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  1. The Eumaniraptora is a clade of non-avian theropod dinosaurs that first emerged during the late Jurassic period and diversified extensively during the subsequent Cretaceous period (143-66 Million years ago). This group is most famously known as the Raptor dinosaurs (the sister clade of the theropod dinosaurs that gave direct rise to the birds), consisting of mostly small to mid sized theropod dinosaurs. There are a few species though that exceed the typical small-medium size range for the raptor dinosaurs. Only a few giant raptor dinosaurs are currently known. But recent discoveries over the past few decades have demonstrated large raptor dinosaurs were less of an exception in Cretaceous ecosystems than previously thought. Here is a list of all the currently known giant Eumaniraptora from the fossil record which hopefully can expand our understanding the vital roles these animals played in the ecosystems they once inhabited. Let me know if I forgot any examples. South America Austroraptor cabazai (Dromaeosauridae - Argentina, South America) (Late Cretaceous (78-66 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 6 meters (20 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679073/ Antarctica Imperobator antarcticus (Eumaniraptora - part of what is now James Ross Island, Antarctica) (Late Cretaceous (71 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 4 meters (13 feet) in length, note: did not have the iconic pair of sickle shaped claw on its feet like most other Eumaniraptora) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667118300120?via%3Dihub Asia Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae - part of what is now Mongolia, Asia) (Late Cretaceous (96-89 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 5 meters (16 feet) in length) Perle, A.; Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. M. (1999). "A new maniraptoran Theropod−Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)−from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia". Contributions from the Geology and Mineralogy Chair, National Museum of Mongolia (101): 1−105. Unnamed Bissekty Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae (could possible be a species of Itemirus) - part of what is now Uzbekistan, Asia) (Late Cretaceous (92-90 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimens CCMGE 600/12457, ZIN PH 11/16, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263891965_Dromaeosauridae_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Bissekty_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Turonian_of_Uzbekistan_and_the_phylogenetic_position_of_Itemirus_medullaris_Kurzanov_1976 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/giant-dromaeosaurid-theropod-from-the-upper-cretaceous-turonian-bissekty-formation-of-uzbekistan-and-the-status-of-ulughbegsaurus-uzbekistanensis/4543ABAB1EC19C84405EDF66A5F53124 Europe Unnamed Wessex Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae (specimens for this species could belong to Vectiraptor) - Isle of Wight, Great Britain, Europe) (Early Cretaceous (125 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimens IWCMS.2002.1, IWCMS.2002.3, IWCMS.2002.4., and BMNH R 16510, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222830089_The_first_record_of_velociraptorine_dinosaurs_Saurischia_Theropoda_from_the_Wealden_Early_Cretaceous_Barremian_of_southern_England https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121003712 Unnamed Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Gorodishchenskii District Russia, Europe) (Late Cretaceous (72.1-66.0 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen VGI. no. 231/2, grew up to 5.8 meters (19 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235806763_Carnivorous_dinosaurs_Saurischia_Theropoda_from_the_Maastrichtian_of_the_Volga-Don_Interfluve_Russia North America Utahraptor ostrommaysi (Dromaeosauridae - Western North America) (Early Cretaceous (135-130 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285714464_A_large_dromaeosaur_Theropoda_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_of_eastern_Utah Dakotaraptor steini (Dromaeosauridae - Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (66 Million years ago)) (grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283655219_The_first_giant_raptor_Theropoda_Dromaeosauridae_from_the_Hell_Creek_Formation Unnamed Marshalltown Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (72.1 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen NJSM 14158, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327117985_The_distinctive_theropod_assemblage_of_the_Ellisdale_site_of_New_Jersey_and_its_implications_for_North_American_dinosaur_ecology_and_evolution_during_the_Cretaceous https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gdouglas/raptor/index.html Unnamed Tar Heel Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae ((Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (78.5-77.1 Million Years ago)) (Based on Specimen YPM.VPPU.021397, grew up to 3.4 meters (11 feet 2 inches) in length) https://peerj.com/preprints/26829/ Alaska Troodontid (Troodontidae (could be a species of Troodon or a new genus in Troodontidae) - Prince Creek Formation Alaska, Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (70.6-69.1 Million Years ago) (grew up to almost 4 meters (13 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236632883_On_the_Occurrence_of_Exceptionally_Large_Teeth_of_Troodon_Dinosauria_Saurischia_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_of_Northern_Alaska Latenivenatrix mcmasterae (Troodontidae - Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta Canada, Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (75.5 Million years ago)) (grew up to 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) in length) https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/78296/1/cjes-2017-0031.pdf Unnamed Mount Laurel Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (72.1 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen NJSM GP 22949, grew up to 3.4 meters (11 feet 2 inches) in length) https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191206 What do you guys think?
  2. BirdsAreDinosaurs

