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  1. Hello, I found this fragment of bone earlier in the year from the West Runton Freshwater bed in Norfolk. The age is Cromerian, about 450,000 to 780,000 years old. Even though it's mostly a fragment, is it possible to identify the type of animal it came from? Thank you!
  2. Hello everyone Thanks for looking. I found these yesterday at a Savannah River Dredge Spoil Island after fairly heavy rains and tides. Unfortunately the dredging and river action damages pretty much everything. Most of what is found is Pleistocene to Miocene. These have me stumped. The following are my guesses as to what the following 5 items are: #1 Camel or Horse Canine? Doesn't look like others that I've found or google image searches-Doesn't have a color/texture change from root to crown-Has a ridge on the back side and sharp edge at the end-Looks too symmetrical to be just phosphate #2 Fish Skull Plate? I've seen one of these before but it isn't a ray crushing plate or sea robin skull #3 1/2 of a Mammal Tooth-Doesn't look like a horse tooth from the chewing surface and doesn't have the angled crown of a tapir tooth-May not be able to ID as too fragmentary #4 Broken 1/2 of a Sloth Tooth-Had sea lettuce growing in it and is badly beaten up-Looks like other sloth teeth that I've found there before but has a little rougher interior structure than the others and is not quite as smooth on the exterior #5 Medium sized bone that looks vaguely jaw like-Thick and tapered to a narrower point-beaten up a little-No tooth sockets visible Any ID's or thoughts would be much appreciated Thanks a bunch
  3. CDiggs

    Ideas on Pathological Centrum?

    Hi Fossil Forum, I found this centrum last Tuesday (Fort Bend county, TX, Beaumont Formation-Pleistocene) that has an odd hole running straight through the middle of it that I suspect is pathological. While I know isolated vertebra (and partial ones at that) are near impossible to identify, I was curious if anyone had any ideas on possible candidates for an animal it could have come from and what might have potentially caused the pathology. I'd appreciate any feedback you'd care to offer. Dimensions at the widest points are roughly 7.2cm top to bottom, 7.6cm side to side, and 5.5cm front to back. Bottom View Top View Hole from the top Hole from the bottom The hole has cortical(compact) bone on the two opposite sides, cancellous(spongy) bone on the other anterior/posterior(front/back) surfaces and doesn't show any marks that suggest it's been drilled or carved into the bone by burrowing clams or tools. It's roughly circular from the bottom and surprisingly rectangular from the top. Thanks for your time! -Cdiggs
  4. Harry Pristis

    horse (Equus) cannon bone

    From the album: BONES

    Left metacarpal II ("cannon bone") of an equus horse, with fused metacarpal IV ("splint bone"). Recovered in Dixie County, Florida. Pleistocene.

