Search the Community

I have two mandibles from Asia probably Siberia that I need help IDing. #1 is a hair over 4" and the most complete tooth has a pointed premolar. #2 is 6 1/2" and all the teeth are complete besides the first molar. It looks very similar to some deer mandibles I have but the teeth are twice the height and half the width. Thank you for looking! #1

Dzik_Phong_2016_Stratigraphy.pdf Dating of Cambrian–Ordovician boundary strata in northernmost Vietnam and methodological aspects of evolutionary biostratigraphic inference Jerzy Dzik and Nguyen Duc Phong Stratigraphy, vol. 13, no. 2, text-figures 1–5, pages 83–93, 2016 less than 2 Mb

lagersta Early Jurassic basal sauropodomorpha dominated tracks from Guizhou,China: Morphology, ethology, and paleoenvironment Lida Xing, Martin G. Lockley , Dongjie Tang, Hendrik Klein , Guangzhao Peng Geoscience Frontiers 10,2019 8,05 Mb

This is an Oviraptor egg, Eastern Asia, 60% eggshell coverage. 80 million years old. It seems authentic to me, but I’m not an expert. Do you believe that this is authentic (and definitely an Oviraptor egg)? Also is this is a quality specimen? Thanks

Hello, does anyone know if there are any great fossil hunting sites in Asia? I'm going to Chiang Mai, Thailand this summer for a week, will be happy to know if there is some. Other fossil hunting sites in Asia countries are also welcomed. By the way, are there any marvelous natural history/ fossil museums in Thailand?

VERY HIGHLY ,nay,UNRESERVEDLY recommended,3,2 Mb This is for all those who are interestested (almost said "this is dedicated to all those interested" in the earliest history of (multicellular) animals!!!!!!!!!! in Earths earliest biota... myanknollszieparamNaturellular_eukaryotes_from_the_.pdf Give it a go, because Zhu and Knoll do know their paleobiology. I would NOT be far wrong in saying that now that Martin Brasier is no longer with us, Knoll is one of the biggest names in "early earth/astrobiology".

My wife obtained this in China about 10-15 years ago. It was said to be from Tibet?? Can anyone here tell us more about it? It weighs 5.6 lbs. It's 10" tall and 5 1/2" across at the widest point. The insect is 2 1/2" across.

dagrimaldiCretacTropiclLizard2016.pdf HIGHLY recommended*,for reasons that will become immediately obvious Less than 2,0 Mb *the why of it: 1)simple esthetics(extremely pleasing(I think)photographic coverage) 2)the style of preservation,with concurrent implications for,e.g.phylogeny) below:the least interesting illustration

gamberwebetholpredat2018natossil.pdf

Hi all, I am noticing an increasing number of sellers (especially those based in Asia) who advertise on Facebook, Instagram, WeChat and other social media instead of eBay. Unfortunately, many of them do not use Paypal. As you know, not every payment platform has buyer protection. To protect yourself, please carry out these checks: 1) Find out why the seller doesn't use Paypal. Is it for a legitimate reason? E.g. a Lebanese seller can't use Paypal as it's restricted there. Mainland China sellers apparently, CAN use Paypal, so take extra care if they refuse to use it. 2) Check the seller's track records. Ask friends and trusted collectors if any of them have ever made successful dealings with the seller. 3) Beware of similar photos on multiple platforms. Scammers sometimes create fake profiles that look just like a legitimate dealer, and steal their pictures as well. Perform background checks. Don't just assume that a dealer has multiple accounts, FIND OUT. Message him on his separate accounts (e.g. Facebook and eBay) and see if he notices. 4) Beware of non-Paypal platforms such as AliPay, WeChat and Western Union etc. There is little-to-no buyer protection on them. Don't send your money over unless you are absolutely sure of this deal. 5) Ask questions! Does the dealer know what shipping to use? Can the dealer take multiple photos of the fossil for you at specific angles you request? Is the dealer evasive with his answers? Is the deal too good to be true? There is no such thing as too much checking. 6) Be objective. It doesn't matter how friendly a dealer is. He could be the friendliest man on the planet, asking you about your family and work, laughing at your jokes, liking all your pictures. Most of the time, all they want is your money. Dealers who genuinely want to be your friend are rare gems, and worth holding on to. 7) Facebook mutual friends / Instagram followers doesn't matter. Scammers can make attractive accounts and add a thousand friends just to look trustworthy. I've seen a scammer FB account that shared over 100 mutual friends with me. 8) Does your credit card protect you? Assuming the dealer is sketchy, but you are somewhat sure of this deal, find out if your credit card/bank can protect you if this is a scam. Take note that AliPay doesn't work with many major credit cards. 9) If all else fails, demand Paypal. If the dealer genuinely wants business, and he operates in a country with Paypal, then it's in his best interest to use Paypal. Remember - great fossils appear every other day. Is this deal so special as to be worth the risk you're taking? Lastly, don't forget to post some pictures here at TFF; there are many experts here more than willing to share their expertise. Good luck!

FumegtCORRECTEDPROOF (1).pdf given the roster of authors and the source publication:HIGHLY recommended/about 2,9 Mb One new avimimid named figs 1 & 12 are a hoot, and pretty useful. Cranial & postcranial material ,BTW

nasdalgemmolmineralopetrography919.pdf

The Chinese colossus: an evaluation of the phylogeny of Ruyangosaurus giganteus and its implications for titanosaur evolution by Nima Sassani and Gunnar Tyler Bivens. here

mushex Fossil mushrooms are rare.... Documentationwise: 10 out of 10

As crania go,a reasonably well preserved specimen barretyunnannosaudinosaujurasj.1096-3642.2007.00290.x.pdf

Some of you might enjoy this one. NB large download,about 90 Mb I enjoyed coming across this one,folks. It's monumental,in more than one sense of the word. Rich

This came as a pleasant surprise. I was going through some shells collected from years ago, and when I was done, I saw that some sand has fallen off, probably from inside a gastropod. Among the sand was this ammonite, only 2mm in length. I don't know which shell it came off, or where it may be from. Most of my shells are from Hong Kong, but I have also collected in several other East Asian countries. I have read that Sulciferites hongkongensis, Coroniceras sp., and Arietites sp. have been found in Hong Kong, but don't know whether there are other species. I also found this passage from page 427 of "Biostratigraphy of China" on Google Books which might be relevant: Might it be possible to narrow down the ID or age from the pictures? Thanks in advance!