    Kem Kem dinosaur collection

    Hi all! The past year, in the little spare time I had as a father of a 1-year old, I made illustrations of Moroccan dinosaurs on my iPad. I have shared some of these on this forum before, but I made some changes (hopefully improvements) to most of these, and some of them I have not shared before. The animals are all based on the designs of the Kem Kem dinosaur poster I made last year. Here is the complete set: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Deltadromeus agilis Carcharodontosaurus saharicus Rebbachisaurus garasbae Rugops primus Some dromaeosaurids Some sauropods
  3. BirdsAreDinosaurs

    Miniature dinosaur museum

    Welcome to... my tiny dinosaur museum! I used to work at the largest natural history museum of the Netherlands and now I created a little copy of my own. I just recently started collecting dinosaur teeth from Morocco. At the moment I have 7 teeth: two Spinosaurids, one Carcharodontosaurid, 3 Abelisaurids and a Titanosaurid. As you can see, I also like to collect dinosaur models that are more or less accurate according to latest insights. The museum is still under construction: the labels are not correct (this is what I got from the fossil dealers, I need to make better ones) and I need more figures (I really hope one of my favourite manufacturers will produce a nice Rugops in the future) and teeth. Those Dromaeosaurid models are obviously out of place, but they will stay as long as I do not have more appropriote models. The next few teeth I would like to add are one bigger Carch, one specimen of the teeth that are often labeled as Deltadromeus and one or more Dromaeosaurid-like teeth. I do not know many good dealers in the EU, so if anyone has any tips that would be greatly appreciated!
  4. Did horned dinosaurs, ceratopsians, use their horns in a defensive posture or did it matter at all and were really intended for other behavioral needs. Mark Witton tries to address this question, in his blog, with a new look using the behavior of modern animals. http://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2023/02/horned-dinosaurs-vs-theropods-how-much.html
  5. Ever wonder which Jurassic dinosaurs in the Morrison Formation were most abundant? Well at least those collected. Dr Susie Maidment posted this on twitter "Hey Morrison Formation fans! Ever wondered what the most abundant dinosaurs in the formation were, based on PBDB data? I did, and I plotted it" Looks like the winners were, no surprise Sauropod: Camarasaurus Theropod: Allosaurus Ornithischians: Stegosaurs
  6. I recently found an extremely interesting paper published in the Journal of Comparative Neurology a few days ago by Professor Suzana Herculano-Houzel of Vanderbilt University about the neuron activity within the brain of the Dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex (Western North America, Maastrichtian Cretaceous 68.0-66.0 million years ago). The study states there is evidence (based on the size of of the Cerebrum section of its brain and the hypothetical amount of neurons (of which for the study M=Millions of Neurons) present in the brain based on its size) Tyrannosaurus rex had between 2,207-3,289M telencephalic neurons in the Cerebrum section of its brain and was capable of problem solving and even forming unique cultures. Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2023). Theropod dinosaurs had primate‐like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.25453 Usually I'm a bit skeptical when claims like this are made, but for Tyrannosaurus rex, I'm not surprised the least bit. It's been known for quite a while the brain to body ratio of Tyrannosaurus rex is larger than that of most other dinosaurs at 1.0 kilogram in weight (with only the Raptor dinosaur Troodon likely having a larger brain to body ratio among non-avian Theropod dinosaurs). Brain Image Credit: Ashley Morhardt https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/fossils/theres-a-lot-to-learn-about-dinosaur-brains/ Larsson, H.C.E. (2001). Endocranial anatomy of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution. In: Mesozoic vertebrate life, eds Tanke D.H; Carpenter K; Skrepnick M.W. Indiana University Press, 19–33 https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.20983 The recent study A large portion of its brain was devoted to smell, but I can easily see how the size of its brain could accommodate enough neuron activity for problem solving skills and even forming cultures. What do you guys think? What do you think of the study and what would Tyrannosaurus cultures have looked like?
  7. Fossil Maniac

    Ceratosaurus tooth?