    © Harry Pristis, 2019

  5. @Uncle Siphuncle has a great saying that I think of often - "To the motivated go the spoils". To embody that sort of spirit, I have focused my efforts into some hard to reach places in less than ideal conditions, and not always to success. But, now and then it pays off... I was back home for the holidays, with ample Cretaceous strata in every direction. I have been looking forward to this planned week and a half bonanza for months. With the Ochem monkey off my back, my thoughts were now more pleasantly filled with Cretaceous sea life again. Finding it easy to wake due to the dreams I was having about my coming day all night, I zipped up in four layers and shot out. Temperatures for most of the days of this trip report were ridiculous for Texas standards, at one point dropping as low as 17 degrees F (-8C), but more consistently floating at less than 30 F (-1 C). I figured I was the only person mental enough to do any creek stomping in these conditions, and so soon before Christmas. On my first excursion, hopes were high, as a previous storm several days before brought creeks way up, though now the waters were back to normal levels. I was delighted to find my my assumption about the extent of my fossil addiction was correct - no one else had hit my favorite gravel bank yet. The flood spoils weren't of their usual quantity this time, but I was happy to see one of my personal best Cretolamna cf. appendiculata teeth. Shortly after, a nice Ptychodus mortoni made an appearance, to my continued delight. Every Ptychodus I find probably adds weeks to my life. Other finds included a broken Enchodus palatine, a Scapanorynchus tooth from a gravel bank a little further down, and this interesting bone that I can't seem to make anything of: With my first gravel hunt of the behind me, and my eyes finally tuned into the fossil "frequency", I drove home happy to have spent some time outdoors, looking forward to the coming day. The next morning (Christmas eve day) brought me to a new Eagle Ford spot. As with my hunt the day before, success was limited. This time however, the creek I was meant to be stomping in was completely frozen, so, spending some time on the exposure above the bank, I found some success in the Ptychodus realm again. The best of the few Ptychodus from this exposure is shown below. I assume Ptychodus anonymous, but I haven't seen this exceptionally high-crowned morphology in the species from the cenomanian Bouldin Flags member before. I moved downstream, carefully rock hopping, until I settled into an inconspicuous nook sporting some intensely shelly hashplates. The increased current here kept the ice at bay. I didn't hit it particularly hard, as I would like to wait for water levels to drop a bit there, but the look of that layer is exactly what I peel my eyes for in the lower eagle ford, as I have had great success in that horizon in other sites in the past. Below, in order: Squalicorax falcatus, Cretoxyrhina? and Ptychodus cf. occidentalis. Little did I know that the meager Ptychodus finds were just a build up to a Ptychodus grand finale, only a few days out. The next day was Christmas, and I was out again. My family celebrates on Christmas eve, as is German tradition (My family is South African, but my German raised Namibian step mom is boss... not that I'm complaining since the Germans really have Christmas figured out with their interesting cookies and Stollen, my seasonal favorite) My creek stomping efforts at first were thwarted, as the thought of soaking myself to get to the most desirable gravel bars was unbearable. However, I still made a nice find in a less productive spot, Scapanorynchus texanus. Redemption started coming quickly though, at a bank half a mile away, where I began stumbling into artifact after artifact. Three is an unusual number to see in a day for me. Unfortunately, I'm not much of an artifact guy, so I'm not sure of the dates or types of these yet. I suppose I should ask a forum, but if anyone on this forum knows, spill below: In the next few days, temperatures began warming, and I made the drive back out to the recent Mosasaur dig site, with the intent of exploring a spot of bone left in the bank. I made little progress, but in exploring a small Atco deposit in the vicinity, I noticed a small Scapanorynchus tooth. The day after I found myself wading through deep water for many long stretches. The water physically burned, and I was frozen to the core - the air may have been warmer but the creek itself was unchanged. Despite the admirable attempt, nothing came of that hunt. While I was happy to be out in the field and interacting with the little gems above, I was itching to start making big finds and see redemption for the day I spent submerged with nothing to show. That redemption came from my next hunt, just a few days ago. It was back to looking in gravel at a honey hole I've left undisturbed for nearly 5 months. I was always confident in the secrecy of the spot, as it's pretty hard to get to and quite unassuming once you're there. Much to my dismay, I was immediately met with foot prints - that was a punch to the gut. Rather than moving and stopping along the bank as a fisherman would, the footprints followed in a zig zag, as a hunter would . I could only hope that I was instead seeing the traces of an arrowhead hunter. While they have sharp eyes, they're more likely to miss a fossil. My gloom was dashed quickly when, much to my delight, I was met with a tooth that had me whooping and hollering. Sitting like a beacon in the gravel was a preposterously large Ptychodus tooth (also, I guess that guy wasn't a hunter, because you couldn't miss this one...PHEW!) First, the in situ: Picking it up, I found it to be quite water worn. That's ok though, how can one possibly complain when they're holding a monstrous beauty like this? ...and is that it? Is it's size all that had me excited? No!! As if it couldn't get better, I quickly realized that this species was a first for me - P. latissimus, and of this I'm about only 90% certain, and take the ID based on the very thick, sharply triangular transverse ridges. I knew some species like P. mortoni, P. marginalis, and P. polygyrus could reach colossal status, but never have I heard of P. latissimus reaching these proportions. Here it is in hand, below. In it's very worn state, it's still 4cm in width, (about 40-41 mm). I can only imagine the size of this tooth before tumbling into the creek. To be fair though, I also don't have a clear understanding of where to draw the line for Ptychodus sizes. At what width is a tooth considered big? Huge? Not sure, but other Ptychodus enthusiasts like @LSCHNELLE, @siteseer, and @Thomas.Dodson might be able to offer some insight into size ranges, as well as corrective ID if opinions are different. All I know is that this the the biggest tooth I've so far seen in person. With the adrenaline pumping and the day young, I got right back at it. Not far up, I made another find that had me jumping with joy: While a mosasaur vert may not seem like big deal to those accustomed to the North Sulpher River, these are hard to come by in the creeks I frequent, and this is the first I've found in the entire watershed. Watching the ordeal were several dozen (indeed, dozen) vultures in the trees above me. Being watched by scavengers with an overcast sky and leafless wintering trees, the setting was a stark contrast to the elation I was feeling. I soon found the source of the vulture's attention though. Some paces away laid a freshly dead boar - not yet stinking too badly but already crawling with flies. I decided to steer clear, a mistake that thankfully reversed itself on the way back. But let's not get ahead of ourselves. I traveled up further, finding odd bits here and there, nothing of note. When I came to my usual turn around point, marked by a deep stretch of river, I was pleasantly surprised to find my watery obstacle had been mostly filled in with gravel. Jumping on the opportunity to explore further than I have before, I waded in and discovered a beautiful bluff around the bend. My hopes were not high, as my old turn around point nearby is anyway historically barren, but I didn't mind. Exploring a new spot is usually just that - exploring more than hunting. The huge sheet of late Cretaceous cliffs along one side of the water was epic, and I spent a lot of time admiring them. Running at the bottom was the clearest water I've encountered in the area, I couldn't help from wanting to drink it (thankfully I left that thought alone. ) In the pic below, the foreground gravel is underwater too. I eventually came to another deep section, and not in the mood to swim, turned around once again, this time to be met with a lovely Ptychodus mortoni at the base of one of these bluffs. I was ecstatic. Gravel finds this well preserved are hard to come by. The trek back continued, and after lots of sloshing from gravel bar to gravel bar, I finally came ashore to the large bar containing the dead boar. Feeling lucky, I held my breath and walked to it, to explore the only section of gravel I'd skipped so far. As I approached, I saw this, sitting off to the side of the carcass: My first glance said "bovid", then it registered that this tooth had actual color to it... Pleistocene! Bison! Picking it up, it then dawned on me that this was not bovid, but rather my first Pleistocene camel tooth - Camelops sp. What a helluva way to end the day, and my last hunt back at home (for a week at least - work pulled me back to College Station so I'll be back this weekend for sure). In two weeks, a paleo friend of mine is coming down from North Dakota to do some creek stomping with me, so in the best interests of giving him the greatest experience possible, it's time to let these creeks recharge. When I return, it'll be to explore more new spots from the backlog I have marked in my library. I hope you all find some time to get outside this winter, and if the snow is keeping you in, may your prep projects keep you busy and surprised
  6. This was found on the Brazos river in southeast Texas. It almost looks like a eroded shell material, but I cannot make out at all what it is. Could this be a coprolite? I have never found one before, so I have no idea what a coprolite would look like in this area.
  7. andy_mnemonic

