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Taxonomy according to Bieńkowska-Wasiluk et al. 2018. Bieńkowska-Wasiluk et al. 2018, p 75: “Small perch-like fishes, common in the Oligocene of the Outer Carpathians, have been traditionally assigned to the perciform species Serranus budensis (Heckel, 1856) (see Paucă, 1933; Jonet, 1958; Jerzmańska, 1968; Kotlarczyk et al., 2006). This species has also been reported in the Oligocene of the Caucasus and the Upper Rhine Graben (Danil’chenko, 1960; Pharisat, 1991; Micklich, 1998; Pharisat and Micklich, 1998; Prokofiev, 2009; Bannikov, 2010). Recently, Prokofiev (2009) selected S. budensis as the type species of his new genus Oligoserranoides. While, Bannikov (2010) placed S. budensis in his new genus Oliganodon. The species S. budensis was formerly assigned to the family Serranidae by Danil’chenko (1960) and Jerzmańska (1968). However, Micklich (1998) indicated that this assignment was incorrect because of the absence of three spines on the opercle of S. budensis, a diagnostic character of the Serranidae (Johnson, 1983). Prokofiev (2009) and Bannikov (2010) assigned S. budensis (referred in their papers to as Oligoserranoides budensis and Oliganodon budensis, respectively) to Percoidei incertae sedis due to the lack of diagnostic characters of any fossil or extant percoid family, and noting the morphological differences and similarities to some fossil and extant taxa.” Bieńkowska-Wasiluk et al. 2018, p. 78: "Diagnosis genus (emended). The genus is diagnosed by the following unique combination of characters: maximum body depth in standard length 21-40%; supramaxilla absent; palatine toothless; preopercle with serration; opercle with two spines; 7 branchiostegal rays, ceratohyal without a beryciform foramen; posttemporal with serrated posterior margin; 24 vertebrae (10 abdominal); three predorsals; predorsal formula 0/0/0+2/1+1/ or /0+0/0+2/1+1/; 8 pleural ribs; pectoral fins long, reaching anterior part of anal fin and with 14-17 rays; dorsal fin continuous with 9 to 10 spines and 9 to 11 soft rays; three spines and 8 to 9 soft rays in anal fin; caudal fin forked with 17 principal rays; three epurals; procurrent spur lacking; and ctenoid scales." Line drawing from Bieńkowska-Wasiluk et al., p. 80: Identified by oilshale using Bieńkowska-Wasiluk et al., 2018. References: Bannikov, A.F. (2010). Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries. Fossil Acanthopterygians Fishes (Teleostei, Acanthopterygii). Moscow, GEOS, 243pp. Bieńkowska-Wasiluk, M., Pałdyna, M. (2018). Taxonomic revision of the Oligocene percoid fish Oligoserranoides budensis (Heckel, 1856), from the Paratethys and paleobiogeographic comments. Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal. 2018, 16(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2018.16.1.5 Danil’chenko, P.G. (1960). Bony fishes of the Maikop Deposits of the Caucasus [in Russian]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademii Nauk SSSR, 78, 1-208. Heckel, J. (1856). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische Österreichs. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenshaftliche Classe, 11, 187-274. Jerzmańska, A. (1968). Ichtyofaune des couches à ménilite (flysch des Karpathes). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 13(3), 379-488. Johnson, G.D. (1983). Niphon spinosus: A primitive epinepheline serranid, with comments on the monophyly and intrarelationships of the Serranidae. Copeia, 3, 777-787. Jonet, S. (1958). Contributions a l’etude des schistes disodyliques oligocenes de Roumanie, La Faune ichthyologique de Homoraciu District de Prahova. Lisbonne, Sociedade Tipográfica, Lda, 112pp. Kotlarczyk, J., Jerzmańska, A., Świdnicka, E., Wiszniowska, T. (2006). A framework of ichthyofaunal ecostratigraphy of the Oligocene-Early Miocene strata of the Polish Outer Carpathian basin. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 76(1), 1-111. Micklich, N. (1998). New information on the fishfauna of the Frauenweiler fossil site. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65(S1), 169-184. Paucă, M. (1933). Die fossile Fauna und Flora aus dem Oligozän von Suslăneşti-Muscel in Rumänien. Eine systematische und paläobiologische Studie. Anuarul Institutului Geological României, 16, 1-99. [for 1931]. Pharisat, A. (1991). La paléoichthyofaune du Rupélien marin de Froidefontaine (Territoire de Belfort). Annales Scientifiques de l’Université Franche-Comté Besançon, Géologie, 4(11), 13-97. Pharisat, A., Micklich, N. (1998). Oligocene fishes in the western Paratethys of the Rhine Valley Rift System. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65(Supplement S1), 163-168. Prokofiev, A.M. (2009). Systematics of Oligocene percoids classified as “Serranus budensis”, with the description of new taxa. Aktualny’e Problemy’ Sovremennoj Nauki, 2(46), 199-222.