an oldie,by a famous name Mojs NB: LARGE download AS usual with old (19th century)monographs,the plates are absolutley horrible to look at

reasonably new,don't know if it's been posted yet http://www.pnas.org/content/113/13/3447.full.pdf

Your saying did I read the Topic correctly? Uzbekistan? Where is that? Is that a country? Dinosaurs were there? Well yes to all those questions. First: where is it? well its in Central Asia next to Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. I'm sure that clarifies the locality In case your still scratching your head here is a map of the region On the map all of the Dinosaurs in this post come from the Kyzyl Kum Desert. I highlighted the area on the map with two red lines. The area is quite difficult to collect but if you dare quite productive for Dinosaur fossils and meteorites. Here are a few pictures of the area. No its not me in the pictures I'm not that crazy. The Dinosaurs from this area are poorly understood but there has been some study done in Russia. An excellent paper of this area is: Dinosaurs of Northern Eurasia: New Data About Assemblages, Ecology and Paleobiogeography by L Nessov published in 1995 and then translated into English. Unfortunately I cannot find the paper with the plate so no images. Specifics: Age: Cenomanian - Turonian (94.3-89.3mya) Bissekty Formation in the Kyzyl Kum Desert. Navoi Region My collection will begin with a number of Therizinosaurus hand claws. Most of you may not be familiar with this dinosaur. Its one of the most interesting ones ever to exist and paleontologists are still trying to understand it.. It begins its existence in the early cretaceous as a meat eating predator about 4 meters long and ends its reign at the end of the cretaceous as a giant 10 meter long herbivore with gigantic meter long claws on their hands. Quite a transformation, wish I had some of those claws. Great reference : Therizinosaur : mystery of the Sickle-claw dinosaur by the Museum in Northern Arizona. Only $10 The first group of pictures all all Therizinosaur hand claws. more to follow:

Hey all, I might be going on a trip to Japan next year and I was wondering if anyone knew of any good spots near Tokyo? I would really love to get my hands on some Japanese fossils! thanks all!

Hello everyone! Its been a while since I've been on TFF, mostly just due to being busy with non fossil related work and not getting out in the field much. I've gone on a few hunts but haven't really come across anything too spectacular recently. Hopefully though thats all about to change! For the past year or so my girlfriend and I have been planning a trip around the world, starting this upcoming July 6th. We're going to be backpacking, camping, fishing, immersing ourselves in new cultures, and doing as much fossil hunting as we possibly can. We'll mostly be relying on our tent, friends, family, couchsurfers, and hostels for places to stay. We've done a ton a research about what we're gonna do, and are getting really excited! We'll be landing in the UK from the east coast of the US, then heading over to Belgium for a couple weeks. Hopefully we'll come across a few shark teeth. Then its back to the UK from late July to October, heading up through Scotland, then into Ireland, then back into southern England. We then head over to Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, then a ferry over to Italy, then Greece, and then on to many more countries afterwards. I've had a love for paleontology since my early childhood, and have read up quite a bit on European fossil localities, but I really only still have a vague picture of what looking for fossils is like in Europe, Africa, and Asia. I'm posting this on the Fossil Forum in the hopes that I can get some general advice, maybe hear a story or two, and maybe even meet up and do some hunting with a forum member or two. Our schedule is very flexible, and both my girlfriend and I would love to hang out and share stories with other fossil hunters from around the world. I'll also be bringing a huge bag of southern California shark teeth to trade and give out along the way As we travel and look for fossils we'll make sure to take lots of photos and post the most interesting finds we come across here in this post. Thanks, Joseph and Katherine

With regards to early studies of the geographic origins of mankind's relatives, it's important to know that Australopithecus was discovered two years after Roy Chapman Andrews went to Mongolia to try to find the earliest human ancestors. I know that Andrews never found early human ancestors in Mongolia and Australopithecus is three million years older than any of the early human beings discovered before Andrews' expedition to Mongolia, but Andrews and Osborn did not expect a human relative to be found in Africa. Would Andrews have considered the possibility of Africa being the cradle of mankind if he didn't find human ancestors in Africa? Did Osborn and Andrews ever change their mind about the geographic origin of mankind after hearing about the discovery of Paranthropus and other early human relatives in Africa in the 1930s?