    Hello! I saw this theropod tooth labeled as a ceratosaurus tooth from Albany county wyoming. I know ceratosaurus teeth are very rare so I’m a bit skeptic about this ID. The tooth is 1.06 inches. Thanks for any help.
  8. I periodically get asked about theropod teeth, so this is what I know. If you have additional tooth related information please pass it on since very little is known or published. Tanycolagreus topwilsoni The holotype included a fragmented skull with one premaxillary and two lateral teeth. Unfortunately, the teeth were crushed with no visible serrations so it's unknown how to describe them. Holotype skull Koparion douglassi Oldest known Troodontid and only known from a single maxillary tooth. Pictures says it all. A tooth taxon! Scale: A 1 mm, B-F 100 micrometers Chure, D. J. (1994). "Koparion douglassi, a new dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument; the oldest troodontid (Theropoda: Maniraptora)." Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 40: 11-15 Hesperornithoides miessleri A new Troodontid. The serrations on the mesial carinae of maxillary teeth are smaller than the distal serrations as in basal dromaeosaurids. Mesial serrations are restricted to the apical third of the crown and appear absent in some teeth. Serrations are small (5.5 per mm distally). The teeth are labiolingually compressed, and the enamel shows no trace of longitudinal grooves. Unfortunately the paper does not identify the sizes of these teeth. Distal Serration Density 5.5/mm FABL: around .45 https://peerj.com/articles/7247/ Coelurus fragilis Known from a fairly complete skeleton however there is a question if the dentary, below, belongs to the skeleton. No teeth were recovered and cannot find any additional information on teeth. Ken Carpenter recently responded to my inquiry about these teeth. He stated that we have no teeth from this dinosaur. Teeth have been called Coelurus because they are small but there is no proof of association Carpenter, K., Miles, C., and Cloward, K. (2005). "New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming." in Carpenter, K. 2005. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs, Indiana University Press: 23-48 Ornitholestes hermanni Skull with both mandibles are part of the holotype. Osborn et. al (1917) paper just comments that the teeth are small and feeble. Carpenters book mentions that the skull is presently being studied by Mark Norell. C. Hendrickx 2019 paper shows some data on these teeth which I present here, 11 teeth were included in this study. Although very little is known with these teeth here is some data taken from AMNH holotype skull. Looks like the serrations are extremely fine. Maxillary teeth CH range from: 3.1 to 6.5 mm Dentary teeth CH range from: 3.9 to 5.6 mm Crown Height Ratios : 1.5 to 2.3 Crown Base Rations : 0.52 to 0.8 Interdental Sulci: Absent Transverse Undulations: Absent Serration density : Distal serrations were present on two teeth: a Maxillary Tooth 50/ 5/mm and Dentary Tooth 60/ 5mm Carpenter, K., Miles, C., and Cloward, K. (2005). "New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming." in Carpenter, K. 2005. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs, Indiana University Press: 23-48 Reconstructed Skull AMNH Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1917). "Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35 (43): 733–771. hdl:2246/1334. Allosaurus fragilis (updated 6/19/22) Very little is published to aid in identification of these teeth. A recent paper by C. Hendrickx provided information on 60 teeth included in his study that I present in this edit. The following information is needed to help identify these teeth From Study: Premaxillary Positions: Serration Density: DSDI: 0.83 to 1.05 (Average : 0.98) Distal Density: 9.5 to 12.5 / 5 mm (Average : 10.3/ 5mm) Mesial Density: 8.3 to 11 .3 / 5 mm (Average : 10.1/ 5 mm) Other characteristics: Transvers Undulations: Can be present Interdental Sulci: Can be present Maxillary Positions: Serration Density: DSDI: 0.8 to 1.1 (Average : 0.95) Distal Density: 10 to 17.5 / 5 mm (Average : 12.5/ 5mm) Mesial Density: 9.5 to 14.0 / 5 mm (Average : 11.9/ 5 mm) Crown Height Ratio CH / CBL : 1.7 to 2.2 (Average : 2.1) Crown Base Ratio CBW / CBL : 0.37 to 0.8 (Average : 0.57) Other characteristics: Transvers Undulations: Can be present Interdental Sulci: Can be present Dentary Positions: Serration Density: DSDI: 0.91 to 1.3 (Average : 1.08) Distal Density: 10 to 13.75 / 5 mm (Average : 12.0/ 5mm) Mesial Density: 10 to 16.25 / 5 mm (Average : 13.1/ 5 mm) Crown Height Ratio CH / CBL : 1.8 to 2.5 (Average : 2.2) Crown Base Ratio CBW / CBL : 0.7 to 1.1 (Average : 0.86 ) Other characteristics: Transvers Undulations: Can be present Interdental Sulci: Can be present Unknown Positions: Serration Density: DSDI: 0.87 to 1.4 (Average : 1.07) Distal Density: 9 to 13.5 / 5 mm (Average : 11.4/ 5mm) Mesial Density: 8.8 to 17.5 / 5 mm (Average : 11.9/ 5 mm) Crown Height Ratio CH / CBL : 1.75 to 2.3 (Average : 2.2) Crown Base Ratio CBW / CBL : 0.46 to 1.1 (Average : 0.73 ) Other characteristics: Transvers Undulations: Can be present Interdental Sulci: Can be present Base shape can assist in identification. They can be J shaped The morphologically space occupied by Allosaurus is also seen by Ceratosaurus Poster with these illustrations Testinet.al.2011Poster.pdf cf Aviatyrannus Zone 2 South Dakota Not much is known on the teeth, its a tyrannosauroid Stokesosaurus clevelandi Zone 5 Utah late Kimmeridgian-early Tithonian Not much is known on the teeth, its a tyrannosauroid Saurophanganax maximus Zone 5 Oklahoma late Kimmeridgian- early Tithonian Allosaurid - might be an adult Allosaurus- teeth should be the same as one Torvosaurus Ceratosaurus Marshosaurus Reconstruction Skull of Marshosaurus from Utah Museum of Natural History. So you can see variation of the teeth in jaw
  9. Tomas Holtz published this paper that looks at theropod assemblages in most of the faunas during the Jurassic and Cretaceous period. You an take whatever you like from this document but what I found interesting was his presentation of the dinosaur communities (shown by sizes and which ones not present) in the different faunas (starts at line 1178) Examples below: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/106039 I understand why he excluded Nanotyrannus but not sure why Troodon was not included in the HC and Lance. He also excluded Zapsalis from the HC, JR and LC. good move since its not really valid. Paronychodon or Richardoestesia isosceles were not listed, kind of understand because of the uncertainty around these taxons.
  10. FF7_Yuffie

