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The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But one group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event which would have a massive ecological impact in the Mesozoic are the Diapsida or the Diapsid reptiles. The Diapsids emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous era 302 Million Years ago and includes the Archosaurs. This resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic and gave rise to the non-avian dinosaurs, the crocodilians, and eventually the avian dinosaurs the birds. Luckily for all of us, this remarkable group continues to thrive today. Here’s a list of all currently known Diapsid reptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Neodiapsida Palacrodon (Neodiapsid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 252.3-205.6 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37821 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.13770 Drepanosauromorpha https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320327662_A_bird-like_skull_in_a_Triassic_diapsid_reptile_increases_heterogeneity_of_the_morphological_and_phylogenetic_radiation_of_Diapsida Weigeltisauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225192300_New_data_on_the_morphology_of_permian_gliding_weigeltisaurid_reptiles_of_Eastern_Europe https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/vol31_part4_pp951-955.pdf Younginiformes Tangasauridae Hovasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37802 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cjes/article-abstract/41/1/1/53678/New-reptile-material-from-the-Lower-Triassic-of Kenyasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37805 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event Lepidosauromorpha https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2021.1084 Archeosauriformes Ichthyosauromorpha https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01990-X Proterosuchidae Proterosuchus (Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80904 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820772/ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33528314.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233304760_Osteohistology_of_the_Triassic_Archosauromorphs_Prolacerta_Proterosuchus_Euparkeria_and_Erythrosuchus_from_the_Karoo_Basin_of_South_Africa https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/120/11/1749.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Vonhuenia (Archosaurid, possible Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-250 Million Years ago) https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Microcnemus (Protersuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37535 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321853963_Sequence_of_Permian_Tetrapod_Faunas_of_Eastern_Europe_and_the_Permian-Triassic_Ecological_Crisis http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226333243_New_Tanystropheids_Reptilia_Archosauromorpha_from_the_Triassic_of_Europe https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf Prolacertidae Prolacerta (Prolacertid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38193 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1536664 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450940/ https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.170499 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app68/app010672023.pdf I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One surprising group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Parareptilia, also known as the Parareptiles. The Parareptiles were an ancient group of sauropsids that emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous 306 Million Years ago and are a sister taxon to Eureptilia. The Parareptiles reached their ecological zenith during the Permian with some becoming small aquatic predators while others like the Pareiasaurs became 9 foot long, 2,200 lbs herbivores. The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event decimated the group's initial diversity, but a few smaller and more generalist parareptiles survived the event and briefly diversified again before becoming extinct 201.3 Million Years ago at the end of the Triassic. Here’s a list of all currently known Parareptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Procolophonomorpha Procolophonidae Sauropareion (Procolophonid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-2247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139841 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314303_New_Information_on_the_Skull_of_the_Early_Triassic_Parareptile_Sauropareion_anoplus_with_a_Discussion_of_Tooth_Attachment_and_Replacement_in_Procolophonids Owenettidae Owenetta (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37521 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524219 Barasaurus (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37519 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event I hope you all found this helpful!!!

Hello, I have some bonebed material from: Gr. Gröningen Crailsheim, Germany Triassic, Ipper Muschelkalk. its a Nothosaur bone sticking out, but a small part is in another stone (piece broke before I acquired it). I tried to scratch it out, but that will takes ages and doesnt seem to look too good. I heard about acid prepping, would that be a good idea with this? Its similar stuff as: http://www.thefossilforum.com/topic/111818-lets-talk-blezingeria/ if so, how to go at this? Anyone has experience with this?

Hello, my friends. Several years ago I purchased this sample. Unfortunately, there was no information available for him. I found it interesting because of the center. I was hoping it might be a fern. Please help me identify it. Thank you Have a nice day

