volga river locations. The finds were not too impressive unlike the weather, endless fields and various outcrops. First I went to the southern part of Ulyavovsk Volgian shore: (These are Hauterivian concretions. They are roundish in form) These are Volgian Volgian boulders Beige rocks are Volgian, overlaying black clay is Hauterivian. Volgian section ends nearby (to the left) as the corresponding rocky layers gradually go underground

i found this along the coast of gerringong along with some spiriferida fossils, i have absolutely no idea what it is and also sorry for the bad photos my phone cannot do any better

Howdy! I'm looking to purchase these plates of Discosauriscus from the Permian of Moravia, Czech Republic. They are from the limnic deposits. There is supposedly no repair or restoration. Thank you.

Hello, I was hoping someone could let me know if these fossils are genuine Dimetrodon from Archer County, TX Nocona Formation. Thanks!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But one group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event which would have a massive ecological impact in the Mesozoic are the Diapsida or the Diapsid reptiles. The Diapsids emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous era 302 Million Years ago and includes the Archosaurs. This resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic and gave rise to the non-avian dinosaurs, the crocodilians, and eventually the avian dinosaurs the birds. Luckily for all of us, this remarkable group continues to thrive today. Here’s a list of all currently known Diapsid reptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Neodiapsida Palacrodon (Neodiapsid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 252.3-205.6 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37821 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.13770 Drepanosauromorpha https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320327662_A_bird-like_skull_in_a_Triassic_diapsid_reptile_increases_heterogeneity_of_the_morphological_and_phylogenetic_radiation_of_Diapsida Weigeltisauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225192300_New_data_on_the_morphology_of_permian_gliding_weigeltisaurid_reptiles_of_Eastern_Europe https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/vol31_part4_pp951-955.pdf Younginiformes Tangasauridae Hovasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37802 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cjes/article-abstract/41/1/1/53678/New-reptile-material-from-the-Lower-Triassic-of Kenyasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37805 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event Lepidosauromorpha https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2021.1084 Archeosauriformes Ichthyosauromorpha https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01990-X Proterosuchidae Proterosuchus (Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80904 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820772/ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33528314.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233304760_Osteohistology_of_the_Triassic_Archosauromorphs_Prolacerta_Proterosuchus_Euparkeria_and_Erythrosuchus_from_the_Karoo_Basin_of_South_Africa https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/120/11/1749.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Vonhuenia (Archosaurid, possible Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-250 Million Years ago) https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Microcnemus (Protersuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37535 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321853963_Sequence_of_Permian_Tetrapod_Faunas_of_Eastern_Europe_and_the_Permian-Triassic_Ecological_Crisis http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226333243_New_Tanystropheids_Reptilia_Archosauromorpha_from_the_Triassic_of_Europe https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf Prolacertidae Prolacerta (Prolacertid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38193 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1536664 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450940/ https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.170499 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app68/app010672023.pdf I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One surprising group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Parareptilia, also known as the Parareptiles. The Parareptiles were an ancient group of sauropsids that emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous 306 Million Years ago and are a sister taxon to Eureptilia. The Parareptiles reached their ecological zenith during the Permian with some becoming small aquatic predators while others like the Pareiasaurs became 9 foot long, 2,200 lbs herbivores. The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event decimated the group's initial diversity, but a few smaller and more generalist parareptiles survived the event and briefly diversified again before becoming extinct 201.3 Million Years ago at the end of the Triassic. Here’s a list of all currently known Parareptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Procolophonomorpha Procolophonidae Sauropareion (Procolophonid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-2247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139841 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314303_New_Information_on_the_Skull_of_the_Early_Triassic_Parareptile_Sauropareion_anoplus_with_a_Discussion_of_Tooth_Attachment_and_Replacement_in_Procolophonids Owenettidae Owenetta (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37521 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524219 Barasaurus (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37519 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event I hope you all found this helpful!!!

