Search the Community

Hi I was wondering if anyone could help me identify some of the key anatomical features of the calyx of this crinoid (Apiocrinites elegans) and any anatomical features of this brachiopod (specimen unknown). I have trawled and searched but am having limited success so thought there might be a fair few people that would be able to lend a helping hand on here! cheers mark

Hello evereybody, I dont know if this is the right place to post this but I would be interested to learn more about mosasaur skull three-dimensional anatomy. Do someone know where it is possible to buy accurate mosasaur's skull cast? I am looking for something more educational than decorative and ideally not too big. I know that there are plenty of interesting stuffs on the web but from my experience in human medecine nothing is as good as a three-dimentional model to understand complex anatomical structure like the skull. Thanks for helping!

New detail of internal structure of trilobite eyes and implications of their location on the tree of life. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10459-8

Hi all, Need a little help identifying this bone from Bracklesham, UK. It measures about 1 inch long, should be Eocene age. Thanks in advance. Jay

Spixianaplacopbe033_0171-0194.pdf Illustrated summary of chiton terminology (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) Enrico Schwabe SPIXIANA 33 2 171–194 München, November 2010 ISSN 0341–8391

7 ft tall Three toed tracks Walks flat on its feet, not on the sides of its feet Three fingered claw marks Osteoderms in skin Ancestor of cloepus, not bradypus Found in North America (do any known ground sloths have a smaller tail or even no tail at all?)

Folke Borg On the body wall of Bryozoa Journal of Cell Science/1926/s2-70 *TAKES a deep BOW* very little of this great bryozoologist can be found online. Which is disappointing,he said ,with a great feeling for understatement borgfolke{jcelsciontogeindispensabodywall1926bryozo1923(watersharmervigeliu)phylog.pdf recommended If anyone knows of any other accessible(non paywalled)online pieces by him,please tell me (edit NOT counting his piece on the recent dulcaquicole bryozoa of the Sahara*) *seemingly: Fredericella and Membranipora

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204007

This was a really cool museum. I especially liked their selection of fish and marine reptiles. They also sported a largely complete tyrannosaurus skeleton, an Ammonite five feet tall and four feet wide, and a large completely intact mammoth. Pelagosaurus Typus A Mary Anning Icthyosaur (Two more were present) Plesiosaur Eryops A large fish (One of the Many on display) A perfectly preserved Crinoid The nicest ammonite (My opinion) Perfect spiral pattern And much more that we didn't get photos of........

I've always wondered what the 5 radial stripes on echinoids we're and what they do. Any urchin/sand dollar experts know? Polished Echie with the "stripes".

Found this channel on you tube when looking up ostrich anatomy and found the channel to be highly informative, hope its of some use to you good folk. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNkXywKzI3xvPt57OZwTRQw

This is the most recent complete list of trilobites described with appendages. Six trilobites have a complete record of the antennae and post-antennal limbs. table from: Zeng, H., Zhao, F., Yin, Z., & Zhu, M. (2017) Appendages of an early Cambrian metadoxidid trilobite from Yunnan, SW China support mandibulate affinities of trilobites and artiopods. Geological Magazine, 154(6):1306-1328 PDF LINK