The Permian-Trassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic the and beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Tetracynodon, Promoschorhynchus, the Archosaur Proterosuchus, the Amphibian Broomistega, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But in the decimated realm of the Oceans, one resilient group of fish beat the odds and survived the extinction event...the Chondrichthyans!!! Both Ancient groups of Chondricthyans and the Ancestors of today's Sharks and Rays survived the Great Dying. The Chondricthyans's survival served a crucial role in establishing balance to the nearly destroyed Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, a role they still proudly and effectively play to the present day. In celebration of this group and to encourage greater respect, protection, and conservation these animals deserve, here's a list of all the currently known Chondricthyan genuses and families that survived the Permian-Trassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll the examples to the list promptly. Eugeneodontids Caseodus (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 306.95-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34451 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Fadenia (Eugeneodontid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 314.6-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34456 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552180_New_eugeneodontid_sharks_from_the_Lower_Triassic_Sulphur_Mountain_Formation_of_Western_Canada Ctenacanthiformes https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3669 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_2/8(2)mutter.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Listracanthidae Listracanthus (Listracanthid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 326.4-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151730 https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-271.pdf Falcatidae https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971?journalCode=ghbi20 Hybodontiformes Lissodus (Hybodontid) (Early Carboniferous-Late Cretaceous, 345.3-66 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34501 https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Omanoselache (Hybodontid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 268.0-221.5 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=262009 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01199.x https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=298243 http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34498 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2013ESR.pdf https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34500507/423991.pdf Xenacanthiformes Pleuracanthus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Middle Triassic, 314.6-235.0 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=209484 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/149235994.pdf Triodus (Xenacanthid) (Carboniferous-Late Triassic, 318.1-212.1 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=105053 https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/56/56_p0319_p0334.pdf Neoselachii Synechodus (Neoselachian) (Permian-Eocene, 296-41.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34673 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487527_Early_Permian_chondrichthyans_of_the_Middle_and_South_Urals https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/96918/Synn-veMoSaugen_MasterThesis.pdf?sequence=1 I hope you all find this list helpful!!!

i found this fossil of what could be a nautilus or a gastropod, i believe it is a nautilus as it doesnt grow along the sides like a snail because i have many gastropod fossils and it doesnt look like them

Found this ABSOLUTE GIANT of a clam or bivalve around flagstaff point wollongong, nsw and it has another medium sized bivalve in it. if anyone knows what it is that would be awesome.

Was recently digging for petrified wood just outside of Petrified Forest National Park (near Holbrook, Arizona). While most of the pieces I found were clearly petrified wood, river rocks, or composite material, this one piece has confounded me. I know there are plenty of other fossils in the area- I would love any help in identifying what this could be! In the images, I've added a credit card sized object for reference. Thanks so much.

some fossils ive found around the south coast, if you need location i can tell bryozoans, gastropods and more

Been ill so wandering around my tracks and saw this today. I have pestered Spencer with a million “no those are chirothere undertracks” but this I really wonder about. Remember it’s Middle Triassic so three toed tracks are rare or nonexistent depending on who you ask. Let me know what you think. The track above the rule is rotodactylus

Race to find world's oldest mammal fossils led to academic warfare in the 1970s PhysOrgCom, October 10, 2023 The open access paper is: Benton, M.J., Gill, P.G. and Whiteside, D.I., 2023. Finding the world’s oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, p.zlad089. Yours, Paul H.

I’ve made a lot of progress. I have one large main section and a smaller section that I still haven’t gotten connected up. The red circles are the manus (front) tracks that Dr Klein wanted me to be sure I got. I’m still digging out more tracks but the rocks have gotten smaller and more irregular. The individual pictures are what I’ve found in the last couple days. Dr Lucas is coming in September to take what he needs for his research

Hello everyone, and hope you've all had a good day so far. I am currently having a break after putting most of my bookcase together. Here are some fossil plants found in the Triassic layers of the Sydney Basin I would like identified if possible. As before, I would like the most specific identification possible, but don't mind genus or clade names if they'd be more accurate. I know the general location for these, so don't worry about that. If you need more photographs for a proper identification, I can take more in a couple of hours or tomorrow. Specimen 1: Shale plant fossil This fossil was found by a friend in the shale rock layer in the Northern Beaches region. This makes it Triassic in age. I read this document (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory-Retallack/publication/241677571_Geological_excursion_guide_to_the_sea_cliffs_north_of_Sydney/links/55d2119008ae0b8f3ef776a9/Geological-excursion-guide-to-the-sea-cliffs-north-of-Sydney.pdf) and after comparing the plant to various images on the document, I came to the conclusion that the plant was a specimen of the seed fern Dicroidium. Is this an accurate identification? Specimen 2: Plant Assortment This assortment of various plant fossils was found by another person I used to know in the Sydney Basin. I assume it is Triassic, as the vast majority of exposed sedimentary rocks in Sydney are of that age, although it might be Permian. I do not know the exact region. There seem to be multiple different plants on the slab, and they seem to be more poorly preserved than the shale layer plant. Does anyone know what they are? Also, do any of you have any tips for getting better images? If I take any more, I'll probably use my SLR camera, as my phone's camera is terrible. Thanks for the help! Edit: Changed the title to make it more obvious this is a new thread.

Hi. I just like some opinions regarding this Keichousaurus that I’m considering aquiring. It looks good to me apart from some instability in the plate. A second plate has been attached at the bottom for extra stability. Thanks for your help!