Hello! I've recently been sorting through some Waurika, Oklahoma Permian microfossil matrix, and I've been able to identify most of my finds (As a beginner in the Permian field, @ThePhysicist's Permian album really helped me) but some I haven't been able to pin down yet. I'd really appreciate some ID assistance! Let me know if you need better photos, my photo-taking ability is, alas, subpar. 1. Trimerorhachis jaw perhaps? Or fish? I've heard distinguishing between the two is quite difficult. ~2 mm. 2. A really strange texture, I was hoping it might be diagnostic. The other side is relatively featureless. ~3 mm 3. Another weird looking jaw. It looks fishy, maybe. (I included both sides) ~2mm 4. This also had a bizarre texture. A fish mouth plate? A bit bigger, ~5mm 5. I thought it might be an Eryops tooth but I wasn't certain. It has those kind of crenulations. ~4mm 6. Maybe a worn part of an orthacanth tooth? A really weird texture, almost perforated. ~3 mm 7. A really small possible claw? ~1.5 mm 8. Another possible jawbone? ~1.5 mm 9. I had my fingers crossed for Dimetrodon on this piece of enamel but I'm skeptical. It is pretty big though, (in microfossil terms, at least) almost 6mm. 10. Another possible Dimetrodon candidate? I'm doubtful for this one too. A touch over 3mm. Front: Serrations: The base: 11. Looks like a claw, but it could be a really worn piece of bone. ~2mm That's all, thanks so much!!

Hello, Could I get an ID for this little premaxillary/nasal jaw piece? It's from the Permian-aged Ryan Formation near Waurika, Oklahoma, USA. It measures a little over 1 cm including the tooth, and seems to be from the right maxilla. I believe it contains the anterior border of the nasal opening. The seller says it could be from a Secodontasaurus or undescribed reptile.

The Permian-Trassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic the and beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Tetracynodon, Promoschorhynchus, the Archosaur Proterosuchus, the Amphibian Broomistega, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But in the decimated realm of the Oceans, one resilient group of fish beat the odds and survived the extinction event...the Chondrichthyans!!! Both Ancient groups of Chondricthyans and the Ancestors of today's Sharks and Rays survived the Great Dying. The Chondricthyans's survival served a crucial role in establishing balance to the nearly destroyed Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, a role they still proudly and effectively play to the present day. In celebration of this group and to encourage greater respect, protection, and conservation these animals deserve, here's a list of all the currently known Chondricthyan genuses and families that survived the Permian-Trassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll the examples to the list promptly. Eugeneodontids Caseodus (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 306.95-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34451 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Fadenia (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 314.6-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34456 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Ctenacanthiformes https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3669 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_2/8(2)mutter.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Listracanthidae Listracanthus (Listracanthid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 326.4-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151730 https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-271.pdf Falcatidae https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Hybodontiformes Lissodus (Hybodontid) (Early Carboniferous-Late Cretaceous, 345.3-66 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34501 https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Omanoselache (Hybodontid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 268.0-221.5 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=262009 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01199.x https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=298243 http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34498 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2013ESR.pdf https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Xenacanthiformes Pleuracanthus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Middle Triassic, 314.6-235.0 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=209484 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/149235994.pdf Triodus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Late Triassic, 318.1-212.1 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=105053 https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/56/56_p0319_p0334.pdf Neoselachii Synechodus (Neoselachian) (Permian-Eocene, 296-41.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34673 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487527_Early_Permian_chondrichthyans_of_the_Middle_and_South_Urals https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/96918/Synn-veMoSaugen_MasterThesis.pdf?sequence=1 I hope you all find this list helpful!!!

Found digging in luther, oklahoma known area for Permian concreations and horn coral fossils. Item found was cemented in sandstone after soaking for 6 months and powerwashing with 3300psi this is results. One had thought it resembled a permian basin sponge colony also a few other items found in the are of digging James 20230811_112646.mp4

Lucas, S.G., DiMichele, W.A. and Karnes, J.M., Unusual Sandstone Cylinders from the Lower Permian Glorieta Sandstone, Northern New Mexico. New Mexico Geology. vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 63-75. New Mexico Geology Volume 44, Number 3 - Full Issue New Mexico Geology — Back-issues Yours, Paul H.

here are some images of the clam