    Megalonyx femur prep advice

    Hi folks, I recently found this Pleistocene mammal bone in an alluvial deposit midway up a cliff. Part had broken off when I found it, but I was able to collect all the pieces of what appears to be a Megalonyx femur. My stumbling block now is that I have zero prep experience and this is obviously a pretty good find so I don't want to mess it up... I had been reading up on the posts here about prepping and was waffling between paleobond or butvar to consolidate it and then paleobond to repair the breaks. I am also leaning towards having someone with more experience/a professional do the prep work but don't know what that would cost me and the logistics of it (it is located in Santa Barbara County, CA). Does anyone have some suggestions or advice on the best course of action at this point? Thanks!
  8. This heavy, solid as a rock fragment is what I believe to be a skull fragment. I'm thinking Columbian mammoth? Maybe a juvenile? I have found juvenile pieces in the same area. I found this yesterday, Thursday, on a rock bank...can't even say gravel because there are sooo many rocks on the ground in this one particular area. And this appeared no different than most of what's out there when I saw it. I just so happened to look at this piece a little more carefully than anything else. Everything is covered in mud or dry dirt and green algae and many of these foramen holes were filled in by sand and small rocks. So when I picked it up I still couldn't see bone so I brought with me to clean it up a little later on and to my surprise this is what is was. But there has to be so many more possibilities for more like this in this section I found. I'm guessing it's the lower back end of the skull? I think I had a much smaller one where occipital condyle was mentioned? I didn't know how to orient this to take pics...so I just tried to get as much as I could. Also there is some cool blue colors on it in some areas the pictures may not show. I'm definitely going back tomorrow to really check this area out. But I appreciate any thoughts and if maybe bison or others might be possibilities as well. Oh, and found here in Southeast Texas...low river levels are exposing quite a bit.
  9. JakubArmatys

    Pleistocene (?) bone ID

    I found this bone in the river, possibly from Pleistocene (bone color + some kind of subfossil procceses) and what is that? I made a research, and this is smillair to nothing, maybe somebody knows what is that possibly.
  10. johnnyvaldez7.jv