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since August 3, 2018. Asian Faunas (by country) China China - Ediacaran Borjigin, T., et al. (2014). Nano-Scale Spheroids and Fossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in China. The Open Paleontology Journal, 5. Chen, J.-Y., et al. (2000). Precambrian animal diversity: Putative phosphatized embryos from the Doushantuo Formation of China. PNAS, Vol.97, Number 9. Lu, M., M.-Y. Zhu and F.-C. Zhao (2012). Revisiting the Tianjiayuanzi section - the stratotype section of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Yangtze Gorges, South China. Bulletin of Geosciences, 87(1). McFadden, K.A. (2008). Integrated High-resolution Stratigraphy of the Doushantuo Formation, South China. Ph.D. Dissertation - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (165 pages) McFadden, K.A., et al. (2008). Pulsed oxidation and biological evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. PNAS, Vol.105, Number 9. Yuan, X., et al. (2011). An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes. Nature, Vol.470. Zhang, S., et al. (2015). New paleomagnetic results from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China and their paleogeographic implications. Precambrian Research, 259. China - Cambrian Chen, J., et al. (2007). Early Cambrian Yangtze Plate Maotianshan Shale macrofauna biodiversity and the evolution of predation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254. Clausen, S., et al. (2010). The absence of echinoderms from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna of China: Palaeoecological and palaeogeographical implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 294. Hagadorn, J.W. (2002). 3. Chengjiang: Early Record of the Cambrian Explosion. Han, J., et al. (2006). Preliminary notes on soft-bodied fossil concentrations from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits. Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol.51, Number 20. Hu, S.-X., et al. (2010). Biodiversity and taphonomy of the Early Cambrian Guanshan biota, eastern Yunnan. Science China - Earth Sciences, Vol.53, Number 12. Hu, S.-X., et al. (2007). Diverse pelagic predators from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte and the establishment of modern-style pelagic ecosystems in the early Cambrian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254. Lin, J.-P., et al. (2010). Bioturbation in Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten - Case study of trace fossil-body fossil association from the Kaili Biota (Cambrian Series 3), Guizhou, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 292. Liu, J., et al. (2012). New occurrence of the Cambrian (Stage 4, Series 2) Guanshan Biota in Huize, Yunnan, South China. Bulletin of Geosciences, 87(1). Shu, D-G., et al. (1999). Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, Vol.402-4. Steiner, M., et al. (2005). Lower Cambrian Burgess Shale-type fossil associations of South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeogeography, 220. Weber, B., et al. (2012). A diverse ichnofauna from the Cambrian Stage 4 Wulongqing Formation near Kunming (Yunnan Province, South China). Bulletin of Geosciences, 87(1). Zhang, X.L. and H. Hong (2005). Soft-bodied fossils from the Shipai Formation, Lower Cambrian of the Three Gorges area, South China. Geol.Mag., 142(6). Zhang, X.L., W. Liu and Y.L. Zhao (2008). Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China: Distribution and significance. Gondwana Research, 14. Zhao, F.-C., M.-Y. Zhu and S.-X. Hu (2010). Community structure and composition of the Cambrian Chengjiang biota. Science China - Earth Sciences, Vol.53, Number 12. Zhao, Y.L., et al. (2010). Kaili Biota: A Taphonomic Window on Diversification of Metazoans from the basal Middle Cambrian: Guizhou, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, Vol.79, Number 6. Zhu, M.-Y., J.-M. Zhang and G.-X. Li (2001). Sedimentary Environments of the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota: Sedimentology of the Yu'anshan Formation in Chengjiang County, Eastern Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 40(Sup.). China - Silurian Zhao, W.-J. and M. Zhu (2009). Siluro-Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography of China. Palaeoworld, xxx. China - Devonian Shitao, W. and S. Turner (1985). Vertebrate Microfossils of the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary, Muhua Section, Guizhou Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XXIII, Number 3. Zhao, W.-J. and M. Zhu (2009). Siluro-Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography of China. Palaeoworld, xxx. China - Permian Chen, Z.-Q., et al. (2015). Complete biotic and sedimentary records of the Permian-Triassic transition from Meishan section, south China: Ecologically assessing mass extinction and its aftermath. Earth-Science Reviews, 149. Isozaki, Y., et al. (2004). Stratigraphy of the Middle-Upper Permian and Lowermost Triassic at Chaotian, Sichuan, China. Proc. Japan Acad., 80, Ser.B. Shen, S.-Z., et al. (2006). Permian stratigraphy and correlation of Northeast China: A review. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26. Wartes, M.A., et al. (2000). Permian Lacustrine Deposits of Northwest China. In: Lake basins through space and time. Gierlowski-Kordesch, E.H. and K.R. Kelts (eds.), AAPG Studies in Geology, 46. Yan, J. and Z. Ma (2008). Subdivision of Permian Fossil Communities and Habitat Types in Northeast Sichuan, South China. Journal of China University of Geosciences, Vol. 19, Number 5. China - Triassic Isozaki, Y., et al. (2004). Stratigraphy of the Middle-Upper Permian and Lowermost Triassic at Chaotian, Sichuan, China. Proc. Japan Acad., 80, Ser.B. Komatsu, T., H. Dang Tran and J.-H. Chen (2006). Depositional Environments and Fossil Bivalves in the Lowermost Parts of the Triassic Systems in North Vietnam and South China. Journal of Geography, 115(4). Li, C. (2010). Amazing Reptile Fossils from the Marine Triassic of China. BCAS, Vol.24, Number 2. Li, J.-L., J. Liu and C. Li Triassic marine reptiles from China. Albertiana, 26. Lucas, S.G. (1993). Vertebrate Biochronology of the Triassic of China. In: The Nonmarine Triassic. Lucas, S.G. and M. Morales (eds.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin Number 3. Wang, X., et al. (2009). The Triassic Guanling fossil Group - A key GeoPark from a barren mountain, Guizhou Province, China. Carnets de Geologie, Book 2009/03, Chapter 2. China - Cretaceous Rogers, C.S., et al. (2015). The Chinese Pompeii? Death and destruction of dinosaurs in the Early Cretaceous of Lujiatun, NE China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 427. Tang, F., et al. (2001). Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the dinosaur-bearing sediments in Lower Cretaceous of Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. Cretaceous Research, 22. China - Paleocene Bowen, G.J., et al. (2005). Age and Correlation of Fossiliferous Late Paleocene - Early Eocene Strata of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. American Museum Novitates, Number 3474. Chow, M.M., et al. (1977). Paleocene mammalian fauna from the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province. Paleontologica Sinica, New Series C, Whole Number 153, Vol.20. Missiaen, P. and T. Smith (2008). The Gashatan (late Paleocene) mammal fauna from Subeng, Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53(3). Ting, S., et al. (2003). Biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic study across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Hengyang Valley, Hunan, China. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 369. China - Eocene Chow, M.M. (1957). On Some Eocene and Oligocene Mammals from Kwangsi and Yunnan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(3). Matthew, W.D. and W. Granger (1925). New Mammals from the Irdin Manha Eocene of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, Number 198. Matthew, W.D. and W. Granger (1925). New Mammals from the Shara Murun Eocene of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, Number 196. Matthew, W.D. and W. Granger (1925). Fauna and Correlation of the Gashato Formation of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, Number 189. Meng, J., J. Ye and X.S. Huang (1999). Eocene Mammals from the Bayan Ulan of Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) and Comments on Related Stratigraphy. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 37(3). Ting, S., et al. (2004). New Early Eocene Mammalian Fossils from the Hengyang Basin, Hunan, China. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Number 36. Ye, J., et al. (2002). The Discovery of Late Eocene Mammal Fossils from Burqin of Xinjiang. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 40(3). Young, C-C. (1944). Note on the First Eocene Mammal from South China. American Museum Novitates, Number 1268. China - Oligocene Chow, M.M. (1957). On Some Eocene and Oligocene Mammals from Kwangsi and Yunnan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(3). Dashzeveg, D. (1996). Some Carnivorous Mammals from the Paleogene of the Eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and the Application of Oligocene Carnivores to Stratigraphic Correlation. American Museum Novitates, Number 3179. Li, Q., et al. (2013). Oligocene-Miocene Mammalian Fossils from Hongyazi Basin and Its Bearing on Tectonics of Danghe Nanshan in Northern Tibetan Plateau. PLoS ONE, 8(12). Mellett, J.S. (1968). The Oligocene Hsanda Gol Formation, Mongolia: A Revised Faunal List. American Museum Novitates, Number 2318. Wang, B.-Y. and Z.-X. Qiu (2004). Discovery of Early Oligocene Mammalian Fossils from Danghe Area, Gansu, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 42(1). Ye, J., et al. (2003). Oligocene/Miocene Beds and Faunas from Tieersihabahe in the Northern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279, Chapter 21. China - Miocene Gentry, A.W., et al. (2002). Land Mammal Faunal Sequence of the Late Miocene of China: Evidence from Lantian, Shaanxi Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 40(3). Li, C. and Z. Qiu (1980). Early Miocene Mammalian Fossils of the Xining Basin, Qinghai Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XVIII, Number 3. Li, Q., et al. (2013). Oligocene-Miocene Mammalian Fossils from Hongyazi Basin and Its Bearing on Tectonics of Danghe Nanshan in Northern Tibetan Plateau. PLoS ONE, 8(12). Liu, L.-P., et al. (2011). Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Biostratigraphy and Miocene/Pliocene Boundary in the Dongwan Section, Gansu. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(2). Qiu, C.L., Z. Qiu and S. Wang (1981). Miocene Stratigraphy and Fossil Mammals from the Xining Basin, Qinghai. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XIX, Number 4. Qiu, Z.-D., X.-M. Wang and Q. Li (2006). Faunal Succession and Biochronology of the Miocene Through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 44(2). Qiu, Z.-D., et al. (1981). Miocene Mammalian Fossils from the Xining Basin, Qinghai Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XIX, Number 2. Wang, T.-Y. (1957). Pontian Mammal Localities in Puhsien, Hsihsien and Lishan Districts, Shansi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(2). Wang, X., Z. Qiu and N.D. Opdyke (2003). Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. American Museum Novitates, Number 3411. Wu, W.-Y., et al. (2009). The Miocene Mammals from Dingshanyanchi Formation of North Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 47(3). Ye, J., et al. (2003). Oligocene/Miocene Beds and Faunas from Tieersihabahe in the Northern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279, Chapter 21. China - Pliocene Li, Q., X.-M. Wang and Z.-D. Qiu (2003). Pliocene Mammalian Fauna of Gaotege in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 41(2). Liu, L.-P., et al. (2011). Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Biostratigraphy and Miocene/Pliocene Boundary in the Dongwan Section, Gansu. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(2). Qiu, Z.-D., X.-M. Wang and Q. Li (2006). Faunal Succession and Biochronology of the Miocene Through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 44(2). Spock, L.E. (1929). Pliocene Beds of the Iren Gobi. American Museum Novitates, Number 394. Tang, Y. and G. Zong (1987). Fossil Mammals from the Pliocene of Hanzhong Region, Shaanxi Province, and their Stratigraphic Significance. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XXV, Number 3. Zhang, Y.-X., et al. (1999). Mammalian Fossils from Late Pliocene (Lower MN 16) of Lingtai, Gansu Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 37(3). Zheng, S. (1982). Some Pliocene Mammalian Fossils from Songshan 2 and 3 (Tianzhu, Gansu) and the Songshan Fauna. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XX, Number 3. China - Pleistocene Ao, H., et al. (2013). Pleistocene magnetochronology of the fauna and Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin: Significance for environmental and hominin evolution in North China. Quaternary Geochronology, 18. Chia, L.-P. and J.-C. Chia (1957). Quaternary Mammalian Fossils from Chihcheng, Hopei. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(1). Colbert, E.H. (1940). Pleistocene Mammals from the Ma Kai Valley of Northern Yunnan, China. American Museum Novitates, Number 1099. Colbert, E.H. and D.A. Hooijer (1953). Pleistocene Mammals from the Limestone Fissures of Szechwan, China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol.102, Article 1. Huang, W. and J. Guan (1983). Mammalian Fossils from Early Pleistocene Cave Deposits of Yanshan Mountain, Peking Vicinity. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol.XXI, Number 1. Jablonski, N.G., et al. (2003). A Preliminary Report on New and Previously Known Vertebrate Paleontological Sites in Baoshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol.54, Number 11. Ma, X.-P., et al. (2004). New Early Pleistocene Mammalian Materials from Zhongdian, Yunnan Province, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 42(3). Pei, W.-C. (1957). The Zoogeographical Divisions of Quaternary Mammalian Faunas in China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(1). Pei, W.-C., et al. (1958). Discovery of Quaternary Mammalian Fauna at Ch'ao Tsun, Chie-An County, Hopei Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 2(4). Qiu, Z.-X. (2006). Quaternary Environmental Changes and Evolution of Large Mammals in North China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 44(2). Tang, Z.-W., et al. (2003). The Late Pleistocene Fauna from Dabasu of Qian' An in Jilin Province of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 41(2). Tong, H.-W. (2007). Occurrences of warm-adapted mammals in north China over the Quaternary Period and their paleo-environmental significance. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. Wang, Y., et al. (2015). The Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus-Sinomastodon fauna from Juyuan karst cave in Boyue Mountain, Guangxi, South China. Quaternary International, xxx. (Article in Press) China - General Chow, M.M. (1957). Notes on Some Mammalian Fossils from the Late Cenozoic of Sinkiang. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(1). Deng, T. (2006). Chinese Neogene Mammal Biochronology. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 44(2).Deng, T. (2005). Character, Age and Ecology of the Hezheng Biota from Northwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica, Vol.79, Number 6.Deng, T., et al. (2004). Sequence of the Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, Vol.78, Number 1. Pei, W.-C. (1957). On a Collection of Mammal Fossils from Liuhsia, Hongchow, Chekiang, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1(1). Tao, D. (2005). Character, Age and Ecology of the Hezheng Biota from Northwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica, Vol.79, Number 6. Tedford, R.H. (1995). Neogene Mammalian Biostratigraphy in China: Past, Present and Future. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 33(4). Tong, Y., S. Zheng and Z. Qiu (1995). Cenozoic Mammal Ages of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 33(4). Wang, X., et al. (2007). Vertebrate paleontology, biostratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoenvironment of Qaidam Basin in northern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254. Wang, Y. and T. Deng (2005). A 25 m.y. isotopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236. Zhang, Z.-Q. (2006). Chinese Late Neogene Land Mammal Community and the Environmental Changes of East Asia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 44(2). India India - Precambrian Maithy, P.K. (1990). Metaphyte and metazoan remains from the Indian Proterozoic successions. In: Proc.Symp. 'Vistas in Indian Palaeobotany'. Jain, K.P. and R.S. Tiwari (eds.), Palaeobotanist, 38. Sharma, M., M. Shukla and B.S. Venkatachala (1992). Metaphyte and Metazoan fossils from Precambrian sediments of India: a critique. Palaeobotanist, 40. Venkatachala, B.S., et al. (1990). Upper Proterozoic microfossils from the Infra Krol sediments, Nainital Synform, Kumaon, Himalaya, India. In: Proc.Symp. 'Vistas in Indian Palaeobotany'. Jain, K.P. and R.S. Tiwari (eds.), Palaeobotanist, 38. India - Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary Bhatt, D.K. (1989). Small Shelly Fossils, Tommotian and Meishucunian Stages and the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary - Implications of the Recent Studies in the Himalayan Sequences. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.34. Brasier, M.D. and P. Singh (1987). Microfossils and Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratigraphy at Maldeota, Lesser Himalaya. Geol.Mag., 124(4). Maithy, P.K. and R. Babu (1997). Upper Vindhyan biota and Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary. Palaeobotanist, 46(1,2). India - Cambrian Bhatt, D.K., V.D. Mamgain and R.S. Misra (1985). Small Shelly Fossils of Early Cambrian (Tommotian) Age From Chert-Phosphorite Member, Tal Formation, Mussoorie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India and Their Chronostratigraphic Evaluation. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.30. Hughes, N.C., et al. (2005). Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Tal Group, Lesser Himalaya, India, and early Tsanglangpuan (late early Cambrian) trilobites from the Nigali Dhar syncline. Geol.Mag., 142(1). Kumar, G., et al. (1983). Lower Cambrian Body- and Trace-Fossils from the Tal Formation, Garhwal Synform, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.28. India - Ordovician Sinha, H.N. and C. Trampisch (2013). Melanosclerites from the Late Ordovician strata of the Shiala Formation, Indian Gondwana. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 75. India - Silurian Goel, R.K., et al. (1987). Fauna from the "Muth Quartzite", Garhwal Himalaya, India. Jour.Fac.Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser.IV, Vol.22, Number 2. India - Devonian India - Carboniferous India - Permian Ray, S. (1999). Permian reptilian fauna from the Kundaram Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol.29, Number 1. India - Triassic Chhabara, N.L. and V.P. Mishra (2002). Middle Triassic Fish Teeth from the Kalapani Limestone of Malla Johar, Chamoli District (Uttaranchal). Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.47. Jain, S.L. (1996). Aspects of Vertebrate Fossils from Pranhita-Godavari Valley with Emphasis on Dinosaur Discoveries. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.41. Novas, F.E., et al. (2011). New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of Central India. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 101. India - Jurassic Fürsich, F.T. and W. Oschmann (1993). Shell beds as tools in basin analysis: the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol.150. Fürsich, F.T., et al. (2004). Environments and Faunal Patterns in the Kachchh Rift Basin, Western India, During the Jurassic. Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.110, Number 1. Fürsich, F.T., et al. (2004). Palaeoecology of Middle to Lower Jurassic Macrofaunas of the Kachchh Basin, India: An Overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.49. Yadagiri, P. (1986). Lower Jurassic Lower Vertebrates from Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.31. Yadagiri, P. and B.R.J. Rao (1987). Contribution to the stratigraphy and vertebrate fauna of Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. The Palaeobotanist, 36. India - Cretaceous Ayyasami, K. and R.K. Banerji (1984). Cenomanian-Turonian transition in the Cretaceous of southern India. Bull.geol.Soc. Denmark, Vol.33. Fürsich, F.T. and D.K. Pandy (1999). Genesis and environmental significance of the Upper Cretaceous shell concentrations from the Cauvery Basin, southern India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145. Prasad, G.V.R. (1989). Vertebrate fauna from the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age implications. Journal Geological Society of India, Vol.34. Prasad, G.V.R. and A. Sahni (2009). Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate fossil record from India: Palaeobiogeographical insights. Bull.Soc.geol.Fr., Vol.180, Number 4. Prasad, G.V.R. and A. Sahni (1987). Coastal-Plain Microvertebrate Assemblage from the Terminal Cretaceous of Asifabad, Peninsular India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.32. Prasad, G.V.R., et al. (2010). First mammal evidence from the Late Cretaceous of India for biotic dispersal between India and Africa at the K-T transition. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 9. Prasad, G.V.R., et al. (1994). Eutherian Mammals from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Intertrappean Beds of Naskal, Andhra Province, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(2). Rana, R.S. and G.P. Wilson (2003). New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 48(3). Verma, O. (2015). Cretaceous vertebrate fauna of the Cauvery Basin, southern India: Palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 431. Verma, O., et al. (2012). Late Cretaceous Gondwanatherian Mammals of India: Distribution, Interrelationships and Biogeographic Implications. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.57(2). India - K/T Boundary Rana, R.S. (1990). Palaeontology and Palaeoecology of the Intertrappean (Cretaceous-Tertiary Transition) Beds of the Peninsular India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.35. India - Paleocene Rana, R.S., et al. (2005). Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene-Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India. Current Science, Vol.89, Number 9. India - Eocene Bajpai, S. and J.G.M. Thewissen (2002). Vertebrate fauna from the Panandhro lignite field (Lower Eocene), District Kachchh, western India. Current Science, Vol.82, Number 5. Kumar, K. and A. Sahni (1985). Eocene Mammals from the Upper Subathu Group, Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5(2). Kumar, K., R.S. Rana and K. Singh (2007). Fishes of the Khuiala Formation (Early Eocene) of the Jaisalmer Basin, Western Rajasthan, India. Current Science, Vol.93, Number 4. Rana, R.S., et al. (2005). Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene-Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India. Current Science, Vol.89, Number 9. Rose, K.D., et al. (2006). Early Eocene (Ypresian) Continental Vertebrate Assemblage from India, With Description of a New Anthracobunid (Mammalia, Tethytheria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(1). Vokes, H.E. (1937). Eocene Mollusca from the Subathu Group (Lutetian) Simla Hills State, India. American Museum Novitates, Number 964. India - Oligocene India - Miocene Bhandari, A., et al. (2009). Early Miocene mammals from central Kutch (Gujarat), Western India: Implications for geochronology, biogeography, eustacy and intercontinental dispersals. N.Jb.Geol.Palaont.Abh., 256/1. Patnaik, R., et al. (2014). Additional Vertebrate Remains from the Early Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat. Special Publication of the Palaeontological Society of India, Number 5. India - Pliocene Moigne, A.-M., et al. (2016). The faunal assemblage of the paleonto-archeological localities of the Late Pliocene Quranwala Zone, Masol Formation, Siwalik Range, NW India. C.R. Palevol, xxx. (Article in Press) India - Pleistocene Joshi, R.V., B.L. Badam and R.P. Pandey (1978). Fresh Data on the Quaternary Animal Fossils and Stone Age Cultures from the Central Narmada Valley, India. Asian Perspectives, XXI(2). Khatri, A.P. (1966). The Pleistocene Mammalian Fossils of the Narmada River Valley and Their Horizons. Asian Perspectives, IX. Prasad, K.N. (1996). Pleistocene Cave Fauna from Peninsular India. Journal of Caves and Karst Studies, 58(1). Roberts, P., et al. (2014). Continuity of mammalian fauna over the last 200,000 y in the Indian subcontinent. PNAS, Vol.111, Number 16. India - General Bandyopadhyay, S. (1999). Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India. PINSA 65, A, Number 3. Colbert, E.H. (1935). Distributional and Phylogenetic Studies on Indian Fossil Mammals II. The Correlation of the Siwaliks of India as Inferred by the Migrations of Hipparion and Equus. American Museum Novitates, Number 797. Colbert, E.H. (1935). Distributional and Phylogenetic Studies on Indian Fossil Mammals I. American Museum Collecting Localities in Northern India American Museum Novitates, Number 796. Prasad, G.V.R. (2008). Sedimentary Basins & Fossil records. In: Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to to IUGS 2004-2008. Singvhi, A.K. and A. Bhattacharya (eds.), The Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. Tripathi, C. (1986). Siwaliks of the Indian Subcontinent. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.31. Indonesia Aziz, F. and J. De Vos (1999). The fossil faunas from the Citarum Area, West Java, Indonesia. In: Elephants Have a Snorkel! Papers in Honour of Paul Y. Sondaar . DEINSEA 7. Flannery, T.F. (1999). The Pleistocene mammal fauna of Kelangurr Cave, central montane Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement Number 57. Hooijer, D.A. and B. Kurtén (1984). Trinil and Kedungbrubus: the Pithecanthropus-bearing fossil faunas of Java and their relative age. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 21. van den Bergh, G.D., et al. (2008). The Liang Bua faunal remains: a 95 k.yr.sequence from Flores, East Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution, xxx. (Article in press) van den Bergh, G.D., et al. (2001). The Late Quaternary paleogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 171. van der Meulen, A.J. and G.G. Musser (1999). New paleontological data from the continental Plio-Pleistocene of Java. In: Elephants Have a Snorkel! Papers in Honour of Paul Y. Sondaar . DEINSEA 7. van Gorsel, J.T. (2014). An introduction to Paleozoic faunas and floras of Indonesia. In: Biostratigraphy of Southeast Asia - Part 3. Berita Sedimentologi. Japan Akutsu, J. (1964). The Geology and Paleontology of Shiobara and Its Vicinity, Tochigi Prefecture. The science reports of the Tohoku Uniiversity, Second Series, Vol.35, Number 3. (17.5MB) Kawabe, F., et al. (2003). Upper Albian to Lower Cenomanian biostratigraphy in the Oyubari area, Hokkaido, Japan: toward a Cretaceous biochronology for the North Pacific. Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol.53, Number 2. Kobayashi, T. and T. Hamada (1974). 