    Hell Creek "theropod" vertebra

    Hello, I'm tempted by one of these verts I saw for sale. All labelled as Hell Creek theropod. Each is from Powder River County in Montana. There are 4 verts, some look similar, so I'll try and do 4 different posts. They are quite small, and most show a honeycomb type texture--which I think is a sign that they are carnivore? I am guessing, given the small size, that these would all be from one of the raptor species from Hell Creek. EDIT: It automatically merged them. Hope its clear which is which. Vert 1 - 2 inch long, 1.75 wide, 2.25 tall Vert 2 - This one doesn't look like it has the same bone structure as the other, it seems much less honeycombed. Different species, or just not as worn? 1.75 x 1.75 x1.5
  11. Shuvuuia: Extraordinary Dinosaurs That Hunted in the Dark University Of The Witwatersrand, SciTech Daily, May 7, 2021 The paper is: Choiniere, J.N., Neenan, J.M., Schmitz, L., Ford, D.P., Chapelle, K.E.J., Balanoff, A.M., Sipla, J.S., Georgi, J.A., Walsh, S.A., Norell, M.A. and Xu, X., 2021. Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs. Science. Yours, Paul H.
  12. By measuring endocasts of theropods, ancient and modern birds these researchers traced brain evolution in 2000 different species. Decrease in body size with same size brain led to increased brain:body ratio in modern birds after the K-T event. Work done at Stonybrook and the Bruce museum. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-history-brain-evolution-tyrannosaurs-modern.html
  13. fossilsonwheels

