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Below is a reptile tooth, from the Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco, that I have been struggling to identify. I suspect it to be a dyrosaurid of some description, but I'm not particularly confident in that statement. The tooth has no serrations, but it does have a ridge on one side, which I attempted to capture in the final image. Thanks in advance for any proposed ID's Othniel

really cool fossil turns out to be really cool fake, but it had long puzzled scientists so it did not completely fool everybody, and may not even be an intentional attempt to deceive link for details

These were sold to me stating they came from the East Bluff area in Newport Beach, California. But research into fossils from that area comes up with late Pliocene material that doesn’t look anything like these. The serrated tooth is especially confusing. Any ideas?

Started going through some of my older finds and thought I’d try to identify some of them. These are all found in Gainesville, Florida creeks. First one is just a chunk of bone, not sure if it’s even identifiable. My guess is part of a scapula because it’s somewhat flat and curved. Second is a small bone, maybe a carpal of some sort? And third, I’m thinking is a partial alligator tooth. I can see a small bit of enamel left on it, but the enamel seems to have some ridges on it which is confusing.

I found this on the riverbank where I live. Could anyone tell me what is ?

Hello, can someone please tell me if this is a real jaw fragment from a North American mosasaur? According to the seller, it comes from the Ozan Formation, in North Texas.

Greetings everyone. This is my first time on the form. I purchased this supposedly genuine Nothosaurus fossil. I am questioning its genuineness. I would really appreciate any input from those of you who are knowledgeable in this area. I have added photos. Thank you so much

I'd love to know what people think this might be. Thanks in advance- K

Found on a cut bank along the Minnesota River in the Midwestern US.

A customer/friend of mine has bought a nice meg tooth and a bivalve from me for his boss for Christmas. He would like to get him a fossil book for a gift now too. He says one that covers marine and land would be good. Something to spark his imagination but also to learn from. He is looking to spend £30 to £40 on it, any pointers would be good please?

Hi, this one looks a little too good for the price. It is apparently Barasaurus Besairiei Permian and from Madagascar. What do you thinnk?

I found what looks to be two reptiles fighting .one is green and skiny like a caterpillar with arm and a see through head. The other has claws like a crab its green with spikes all over its body

Hello, I am going to purchase this lot that is from Richard's Spur Quarry and I was wondering if anyone on here knows how to ID fossils better than me. I've been looking at pictures all day but can't seem to confidently ID anything. I know most of these are probably Captorhinus, but are there any in this lot that look like a different species or a synapsid such as Varanops? Been searching for synapsid fossils forever and I really hope one of these is from a synapsid. There's 3 claws, 3 vertebrate, and 4 jaw sections. Don't be afraid to hurt my feelings if they all are Captorhinus, I think they're super cool too!

Just wondered if anyone could tell me what they think of these pieces.

Howdy everyone! I was hoping y'all could help identify or at least give a broad idea of what kind of animal this beautiful little claw could have belong to. The claw was found in Harding County, South Dakota (Hell Creek formation) and is said to likely come from a large lizard or amphibian. Any thoughts? As always, thank you guys so much! This forum is truly invaluable.

I found this in material from the Coleraine formation of Northern Minnesota, which dates between 100-90mya, which was part of the east shore of the Western Interior Seaway. So far i know it’s reptilian but I’m wondering if anyone can give me a more specific identification. The exposed part is about 2.5-3cm long.

This appears to me to be the severed head of a reptile. It is slightly deformed post mortem. Scales or osteoderms are faintly visible in a few places. There is a branched structure on the underside that looks very much like a blood vessel. There are circular shapes at the end where the head was severed from the body, suggesting a spine and torn ends of major vessels. It was found in Deuel County, South Dakota, USA. The geology of the area is basically glacial deposits. No strata or matrix evidence is possible. It measures 60 mm x 30 mm x 35 mm and weighs 80 g. Is this a reptile head, or am I suffering from pareidolia?

Hi. I just like some opinions regarding this Keichousaurus that I’m considering aquiring. It looks good to me apart from some instability in the plate. A second plate has been attached at the bottom for extra stability. Thanks for your help!