With apologies to Steve Coogan lautwit

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since April 26, 2018. Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda General Theropoda General Theropoda - Africa/Middle East Fanti, F. and F. Therrien (2007). Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(1). Fanti, F., et al. (2014). Integrating palaeoecology and morphology in theropod diversity estimation: A case from the Aptian-Albian of Tunisia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 410. Galton, P.M. and R.E. Molnar (2012). An unusually large theropod dinosaur tooth from the Kirkwood Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of South Africa. N.Jb.Geol.Palaont.Abh., 263/1. Knoll, F. and J.I. Ruiz-Omenaca (2009). Theropod teeth from the basalmost Cretaceous of Anoual (Morocco) and their palaeobiogeographical significance. Geol.Mag., 146(4). Maganuco, S., A. Cau and G. Pasini (2005). First description of theropod remains from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Madagascar. Atti Soc.it.Sci.nat. Museo civ.Stor.nat. Milano, 146(II). Mateer, N.J. (1987). A New Report of a Theropod Dinosaur from South Africa. Palaeontology, Vol.30, Part 1. Niedźwiedzki, G. and G. Gierliński (2002). Isolated theropod teeth from the Cretaceous strata of Khouribga, Morocco. Geological Quarterly, 46(1). Novas, F.E., F. Dalla Vecchia and D.F. Pais (2005). Theropod pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, Africa. Rev.Mus. Argentino Cienc.Nat., n.s., 7(2). Rauhut, O.W.M. (2011). Theropod Dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania). Palaeontology, Special Papers in Palaeontology, 86. Ray, S. and A. Chinsamy (2002). A theropod tooth from the Late Triassic of southern Africa. J.Biosci., 27. Richter, U., A. Mudroch and L.G. Buckley (2012). Isolated theropod teeth from the Kem Kem Beds (Early Cenomanian) near Taouz, Morocco. Palaontol.Z., 87(2). (Author's personal copy) Sampson, S.D., et al. (1998). Predatory Dinosaur Remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Biogeography of Gondwana. Science, Vol.280. Serrano-Martinez, A., et al. (2016). Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61(2). Sereno, P.C., et al. (1996). Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science, Vol.272. General Theropoda - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Averianov, A.O. (2015). Frontal bones of non-avian theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-?Campanian) Bostobe Formation of the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Can.J. Earth Sci., 53. Averianov, A.O. (2007). Theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits in the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research, 28. Brusatte, S.L., R.B.J. Benson and X. Xu (2010). The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia. Journal of Iberian Geology, 36(2). Han, F., et al. (2011). Theropod Teeth from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Northwest Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31(1). Maisch, M.W. and A.T. Matzke (2003). Theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation of the Southern Junggar Basin, NW China. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 77(2). Mo, J.-Y. and X. Xu (2012). Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 53(1). Obsorn, H.F. (1924). Three New Theropoda, Protoceratops Zone, Central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, Number 144. Stilwell, J.D., et al. (2006). Dinosaur sanctuary on the Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific: First record of theropods from the K-T boundary, Takatika Grit. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230. Sues, H.-D. and A. Averianov (2013). Enigmatic teeth of small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Can.J. Earth Sci., 50. General Theropoda - Australia/New Zealand Benson, R.B.J., et al. (2012). Theropod Fauna from Southern Australia Indicates High Polar Diversity and Climate-Driven Dinosaur Provinciality. PLoS ONE, 7(5). Long, J.A. (1995). A theropod dinosaur bone from the Late Cretaceous Molecap Greensand, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 17. Long, J.A. and A.R.I. Cruickshank (1996). First record of an Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur bone from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 18. Molnar, R.E., J. Wiffen and B. Hayes (1998). A probable theropod bone from the latest Jurassic of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, Vol.41. Thulborn, T. (1998). Australia's Earliest Theropods: Footprint Evidence in the Ipswich Coal Measures (Upper Triassic) of Queensland. GAIA, Number 15. General Theropoda - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Averianov, A.O. and A.A. Yarkov (2004). Carnivorous Dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Maastrichtian of the Volga-Don Interfluve, Russia. Paleontological Journal, Vol.38, Number 1. Canudo, J.I., et al. (2006). A metatheropod tooth from the late Tithonian-middle Berriasian (Jurassic-Cretaceous transition) of Galve (Aragon, NE Spain). N.Jb.Geol.Palaont. Abh., 239(1). Csiki, Z. and D. Grigorescu (1998). Small Theropods from the Late Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin (Western Romania) - An Unexpected Diversity at the Top of the Food Chain. Oryctos, Vol.1. Delsate, D. and M.D. Ezcurra (2014). The first Early Jurassic (late Hettangian) theropod dinosaur remains from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica, 17/2. Ezcuerra, R., et al. (2007). Were non-avian theropod dinosaurs able to swim? Supportive evidence from an Early Cretaceous trackway, Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Geology, Vol.35, Number 6. Gerke, O. and O. Wings (2016). Multivariate and Cladistic Analysis of Isolated Teeth Reveal Sympatry of Theropod Dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic of Northern Germany. PLoS ONE, 11(7). (Thanks to Troodon for finding this one!) Knoll, F., E. Buffetaut and M. Bulow (1999). A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France): osteology and palaeoneurology. Bull.Soc.geol. France, Vol.170, Number 1. Lindgren, J., et al. (2008). Theropod dinosaur teeth from the lowermost Cretaceous Rabekke Formation on Bornholm, Denmark. Geobios, 41. Madzia, D. (2014). The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59(4). Mateus, I., et al. (1998). Upper Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur embryos from Lourinhã (Portugal). Memorias da Academia de Ciencias de Lisboa, Vol.37. Mateus, O., A. Walen and M.T. Antunes (2006). The Large Theropod Fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its Similarity to the Morrison Formation, With a Description of a New Species of Allosaurus. In: Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 36. Naish, D. (1999). Theropod dinosaur diversity and palaeobiology in the Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous) of England: evidence from a previously undescribed tibia. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 78. Rauhut, O.W.M. and A. Hungerbühler (1998). A Review of European Triassic Theropods. GAIA, Number 15. Rauhut, O.W.M. and J. Kriwet (1994). Teeth of a big Theropod Dinosaur from Porto das Barcas (Portugal). Berliner geowiss. Abh., E 13. Rauhut, O.W.M., et al. (2018). The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain. PeerJ, 6:e4963. (36.3MB) (Thanks to Troodon for finding this one!) Ribeiro, V, et al. (2014). Two new theropod egg sites from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Portugal. Historical Biology, Vol.26, Number 2. Sanguino, F. (2018). The Mesozoic Record of Iberian Theropods. Torices, A., et al. (2015). Theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of the South Pyrenees Basin of Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(3). Zinke, J. and O.W.M. Rauhut (1994). Small theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Berliner geowiss. Abh., E 13. General Theropoda - North America Brownstein, C. (2018). Theropod hindlimbs with feeding and other traces reveal ecosystem dynamics in the Maastrichtian of eastern North America. PeerJ Preprints. (Not peer-reviewed) Dalman, S.G. (2014). New data on small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA. Volumina Jurassica, XII(2). Fiorillo, A.R. and R.A. Gangloff (2000). Theropod Teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of Northern Alaska, With Speculations on Arctic Dinosaur Paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(4). Fiorillo, A.R. and P.J. Currie (1994). Theropod Teeth from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of South-Central Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(1). Gates, T.A., L.E. Zanno and P.J. Mackovicky (2015). Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(1). Henderson, D.M. (1998). Skull and Tooth Morphology as Indicators of Niche Partitioning in Sympatric Morrison Formation Theropods. Gaia, Number 15. Kundrat, M. (2004). When Did Theropods Become Feathered? - Evidence for Pre-Archaeopteryx Feathery Appendages. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol), 302B. Krumenacker, L.J., et al. (2015). Theropod dinosaurs from the Albian-Cenomanian Wayan Formation of eastern Idaho. Historical Biology, 2015. Larson, D.W. (2008). Diversity and variation of theropod dinosaur teeth from the uppermost Santonian Milk River Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta: a quantitative method supporting identification of the oldest dinosaur tooth assemblage in Canada. Can.J. Earth Sci., 45. Paul, G.S. (1988). Small Predatory Dinosaurs of the Mid-Mesozoic: The Horned Theropods of the Morrison and Great Oolite - Ornitholestes and Proceratosaurus - and the Sickle-Claw Theropods of the Cloverly, Djadokhta and Judith River - Deinonychus, Velociraptor and Saurornitholestes. Hunteria, Vol.2, Number 4. Sankey, J.T., et al. (2002). Small Theropod and Bird Teeth from the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. J.Paleont., 76(4). Sarigul, V. (2017). New Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity. PaleoBios, 34. Wick, S.L., T.M. Lehman and A.A. Brink (2015). A theropod tooth assemblage from the lower Aguja Formation (early Campanian) of West Texas, and the roles of small theropod and varanoid lizard mesopredators in a tropical predator guild. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 418. Williamson, T.E. and S.L. Brusatte (2014). Small Theropod Teeth from the Late Cretaceous of the San Juan Basin, Northwestern New Mexico and Their Implications for Understanding Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Evolution. PLoS ONE, 9(4). Zanno, L.E., et al. (2013). 