    Texas Humerus - Distal end

    Well here is another bone that I wanted to post with the age being in question. It's heavier than a recent bone so it has some mineralization to it. I think it's an Equus sp. humerus. It's much lighter in color than an earlier humerus I've found and posted which was flakey actually...perhaps it is around the same age and where this may have sat on a topside surface and the other humerus sat submerged underwater for longer...I have no clue. Still nice to have and to see. I'm still learning and appreciate any thoughts on identifying the age of bones when they aren't fossilized but have some mineralization to it.
  11. A follow-up/continuation of my previous post, here are some of the fossil invertebrates from the Pleistocene Waimanalo Formation of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. First the echinoids. I haven't speciated these yet
  12. Dear brain trust . Recently found coastal So Georgia. Initially thought ice age turtle shell but missing the typical suture marks. It has a slight curve to the surface and has a smal convex protrusion on inner surface . Approximately 3/4 inch thick .
  13. During our explorations in search of fossils, we obviously favor sedimentary rocks; I invite you to follow me with my wife in search of fossils… in volcanic rocks! (only observation without sampling) In the center of the volcanic massif of Cantal (central France), we explored a not very accessible valley where outcrop deposits of breccias of dense pyroclastic flows, in search of fossil woods of Villafranchian age (upper Pleistocene). According to an old reference (conference , 1969) one can find: “sometimes tree trunks inclined in all directions and sometimes branches. They are black, it is charcoal, produced by combustion in the absence of oxygen. After their reduction in carbon, certain woods underwent a strong fumarolic activity with silicification in opal cristobalite, generally respecting the vegetal structures.” By anatomical study in microscopy, 5 genera have been identified: Cedroxylon, Piceoxylon, Cornoxylon, Fagoxylon, Ulmoxylon. They suggest a temperate or mountain type climate. The conservation of carbonized organic matter indicates that the rock emplacement temperature must have been relatively lower than at the volcanic magma exit point estimated at 900°C according to mineralogy. The pyroclastic flow therefore destroyed a forest by descending the slope of the volcano while cooling. Let us now see in some photos what we discovered with wonder: 2 fossiliferous sites, the first with only one vertical trunk in an overhanging cliff, the second with multiple trunks preserved or hollowed out and branches on the bank of the river (without signs of silicification on these 2 sites found about 300 meters apart). There must therefore still be other nearby sites, but the difficult access to the site probably keeps them out of sight.
  14. Scientists Revived Ancient 'Zombie Viruses' Frozen For Eons in Siberia By David Nield, ScienceAlert, Novmber 25, 2022 The paper is: Alempic, J.M., Lartigue, A., Goncharov, A.E., Grosse, G., Strauss, J., Tikhonov, A.N., Fedorov, A.N., Poirot, O., Legendre, M., Santini, S. and Abergel, C., 2022. An update on eukaryotic viruses revived from ancient permafrost. bioRxiv. PDF of preprint of paper An earlier article is: Scientists Are Reawakening a 'Giant Virus' Frozen in The Siberian Wilderness By Peter Dockrill, ScienceAlert September 9, 2015 Yours, Paul H.
  15. Bison bison. Wisconsin glaciation. Southern Minnesota, Brown County. Science Museum of Minnesota. Found in a riverbed in September of 2020 on a joint citizen scientist and Science Museum outing. I found this femur by noticing the femoral head sticking out of the river bottom. External Post:
  16. garyc

    Long bone

    I’m posting this for a friend. He found it on the Brazos River in Southeast Texas. It seems too long and robust to be horse or bison. My initial thought is mammoth or mastodon tibia. Unfortunately, the distal and proximal ends are missing. Any other thoughts? I can get more photos from him if necessary. Thanks!
  17. GroundLevel

    Bos Genus

    Hello knowledgeable folks, Found this bovine tooth roots up in mud on the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay. Assumed it was modern cow because if the attached stylid and size but after some cleaning and testing- it appears to show signs mineralization. Is it possibly a bos genus fossil? I’d probably need to alert someone if that were the case…
  18. Mochaccino

    Cro-Magnon skull?