Found this hiking in a canyon in Colorado

A tooth I recently pulled from my Woodbine honey hole keeps getting better the more I look at it. I originally thought it was just a really big crocodile tooth of the species Woodbinesuchus byersmauricei, a common find for the site. After cleaning it today, I noticed it was pretty different and am now 90% sure it's a plesiosaur tooth, perhaps from the family Leptocleididae (as opposed to Polycotylidae or Elasmosauridae) and maybe with some real scientific significance! Stay with me here... Crocodile teeth are pretty common for the site. So why do I think this isn't one? Besides being quite large for a croc, the 12 enamel ridges on this specimen vary in shape and are spaced out whereas my crocs typically exhibit tightly spaced, uniform ridges numbering in the many dozens. The ridges on the "plesiosaur" are restricted to the lingual side. My crocs typically have ridges spanning the entire circumference of the crown, though they sometimes peter out on the labial side as well. Another significant difference is in the sigmoidally curved crown which is normal in plesiosaurs and generally not seen in crocs. "Plesiosaur" (L) and Croc (R); Note the significantly different enamel ridge characteristics. "Plesiosaur" and my complete crocs. Quite large relatively speaking. It's crown is about 20 mm long and 6 mm in diameter. Sigmoidal curvature in the crown. I am less sure of the familial identification and beyond. A quick google search for Cenomanian Plesiosaurs revealed an interesting article on freshwater Kem Kem Group Plesiosaurs (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105310) from more or less the same time (Woodbine = mid Cenomanian vs. Kem Kem Group = ?Albian-Cenomanian). What initially caught my eye was Fig. 5 where a handful of similar teeth are shown: Fig. 5 from the article. Leptocleididae indet. shed teeth. These are thought to be indeterminate Leptocleididae shed teeth for features shared with my specimen. The authors rule out Polycotylidae on the basis that those teeth are usually more robust. They acknowledge that longer teeth of Polycotylidae do occur, but the striations are finer than Leptocleididae. The authors contrast their teeth (and mine) from Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae by stating that those families have straighter teeth with more labio-lingually compressed crowns that create a strong oval cross section. My tooth and those shown above are sub-circular/slightly oval-shaped. Another point to make is that Leptocleididae plesiosaurs are UNKNOWN from deep water environments and are instead suggested to be nearshore specialists (Woodbine is famously nearshore with its crocs, Cretodus semiplicatus, and other nearshore fauna). On the other hand, Polycotylidae, the sister taxon, is a deeper water family. Hard to show a good cross-section because a chunk of root juts out of the bottom making it look more labiolingually compressed than it really is! Implications and Significance: One extremely interesting aspect of plesiosaur ecology that is highlighted by the article is their strong presence in prehistoric freshwater ecosystems. Plesiosaur teeth of the family Leptocleididae are commonly found in the Kem Kem river systems which isn't crazy given they are thought to be nearshore specialists. The authors note that contemporaneous marine deposits have yet to yield Leptocleididae material, which makes one wonder: were they freshwater specialists unable to live in the ocean? I would've been inclined to assume they could survive both fresh and salt given my preconceived notions on plesiosaurs, but there is a lack of hard proof... Until now? If this is what I think it is... this may be the first evidence of Leptocleididae found in a marine deposit contemporaneous with the Kem Kem Group! Just the missing puzzle piece emphasized in the article. Reeling it back in- Keep in mind, a few hours ago I thought this was just a big croc tooth! Also, I don't know much of anything about plesiosaurs since I had never found such material previously. My head is spinning with all these new names. Hopefully you all can provide some clarity on this matter. @pachy-pleuro-whatnot-odon @Jared C @PaleoPastels. Feel free to tag anyone else you know who might have some knowledge on the subject! Pics: ~Thanks for reading~

I bought this tooth on impulse a few days ago. To me it looks like a fully rooted Plesiosaur tooth. It has all the characteristics of being from the Kem Kem Beds aswell. I've not seen any other rooted teeth to compare it to. So, did I score, or did I buy a crocodile tooth?

Hello friends. Please help. This vert came from the Pleistocent Terrace deposits in Austin Co., Texas. It looks to me like it's reptilian but I can't find a match. Your thoughts would be appreciated.