Hello everyone! First of all, I would like to publicly thank my friend Panayiotis for the amazing research he has done in order to locate the localities of this outcrop. Fast forward to the topic, the outcrop is a small section on a hill West of the main port of the island of Chios and represents one of the oldest Triassic ammonites of the Tethis sea. Similar outcrops are observed in Albania and in Turkey. According to C. Reinz, Marmarotrapeza formation*1, ranges between Lower Triassic (Olenkian) and Lowest part of the Middle Triassic (Early Anisian). The most important locality of the formation, is this small protrusion of Triassic rocks. If I understood well, the part closest to the north is Olenkian, and with direction to the south, the outcrop reaches up to lowest part of Anisian. There are more outcrops *2 of this formation in the island, one of which is described to be richer in cephalopods Since this place was a quarry for such a long time, a large amount of ammonites can be found on paved streets and on some mansion walls. The extraction from the formation is almost impossible, unless you use power tools. I personally took advantage of the debris caused by the quarring process. Here you can see some coring and stratigraphy This is probably ammonite sampling, correct me if I am wrong. (samples 89-169 layer?) The most common finds in situ were weathered cross sections. I collected a couple with the intention to polish them, hoping at least to define up to Genus. The greatest enemies of these fossils, are the weather and some goats that roam around. Their replacement is mostly calcite, so they are easily falling apart. I found some decent samples as well. The split euro coin has diameter of 1" This is the first block I started working, some orthoconic nautiloids, maybe Atractites sp. I cannot define the ammonite since no suture line is preserved and its size is quite small. Maybe a picture under a loop would help, but I still do not have one Here is whatever is left of a Leiophyllites sp Here is a decent find, which I believe it is Albanites sp. My woman tried to draw the suture line and according to the publications, the closest match was an Albanites sp. My visit was met with some criticism by the locals and there were publications in social media pages that were probably used as a pre election campaign, Bread and circuses aka panem et circenses. They even left the possibility that the collection is done with a financial benefit. Ridiculous... Or at least this is my very personal opinion of how I undestood their post... Nevertheless, two months before the elections, they have made some attempts to include this NOT PROTECTED and FREE TO COLLECT area as an UNESCO geosite. Lets see if they will remember it after the elections. The human memory is short. On the other side, I believe I rescued some ammonites that were either way left to decay from the mechanical corrosion of the weather elements. I have collected around 40 samples, most of them are average to poor quality, howerver, there are around 4-5 multiblocks with quite dense mortality. If I manage to prep them properly, I will update this topic with some nice speciments. The two problems I have to overcome are the hardness of this limestone and the tendency to be too sticky close to the fossil. I know that these are not top quality examples, yet there are some triassic nerds out there (like me of course) that crave to see such goodies. *1: Marmarotrapeza means Marmaro (Marble) + trapeza (Bank) and was a major source of marble for the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines). I think that this name was given to the formation by Ktenas and Renz, due to this historical fact, but might be wrong. *2: I managed to locate another outcrop that is lost in time, however I did not have time to explore it. Due to that fact, there is high chance to visit again the island, this time as a group.

Hello, I'm looking to purchase some more specimens and was really curious about this one. It is supposedly placochelys from China and Triassic. The price just seems way too low for a specimen such as this. All help is appreciated.

Hello everyone, Recently I visited a golf course in Falls Church, Virginia - Fairfax county for any who are not familiar with that particular city. I recognized that I was likely to be on Culpeper Basin strata and noticed that there were numerous decorative boulders around the course. Due to their size I suspected that they had probably been sourced locally, and I took the opportunity to see if any might contain fossils. Although many of the boulders matched the Balls Bluff Siltstone rocks that I have encountered in my local stream site, I knew it was a stretch to hope for fossils and I kept my eye out mostly for carbonized plant fragments. After a while, I came upon one boulder that did not look radically different from those I had seen before - until I took a closer look. The boulder contained abundant impressions of what appear to primarily be brachiopods but which could also include some bivalves. Below are some photographs that I took of some of the larger fossils: Impression #1: Looks to be a brachiopod impression though I am not experienced enough in this area to rule out bivalve. Impression #2: Brachiopod? at the top right of the photograph and assorted material. Impression #3: Impression #4: Impression #5: Additional photograph of the boulder (apologies for lack of scale): Since it was a boulder I could not collect the specimen. As such, I cannot take more photographs of the boulder. Considering the fauna present on the piece I highly doubt that it came from the Culpeper Basin - as far as I know Unio sp. is the only bivalve known from Culpeper strata and to my eye these more closely resemble brachiopods. If they are not from the Culpeper Basin, where might the rock have been sourced from? The nearest Devonian-aged formations are the Mahantango and Foreknobs formations with the Needmore Shale being a bit farther away. Do the fossils or the rock resemble what one might expect from one of these formations?