172. On the Geological Age of the Fukuji Formation in the Hida Plateau. Proc. Japan Acad., 50. MacNeil, F.S. (1964). Eocene Megafossils from Ishigaki-shima Ryukyu-retto. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 399-B. Matsumoto, T. (1984). The so-called Turonian-Coniacian boundary in Japan. Bull.geol.Soc. Denmark, Vol.33. Minato, M. and C.L. Rowett (1967). New Paleozoic Fossils from Southern Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, 13(4). Miyata, K., et al. (2011). Eocene Mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki Formations, Western Kyushu, Japan: Preliminary Work and Correlation with Asian Land Mammal Ages. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(1). Yabumoto, Y. (1994). Early Cretaceous Freshwater Fish Fauna in Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Kitakyushu Mus.Nat.Hist., 13. Yabumoto, Y. and T. Uyeno (1994). Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic fish faunas of Japan. The Island Arc, 3. Yokoyama, M. (Rev. by J. Makiyama) (1959). Tertiary Fossils from Various Localities in Japan. Part III. Palaeontological Society of Japan, Special Papers Number 5. Kazakhstan Averianov, A.O., et al. (2016). The Late Cretaceous Vertebrate Assemblages of Western Kazakhstan. In: Cretaceous Period: Biotic Diversity and Biogeography. Khosla, A. and S.G. Lucas (eds.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 71. Averianov, A.O., et al. (2014). New mammal remains from the Late Cretaceous Bostobe Formation (Northeast Aral Sea Region, Kazakhstan). Palaeoworld, 23. Bendukidze, O.G., H. de Bruijn and L.W. van den Hoek Ostende (2009). A revision of Late Oligocene associations of small mammals from the Aral Formation (Kazakhstan) in the National Museum of Georgia, Tblissi. Palaeodiversity, 2. dyke, G.J. and D.V. Malakhov (2004). Abundance and taphonomy of dinosaur teeth and other vertebrate remains from the Bostobynskaya Formation, north-east Aral Sea region, Republic of Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research, 25. Kordikova, E.G., et al. (2001). Small Vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of the Northeastern Aral Sea Region, Kazakhstan. J.Paleont, 75(2). Meert, J.G., et al. (2011). Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan. Gondwana Research, 19. Shpansky, A.V., V.N. Aliyassova and S.A. Ilyina (2016). The Quaternary Mammals from Kozhamzhar Locality (Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan). American Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(2). Kyrgyzstan Averianov, A.O. and M. Godinot (1998). A Report on the Eocene Andarak Mammal Fauna of Kyrgyzstan. In: Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Beard and Dawson (eds.), Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 34. Averianov, A.O., T. Martin and A.A. Bakirov (2005). Pterosaur and Dinosaur Remains from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Northern Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia). Palaeontology, Vol.48, Part 1. Erfurt, J. and A.O. Averianov (2006). Mammals of the Eocene Locality Toru Ajgyr (Kyrgyzstan). Palaeovertebrata, Montpellier, 34(3-4). Erfurt, J., et al. (1999). Rediscovery of the Eocene mammal site Toru Ajgyr (Kyrgyzstan). Hallesches.Jahrb.Geowiss., B21. Geyer, G., et al. (2014). A remarkable Amgan (Middle Cambrian, Stage 5) fauna from the Sauk Tanga, Madygen region, Kyrgyzstan. Bulletin of Geosciences, 89(2). Martin, T. and A.O. Averianov (2010). Mammals from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Formation of the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(3). Shcherbakov, D.E. (2008). Madygen, Triassic Lagerstatte number one, before and after Sharov. Alavesia, 2. Malaysia Hassan, M.H.A. (2013). Post-Conference Field Excursion to Northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Third International Conference on Palaeontology of South East Asia, ICPSEA 3. Ibrahim, Y.K., et al. (2012). Preliminary report on vertebrate fossils from Cistern and Swamp Caves at Batu Caves near Kuala Lumpur. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, Vol.58. Jones, C.R. (1970). On a Lower Devonian Fauna from Pahang, West Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin Number 3. Peng, L.C. (1992). Fossil Localities in Malaysia: Their Conservation and Significance. Background Paper, Malaysian National Conservation Strategy. Economic Planning Unit, Kuala Lampur. Myanmar (Burma) Cruickshank, R.D. and K. Ko (2003). Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, Northern Myanmar. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21. Grimaldi, D.A., M.S. Engel and P.C. Nascimbene (2002). Fossiliferous Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its Rediscovery, Biotic Diversity, and Paleontological Significance. American Museum Novitates, Number 3361. Tsubamoto, T., et al. (2005). Middle Eocene ungulate mammals from Myanmar: A review with description of new specimens. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50(1). Pakistan Gayet, M., F. De Broin and J.C. Rage (1987). Lower Vertebrates from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.27, Number 7. Ghaffar, A., M.A. Kahn, and M. Akhtar (2009). Predator-Prey Relationships (Cervidae & Carnivora) and its Impact on Fossil Preservation from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 19(1). Ghazi, S., et al. (2012). Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan. J.Earth Syst.Sci., 121, Number 5. Gingerich, P.D., et al. (2001). Chapter 10. Gandhera Quarry, A Unique Mammalian Faunal Assemblage from the Early Eocene of Baluchistan (Pakistan). In: Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats. Gunnell, G.F. (ed.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. Gingerich, P.D. (1977). A Small Collection of Fossil Vertebrates from the Middle Eocene Kuldana and Kohat Formations of Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.24, Number 18. Gingerich, P.D., et al. (1998). Middle Eocene Stratigraphy and Marine Mammals (Mammalia: Cetacea and Sirenia) of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan. In: Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum Museum of Natural History, 34. Gingerich, P.D., et al. (1979). Reconnaissance Survey and Vertebrate Paleontology of Some Paleocene and Eocene Formations in Pakistan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.25, Number 5. Jan, I.U. (2011). Investigating the palynostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the southern Palaeotethyan Carboniferous-Permian succession of the Salt Range, Pakistan. Ph.D. Thesis - University of Leicester. (262 pages) Jan, I.U. and M.H. Stephenson (2011). Palynology and correlation of the Upper Pennsylvanian Tobra Formation from Zaluch Nala, Salt Range, Pakistan. Palynology, Vol.35, Number 2. Khan, M.A., et al. (2011). New Fossil Locality in the Middle Miocene of Lava from the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwaliks, Pakistan. Pakistan J.Zool., 43(1). Khan, M.A., et al. (2005). Report on Mammalian Fossils of Chinji Formation, Dhulian, Pakistan. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(12). Pilbeam, D.R., et al. (1979). Miocene Sediments and Faunas of Pakistan. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Postilla Number 179. Pilbeam, D.R., et al. (1977). Geology and palaeontology of Neogene strata of Pakistan. Nature, Vol.270. Thewissen, J.G.M., et al. (1987). Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.27, Number 10. Sarawak Harrison, T. (1996). The Palaeoecological Context at Niah Cave, Sarawak: Evidence from the Primate Fauna. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 14. Singapore Newton, R.B. (1906). Notice of Some Fossils from Singapore Discovered by John B. Scrivenor, F.G.S., Geologist to the Federated Malay States. Geological Magazine, Decade V, Vol. III. Sri Lanka Epa, R., et al. (2011). Sri Lanka's Aruwakkalu fossil deposit dates to the Burdigalian Age. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio.Sci.), 40(2). Thailand Boonchai, N., P.J. Grote, and P. Jintasakul (2009). Paleontological parks and museums and prominent fossil sites in Thailand and their importance in the conservation of fossils. In: PaleoParks - The protection and preservation of fossil sites worldwide, Lipps, J.H. and B.R.C. Granier (eds.), Carnets de Geologie. Chaimanee, Y., et al. (2007). Diversity of Cenozoic Mammals in Thailand: Paleoenvironment and Age Updated. GEOTHAI'07 International Conference on Geology of Thailand: Towards Sustainable Development and Sufficiency Economy. Cuny, G., et al. (2010). Fossil vertebrate remains from Kut Island (Gulf of Thailand, Early Cretaceous). Cretaceous Research, 31. Ducrocq, S., et al. (1995). Mammalian faunas and the ages of the continental Tertiary fossiliferous localities from Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Vol.12, Numbers 1/2. Laojumpon, C., et al. (2014). New vertebrate-bearing localities in the Triassic of Thailand. J.Sci.Technol. MSU, Vol.33, Number 4. Pearch, M.J., et al. (2013). A review of the Cainozoic small mammal fauna of Thailand with new records (Chiroptera; Scandentia; Eulipotyphla) from the late Pleistocene. Cainozoic Research, 10(1-2). Sepulchre, P., et al. (2010). Mid-Tertiary paleoenvironments in Thailand: pollen evidence. Climate of the Past, 6. Songtham, W., et al. (2005). Middle Miocene Molluscan Assemblages in Mae Moh Basin, Lampang Province, Northern Thailand. ScienceAsia, 31. Tougard, C. (2001). Biogeography and migration routes of large mammal faunas in South-East Asia during the Late Middle Pleistocene: focus on the fossil and extant faunas from Thailand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168. Zaitoun, V., et al. (2006). Taphonomy and paleoecological significance of the Ailuropoda-Stegodon complex of Ban Fa Suai (Northern Thailand). In: 11th International Conference of Eurasea Sept. 2006, Bougon, France. Pautreau, J.-P., et al. (eds.), Siam Ratama Ltd., Chiang Mai. Uzbekistan Averianov, A. and J.D. Archibald (2005). Mammals from the mid-Cretaceous Khodzhakul Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research, 26. Vietnam Bacon, A.-M., et al. (2018). A rhinocerotid-dominated megafauna at the MIS6-5 transition: The late Middle Pleistocene Coc Muoi assemblage, Lang Son province, Vietnam. Quaternary Science Reviews, 186. Bacon, A.-M., et al. (2004). The Pleistocene Ma U'Oi cave, northern Vietnam: palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments. Geobios, 37. Bӧhme, M., et al. (2013). Na Duong (northern Vietnam) - an exceptional window into Eocene ecosystems from Southeast Asia. Zitteliana A, 53. Bӧhme, M., et al. (2010). The Cenozoic on-shore basins of Northern Vietnam: Biostratigraphy, vertebrate and invertebrate faunas. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, xxx. Hoang, V.T., et al. (2015). Lithofacies and depositional environments of the Paleogene/Neogene sediments in the Hoanh Bo Basin (Quang Ninh province, NE Vietnam). Geology, Geophysics & Environment, Vol.41(4). Komatsu, T., H. Dang Tran and J.-H. Chen (2006). Depositional Environments and Fossil Bivalves in the Lowermost Parts of the Triassic Systems in North Vietnam and South China. Journal of Geography, 115(4). Komatsu, T., et al. (2017). Upper Triassic (Carnian) mollusks from the Suoi Bang Formation in Me area, Ninh Binh Province, northern Vietnam. Bull.Natl.Mus.Nat.Sci., Series C, 43. Komatsu, T., et al. (2016). Carbon isotopic excursions and detailed ammonoid and conodont biostratigraphies around Smithian-Spathian boundary in the Bac Thuy Formation, Vietnam. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 454. Long, V.T., J. de Vos and R.L. Ciochon (1996). The Fossil Mammal Fauna of Lang Trang Caves, Vietnam, Compared With Southeast Asian Fossil and Recent Mammal Faunas: The Geographical Implications. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 14 (Chiang Mai Papers, Volume 1). Racheboeuf, P., et al. (2006). Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Tho formations of Central Vietnam. Geodiversitas, 28(1). Racheboeuf, P., et al. (2005). Lower Devonian vertebrates, arthropods and brachiopods from northern Vietnam. Geobios, 38. Thanh, T.-D. and P. Janvier (1994). Early Devonian fishes from Trang Xa (Bac Thai, Vietnam), with remarks on the distribution of the vertebrates in the Song Cau Group. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Vol.10, Numbers 3/4. Thanh, T.-D., et al. (1995). Lower Devonian Biostratigraphy and Vertebrates of the Tong Vai Valley, Vietnam. Palaeontology, Vol.38, Part 1. Wysocka, A. (2009). Sedimentary environments of the Neogene basins associated with the Cao Bang-Tien Yen Fault, NE Vietnam. Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol.59, Number 1. Asia - General Ataabadi, M.M. (2010). The Miocene of Western Asia; Fossil Mammals at the Crossroads of Faunal Provinces and Climate Regimes. Ph.D. Dissertation - University of Helsinki. Khuc, V. (2000). The Triassic of Indochina Peninsula and its interregional correlation. In: Permian-Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific. Yin, H., et al. (eds.), Elsevier Science B.V. Louys, J., D. Curnoe and H. Tong (2007). Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 243. Missiaen, P. (2011). An Updated Mammalian Biochronology and Biogeography for the Early Paleogene of Asia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(1). Molnar, P. (2005). Mio-Pliocene Growth of the Tibetan Plateau and Evolution of East Asian Climate. Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol.8, Issue 1. Smith, T. (2011-2012). Contributions of Asia to the evolution and paleobiogeography of the earliest modern mammals. Meded.Zitt.K.Acad. Overzeese Wet., Bull. Séanc.Acad.R.Sci. Outre-Mer 57/58. Ting, S.-Y., et al. (2011). Asian Early Paleogene Chronology and Mammalian Faunal Turnover Events. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(1).