So, lets figure out vertebrae from the Kem Kem beds. As many of you know the Kem Kem beds has a pretty enigmatic palaeo fauna. There is some literature about it, but not a whole lot. Some of it is behind a paywall and much information is pretty scattered. So I got this idea that maybe we could combine our knowledge and information to collectively get a better picture of which bone belongs to which animal, in this case, vertebrae. I know some of you have some fantastic specimens in your collections, if we combine these in this thread we might be able to see some patterns. We probably won't be able to put a genus or species name on each type, but perhaps assigning certain vertebrae to a morphotype might be possible. With that I encourage everyone that has any vertebrae from the Kem Kem beds to share photos of their specimens and post them here so we can use this thread as a sort of library as well as an ID thread that everyone can use to better ID their Kem Kem vertebrae. So please, share your photos! And it might help to number your specimens for easier reference. I will be updating this first post as new information arises with examples to make ID easier. Theropods Spinosaurids Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Spinosaurus is known for it's tall neural spines, which are pretty characteristic. Unlike Sigilmassasaurus, Spinosaurus does not have the ventral triangular rough plateau on the centra Spinosaurus mid cervical vertebra Spinosaurus dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae Caudal vertebrae Nearly complete tail from the neotype specimen of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Sigilmassasaurus is a Spinosaurid that might be closely related to Baryonyx and Suchomimus. It differs from Spinosaurus in that it has a ventral keel on many vertebrae and a triangular rough plateau on the bottom back end. A is Sigilmassasaurus, B is Baryonyx Sigilmassasaurus cervical vertebrae From anterior to posterior Sigilmassasaurus dorsal vertebrae Indeterminate Spinosaurid vertebrae Not a whole lot has been published yet, some bones can probably not be ID'd on genus level. Spinosaurid caudal vertebrae Anterior caudal: From LordTrilobite's collection Mid-posterior caudal: From Paleoworld-101's collection Mid-posterior caudal: From LordTrilobite's collection This caudal vertebra is less tall and more pinched in the middle of the centrum than the one from Paleoworld-101's collection. Likely due to a slightly more posterior position. Mid-posterior caudal: From LordTrilobite's collection Carcharodontosaurids Due to an old paper Sigilmassasaurus vertebrae are sometimes misidentified as Carcharodontosaurid. These vertebrae should be identified on the basis of the original description by Stromer. Two species of Carcharodontosaurids are known from the Kem Kem beds at this time. Carcharodontosaurus saharicus and Sauroniops pachytholus. Carcharodontosaurid cervical vertebrae Deltadromeus agilis Anterior (left) and mid (right) caudals better examples needed Abelisauroids Indeterminate Abelisauroid distal caudal From LordTrilobite's collection Abelisaurid dorsal vertebrae From Troodon's collection Sauropods Rebbachisaurus garasbae Not a whole lot is known about this titanosaur, as only a few bones have been found. Notice that the vertebrae are very extensively pneumaticised. Rebbachisaurus dorsal vertebrae Sauropod mid caudal vertebra. Possibly Rebbachisaurid. Unnamed Titanosaurian mid caudal vertebra Crocodilomorphs more examples needed Kemkemia This crocodile is only known by a single posterior caudal vertebra. Kemkemia caudal vertebra Turtles examples needed Pterosaurs Azhdarchids Azhdarchid (probably Alanqa) posterior fragment cervical vertebra Azhdarchid Mid cervical vertebra Sources Spinosaurids https://peerj.com/articles/1323/?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_campaign=PeerJ_TrendMD_1&utm_medium=TrendMD http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144695 Sauropods Jeffrey A. Wilson & Ronan Allain (2015) Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae Lavocat, 1954, a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceous–aged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35:4, e1000701, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304214496_Evidence_of_a_derived_titanosaurian_Dinosauria_Sauropoda_in_the_Kem_Kem_beds_of_Morocco_with_comments_on_sauropod_paleoecology_in_the_Cretaceous_of_Africa Kemkemia sisn.pagepress.org/index.php/nhs/article/viewFile/nhs.2012.119/32 Pterosaurs https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefossilforum.com%2Fapplications%2Fcore%2Finterface%2Ffile%2Fattachment.php%3Fid%3D432009&fname=journal.pone.0010875.PDF&pdf=true https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/5967