22. Late Cretaceous Theropod Dinosaurs of Southern Utah. In: At the top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of southern Utah. Titus, A.L. and M.A. Loewen (eds.), Indiana University Press, Indianapolis. Zanno, L.E., et al. (2010). A Preliminary Report on the Theropod Dinosaur Fauna of the Late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. In: Learning from the Land, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Science Symposium Proceedings. Eaton, M. (ed.), Grand Staircase-Escalante Partners, Kanab, Utah. General Theropoda - South America/Central America/Caribbean Canale, J.I., et al. (2017). The oldest theropods from the Neuquen Basin: Predatory dinosaur diversity from the Bajada Colorada Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Berriasian-Valanginian), Neuquen, Argentina. Cretaceous Research, 71. Candeiro, C.R.A., P.J. Currie and L.P. Bergqvist (2012). Theropod teeth from the Marília Formation (Late Maastrichtian) at the paleontological site of Peirópolis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, Vol.42(2). Ezcurra, M.D. (2009). Theropod remains from the uppermost Cretaceous of Colombia and their implications for the palaeozoogeography of western Gondwana. Cretaceous Research, 30. (Author's personal copy) Ezcurra, M.D. and F.E. Novas (2016). Theropod dinosaurs from Argentina. Machado, E.B., D. de A. Campos and A.W.A. Kellner (2008). On a theropod scapula (Upper Cretaceous) from the Marilia Formation, Bauru Group, Brazil. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 82/3. Motta, M.J., et al. (2016). New Theropod Fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In: Cretaceous Period: Biotic Diversity and Biogeography. Khosla, A. and S.G. Lucas (eds.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 71. Novas, F.E., et al. (2013). Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia. Cretaceous Research, xxx. (Article in press) Rauhut, O.W.M. (2007). A fragmentary theropod skull from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana, 44(2). General Theropoda Barsbold, R. (1983). "Avian" Features in the Morphology of Predatory Dinosaurs. Transactions of the Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, 24. Barta, D.E., S.J. Nesbitt and M.A. Norell (2017). The evolution of the manus of early theropod dinosaurs is characterized by high inter- and intraspecific variation. Journal of Anatomy (2017). (Thanks to Troodon for finding this one!) Benson, R.B.J., et al. (2012). Air-filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the 'reptile'-bird transition. Biological Reviews, 87. Bishop, P.J., et al. (2018). The influence of speed and size on avian terrestrial locomotor biomechanics: Predicting locomotion in extinct theropod dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 13(2). Brink, K.S., et al. (2015). Developmental and evolutionary novelty in the serrated teeth of theropod dinosaurs. Scientific Reports, 5:12338. (Thanks to doushantuo for finding this one!) Carpenter, K. (2002). Forelimb Biomechanics of Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs in Predation. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 82(1). Carpenter, K. (1998). Evidence of Predatory Behavior by Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Gaia, Number 15. Christiansen, P. (1998). Strength Indicator Values of Theropod Long Bones, With Comments on Limb Proportions and Cursorial Potential. Gaia, Number 15. Christiansen, P. and R.A. Farina (2004). Mass Prediction in Theropod Dinosaurs. Historical Biology, Vol.16(2-4). Chure, D.J. (1998). On the Orbit of Theropod Dinosaurs. Gaia, Number 15. Farlow, J.O. and E.R. Pianka (2002). Body Size Overlap, Habitat Partitioning and Living Space Requirements of Terrestrial Vertebrate Predators: Implications for the Paleoecology of Large Theropod Dinosaurs. Historical Biology, Vol.16(1). Farlow, J.O., et al. (2000). Theropod Locomotion. Amer.Zool., 40. Foth, C. and O.W.M. Rauhut (2013). Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: A morphometric approach. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58(1). Gatesy, S.M. (1990). Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology, 16(2). Gatesy, S.M., M. Baker and J.R. Hutchinson (2009). Constraint-Based Exclusion of Limb Poses for Reconstructing Theropod Dinosaur Locomotion. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(2). Gatesy, S.M., et al. (1999). Three-dimensional preservation of foot movements in Triassic theropod dinosaurs. Nature (Letters), Vol.399. Gilmore, C.W. (1920). Osteology of the Carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, With Special Reference to the Genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum, Bulletin 110. (213 pages) Griffin, C.T. (2018). Developmental patterns and variation among early theropods. J.Anat., 232. Heckert, A.B. and S.G. Lucas (1998). Global Correlation of the Triassic Theropod Record. GAIA, Number 15. Hendrickx, C. and O. Mateus (2012). Ontogenetical changes in the quadrates of basal tetanurans. Hendrickx, C., Araujo, R. and O. Mateus (2015). The non-avian theropod quadrate I: standardized terminology with an overview of the anatomy and function. PeerJ, 3:e1245. Hendrickx, C., O. Mateus and R. Araujo (2015). A Proposed Terminology of Theropod Teeth (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e982797. Hendrickx, C., S.A. Hartman and O. Mateus (2015). An Overview of Non-Avian Theropod Discoveries and Classification. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12,1. Holtz, T.R. (1998). A New Phylogeny of the Carnivorous Dinosaurs. GAIA, Number 15. Holtz, T.R. (1998). Theropod Paleobiology, More Than Just Bird Origins. GAIA, Number 15. Holtz, T.R. (1994). The Arctometatarsalian Pes, an Unusual Structure of the Metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(4). Hone, D.W.E. (2010). Dinosaurs of a Feather. BCAS, Vol.24, Number 2. Hone, D.W.E. and O.W.M. Rauhut (2010). Feeding behaviour and bone utilization by theropod dinosaurs. Lethaia, Vol.43. Hopson, J.A. (2001). Ecomorphology of avian and non-avian theropod phalangeal proportions: Implications for the arboreal versus terrestrial origin of bird flight. In: New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Gauthier, J. and L.F.Gall (eds.), Peabody Mus.Nat.Hist., Yale Univ. Hutchinson, J.R. and V. Allen (2008). The evolutionary continuum of limb function from early theropods to birds. Naturwissenschaften. Kambic, R.E. (2008). Multivariate Analysis of Avian and Non-Avian Theropod Pedal Phalanges. Masters Thesis - Montana State University, Bozeman. (100 pages) Kane, A., et al. (2016). Body Size as a Driver of Scavenging in Theropod Dinosaurs. The American Naturalist, Vol.187, Number 6. Larson, D.W. and P.J. Currie (2013). Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time. PLoS ONE, 8(1). Larson, P.L. (1998). The Theropod Reproductive System. Gaia, Number 15. Larsson, H.C.E., P.C. Sereno and J.A. Wilson (2000). Forebrain Enlargement Among Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(3). Lautenschlager, S., et al. (2013). Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs. PNAS, Vol.119, Number 51. Middleton, K.M. and S.M. Gatesy (2000). Theropod forelimb design and evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 128. Nesbitt, S.J., et al. (2009). The Theropod Furcula. Journal of Morphology, 000-000. O'Connor, P.M. and L.P.A.M. Claessens (2005). Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Nature, Vol.436|14. Padian, K., J.R. Hutchinson and T.R. Holtz (1999). Phylogenetic Definitions and Nomenclature of the Major Taxonomic Categories of the Carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1). Pittman, M., et al. (2013). Shake a Tail Feather: The Evolution of the Theropod Tail into a Stiff Aerodynamic Surface. PLoS ONE, 8(5). Quick, D.E. and J.A. Ruben (2009). Cardio-Pulmonary Anatomy in Theropod Dinosaurs: Implications from Extant Archosaurs. Journal of Morphology, 270. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2007). The myth of the conservative character: braincase characters in theropod phylogenies. Hallesches Jahrb.Geowiss., Vol.23. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2003). The Interrelationships and Evolution of Basal Theropod Dinosaurs. The Palaeontological Society, Special Papers in Palaeontology Number 69. (214 pages) Rayfield, E.J. (2005). Using Finite-Element Analysis to Investigate Suture Morphology: A Case Study Using Large Carnivorous Dinosaurs. The Anatomical Record Part A, 283A. Rothschild, B. and D.H. Tanke (2005). 18. Theropod Paleopathology: State-of-the-Art Review. In: The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Carpenter, K. (ed.), Indiana University Press. Ruben, J.A., et al. (1999). Pulmonary Function and Metabolic Physiology of Theropod Dinosaurs. Science (Reports), Vol.283. Schmerge, J.D. and B.M. Rothschild (2016). Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988. Cretaceous Research, 61. Senter, P. (2006). Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 51(2). Smith, J.B., D.R. Vann and P. Dodson (2005). Dental Morphology and Variations in Theropod Dinosaurs: Implications for the Taxonomic Identification of Isolated Teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A, 285A. Snively, E. (2012). Rigid Body Mechanics of Prey Capture in Large Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Masters Thesis - Ohio University. Stevens, K.A. (2006). Binocular Vision in Theropod Dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(2). Tanke, D.H. and P.J. Currie (1998). Head-Biting Behavior in Theropod Dinosaurs: Paleopathological Evidence. Gaia, Number 15. Tarsitano, S. (1983). Stance and Gait in Theropod Dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol.28, Numbers 1-2. Therrien, F. and D.M. Henderson (2007). My Theropod is Bigger Than Yours...or Not: Estimating Body Size from Skull Length in Theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(1). Therrien, F., D.M. Henderson and C.B. Ruff (2005). 10. Bite Me. Biomechanical Models of Theropod Mandibles and Implications for Feeding Behavior. In: The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Carpenter, K. (ed.), Indiana University Press. Torices, A., et al. (2018). Puncture-and-Pull Biomechanics in the Teeth of Predatory Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs. Current Biology, 28. (Thanks to Troodon for locating this one!) White, M.A. (2009). The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs. Alcheringa, 33. Wilson, J.P., et al. (2016). Vertebral Adaptations to Large Body Size in Theropod Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 11(7). Zanno, L.E. and P.J. Makovicky (2011). Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution. PNAS, Vol.108, Number 1. Zelenitsky, D.K. (2006). Reproductive Traits of Non-Avian Theropods. J.Paleont.Soc. Korea, Vol.22, Number 1.