    The Real Jurassic World Program

    Carter and I are starting to slowly begin work on a program that will be about Jurassic era Dinosaurs. We will not do this until the 2020/2021 school year and I am really pretty excited. We decided to stop pursuing other dinosaur fossils (except for a Hell Creek Anky/Nodo lol) so that we can start piecing this together. We have about 10 months to make this happen. Educationally speaking it will be awesome to focus a program on the Jurassic era and show kids what dinosaurs were really running around at this time. This presents some fun challenges for us as collectors. Morrison Formation fossils are harder to find and more expensive so this will be a pretty significant change in how we collect. We can bargain shop to some extent but we will have to get into a higher price range. Carter and I know we have to save our money and be patient. We will also have a much more limited number of sources which I am actually okay with. I really like our primary source for Jurassic stuff. I have to get familiar with this fossil material so I have to find and study whatever publications exist but this is something I really like. We may also take a look at a European Dino or two. I have seen some Sauropod fossils from the UK and some stuff from Portugal that was interesting though pricey. We have yet to hop across the pond for dinos yet but if we are ever going to do that, this would be the program to do it I think. We have a head start on this. We have our nice Diplodocus bone. We have a couple of nice Camarasaurus pieces too. We have a small piece of Stegosaur gular armor. We also have a partial Theropod tooth, sold as Allosaurus but in need of a closer look. It is not a lot of material for sure but we can build from what we have and develop a really solid program I think. Presenting a fairly complete fauna will be hard. The herbivores I am not too worried about. I have a line on a Camptosaurus piece and I am sure we can track down another nice large Sauropod fossil. Dryosaurus is another possibility. The Theropod material is quite intimidating though. Rare and expensive is my first impression. I am not too worried about Allosaurus but beyond that, I think it will be really challenging to find any other fossils in our price range. I think we need fossils from two large bodied and one medium or small theropod to really present a decent picture of the ecosystem. Tall order but I am hopeful we can do it. We have do have a long way to go with this for sure but we made a little progress. Literally speaking we made a tiny bit of progress but it is a pretty cool addition despite the diminutive nature of the fossil We secured ourselves a tiny 2mm Ornithopod tooth that could belong to Nanosaurus. We had asked @Troodon about this one awhile ago and that was his opinion. I finally got around to grabbing it. Nanosaurus is a great dinosaur to include for us because they were tiny and pretty cute. It will represent a great contrast with the giant dinosaurs of this era. Kids will love it. It was also in the bargain category price wise. We may not get to update this for awhile but I thought starting the TFF collection now would be a fun way to celebrate our tiny new fossil.
  14. Hi I’m wondering what Theropods are found in lightning Ridge Australia @Down under fossil hunter
  15. Matthew_Dino_Searcher

    Theropod data for a computer science study.

    Hello I am working on my PhD in computer science and am working on collecting data for my thesis. I have been looking for a lot of data on theropod measurements like; teeth size, body mass, femur and tibia, length width, and other measurements (the more the better). I would like to collect samples from a few theropods like the T-Rex, Raptors, ect... and to have multiple skeleton for each. I need to have their measurement for my data points. I know that there are some journals that give detailed measurement for each fossil they find but I do not know how to search for them as each search yields vary results. Is there a certain key word that I should use to get the measurements for each fossil? I have been here https://paleobiodb.org/#/ but it does not look like the information that I need. Any help on this will be appreciated.
  16. Not sure if this is the correct place for this, but looking to see if I could get some verification (Is it real? Good quality?) etc as I’m fairly new to collecting.
  17. These are additional images from a post the Stan Winston School of Character Art shared recently on Facebook - Part 02 I just love the world-building in these sets of images, the dynamic qualities of the characters and their dinosaur mounts. I'd hate to get one of them angry .. or go without food .. no telling what the varmit might get around to doing to you while you sleep !! (The rest of the story) PS. I'd give them all my money to see the movie ... a-la .... if Firefly and Once Upon a Time in the West had a baby .. vibe. Jurassic Park meets the Wild West. Artist: Shaun Michael Keehan Source: instagram.com/shaunmichaelkeenan
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