    Hello, I came across this listed as a piece of Cro-Magnon skull, specifically the right parietal bone. Age seems to be Pleistocene, and it's said to be from a gravel pit in Poland. I was wondering if it looks correct and legitimate? It certainly looks like a skull bone of some sort. I did find this post that discussed another supposed Cro-Magnon bone (seems like it turned out not to be one), and there may be some legal/ethical concerns here as well. Perhaps I need to consult an anthropologist? Thanks.
  19. Dear fellow forum members, I am going through old boxes, in this case with some of my rare own finds (as opposed to bought, gifted and inherited fossils) These I found at a coast of the mediterranean, where the waves gnawed at soft sandstone. On a ledge below the fossiliferous layer there where fragments and some intact shells with and without remaining matrix, and this tooth, without, but weathered and feeling heavy. The shells I could identify (Diodora, Arca) do have living species, Diodora goes back to the Miocene, not sure about the others. So the age could be miocene to "subrecent", or maybe the tooth is much younger than the shells, impossible to tell. Who can tell me whose tooth this was? Thanks J
  20. BirdsAreDinosaurs

    Eight North Sea bone fragments

    Hi all. These are eight bone fragments that I found a couple of years ago on the beach near the Zandmotor, the Netherlands. I realize that most (if not all) of these fragments probably are impossible to id, but any information would be great. Some additional pictures of fragment 1: Number two has a tiny whole (foramen) in it. Here is an extra photo of the top of the fragment: And some more pictures of fragment three: Number 6 at first sight appears to be part of some kind of disk (2 cm high). One side is very smooth/shiny. Thanks! Any information is appreciated! If you need additional pictures from other angles, let me know.
  21. Tony G.

    Bone identification needed.

    I collect armadillo fossils. All of my fossils have been purchased and I have been able to identify most of them using the internet. The attached photos are from bones I purchased labeled Holmesina carpals. Both seem to be the same bone, one from holmesina septentrionalis and one from holmesina floridanus (my guess). They are both river finds from Northern Florida, USA. I have not been able to find a photo or diagram showing this bone. Does anyone have a photo or diagram showing this bones position in the skeleton. If these bones are not from the Holmesina genus, I would like to know that also.
  22. I found this horse molar (right tooth in the photo). It seems to have an isolated protocone as 3 toed horses do, but it is large (31mm left to right) and looks almost the same as most equuid teeth I have found. It is about 95 mm long- and does have a curve which you don't see in the photo. Large 3 toed horse or is it pathologic? @Shellseeker
  23. I had a couple of requests to show the shark teeth that I have found from Hawaii. I am pleased that folks are interested! All of the fossils were collected directly from the Mid- to Late- Pleistocene Waimanolo Formation. The formation is a mixture of deltaic/nearshore limestone and unconsolidated sands and silts. First, the shark material. There are a group of teeth and two vertebral centra. The shark teeth are in various stages of mineralization, with some completely phosphatized while others haven't altered much since they fell out of the shark's mouth. They appear to be from the blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus, a species currently common in Hawaiian waters. I also had 1 Scyliorhinid tooth, but misplaced it years ago. The vertebral centra are from a Carchariniform shark, probably the C. melanopterus, and seemingly unaltered, which is consistent with the turtle, bird, and some of the fish material that I collected. While some may consider these subfossils, I did recover them from the formation itself, which dates to 400,000 BP, which makes them fossils. The lack of mineralization may be due to the significant carbonate content and resultant high pH of the sediments.
  24. Hi everyone, I am trying to find the following stuff someone is willing to trade. - Mosasaurus partial jaws or matrix pieces, not repaired or restored. From Morocco. - Belgian Megalodon teeth - Mastodon tooth - Quality Spinosaurus teeth, larger ones. I got a lot to offer, mostly teeth and jaws from dinosaurs and ice age relater animals.
  25. Pseudogygites

    Caddisfly Larva?

    Hi again everyone! I have a small fossil from a unit of lacustrine laminated silt from here in Saskatoon from the very late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The unit directly overlays a unit of till from the Wisconsinan glaciation. The unit contains carbonized plants stems, some of which are filled with wood boring beetle larva frass, diatoms, and burrows similar to Cruziana. In one of these hollowed-out burrows, I found this fossil, which is approximately 0.5 mm in length. It is composed of many extremely small carbonized plant fragments, all arranged horizontally from longest to shortest. I have no suggestions to explain how such an arrangement could occur through abiotic means, and the fossil bears a striking resemblance to caddisfly larva cases, many of which are composed of plant fragment arranged horizontally. I have attached some photos taken through a microscope lens on an iPhone. In hopes of accounting for the rough image quality, I have included numerous angles and degrees of brightness to help illuminate the arrangement of plant fragments. Any help confirming the caddisfly diagnosis or directing me from my incorrect guess to a correct one would be greatly appreciated!
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