Hi all! Under the presumption these are echinoderm I've been searching for anatomical features, particularly disarticulated crinoid and archaeocidaris of which both are plentiful in the matrix. In my searching I've been unable to find anything that even remotely resembles these pieces. Any input is much appreciated. Plattsburg fm. - Hickory Creek sh. I attached a group photo of some of them I found, followed by 4 select specimens showing each side front and back. For scale, field of view is ~1cm. Group shot Front Back Front Back Front Back Front Back Thank you all!

unreservedly recommended by me Pricecolumelgastrop(BUSYCON)functmorphconchbiomineralizBull.pdf

If anybody has read any Shubin,Clack,Coates,etc:this is indispensable,IMHO dioja37592.pdf wonderful coloured diagrams in this one,this is one of them

Manning et al 2009 Dromaeosaur claws.pdf outtake: avoid when allergic to splines,meshes,trusses,and other modelling

A carnivorous sponge. "Spongezilla" came to my mind. chonporifbathymel 2012.pdf

I thought this held some inherent interest,because of its rarity callceph_jaws.pdf

From BdSPI: 2015 piscscutescaleosteodintegumGarbelTintor.pdf

From 1895,and in German,but hey,oak leaves (recent and fossil) never looked better than in this monograph vonEttingshausen

This might be useful. Is it complete,is it any good? if you stumble acros that one annoying term that keeps you from reading further.... Does anyone know of something comparable,BTW? http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=onlinedictinvertzoology EDIT: ok did a little test anderidia:not in there synapticulotheca: not in there Do I know these words? Yes,i do,and probably everybody else here interested in brachs or corals come to think of it:anderidia mayby just in fossil brachiopoda? Maybe i'm being too harsh edit two: matrotrophy: not in there

Structures like these are inherently interesting... Na& Pern 2014 cassohibilogy, evolution.pdf

classic piece,enjoy NB:LARGE FILE http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/280/970/1.full.pdf link expires nov. 6th