Search the Community

When I picked this up I assumed it was modern domestic dog. However, there is a little bit of cancellous bone on the labial side that does not feel spongy at all. It is fairly mineralized. I’ve tried comparing this between domestic dog and coyote And see similarities to both. Please help if you can!

I'm trying to identify bones ive found at an indian site in Kansas, without the teeth this one is tricky ive googled coyote, opossum, raccoon, bobcat, and without teeth they all look a lot alike, maybe you guys see something i dont

Here are a couple canines that I have in my collection- What do you have? Oreodont (Left) & Archaeotherium (Right) - (Oligocene-White River Formation- South Dakota) Hyaenodon (Oligocene-White River Formation- South Dakota) Oreodont (Oligocene-White River Formation- South Dakota) Coyote (Pleistocene- River Terrace Deposit- Kansas)

I found this in a creek bottom in central Ohio after a flood that caused extensive erosion. I'm thinking it might be a fox or coyote, but really don't know. I was hoping someone with more expertise in this area could assist me in identifying it. Thanks, Mark

This is not a fossil, but I brought it home any way from a river hunt. Is it domestic dog or coyote? I have looked at several images on line and cannot see a difference.

Hi All. I found what I think is a canis latrans (coyote) carnassial tooth in the intertidal sand of a spot on the Chesapeake bay. I'm looking to co-author up with anyone who wants to help out with a short review of the tooth and prehistoric coyote distribution in the area. I'd post whatever is written in the forum and research gate. From what I understand, canis latrans has only been reported from one other place in Maryland (Cumberland bone cave). Kent

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since May 12, 2018. Family Canidae - The Dogs and Their Allies. Subfamily incertae sedis Tomiya, S. (2011). A New Basal Caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and Remarks on the Phylogeny of Early Carnivorans. PLoS ONE, Vol.6, Issue 9. Subfamily Hesperocyoninae (†) Wang, X. (2003). New material of Osbornodon from the Early Hemingfordian of Nebraska and Florida.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279. Wang, X. (1994). Phylogenetic Systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora:Canidae).Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 221. (212 pages) Wang, X. (1993). Transformation from Plantigrady to Digitigrady: Functional Morphology of Locomotion in Hesperocyon (Canidae: Carnivora). American Museum Novitates, Number 3069. Wang, X. and B.M. Rothschild (1992). Multiple Hereditary Osteochondroma in Oligocene Hesperocyon (Carnivora: Canidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(3). Welsh, E. (2014). The First Record of Osbornodon (Carnivora: Canidae) from the Orellan of South Dakota. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol.93. Wilson, J.A. (1939). A New Species of Dog from the Miocene of Colorado. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.V, Number 12. Subfamily Borophaginae (†) - 'Bone-Crushing' Dogs Tribe Borophagini Barbour, E.H. and H.J. Cook (1914). Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus from Nebraska. Nebraska Geological Survey, Vol.4, Part 15. Baskin, J.A. (1998). Evolutionary Trends in the Late Miocene Hyena-Like Dog Epicyon (Carnivora, Canidae). In: Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology and Geochronology, Tomida, Y, et al. (eds.). Berry, C.T. (1938). A Miocene Dog from Maryland. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol.85, Number 3035. Dalquest, W.W. (1969). The Bone-Eating Dog, Borophagus diversidens Cope. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 31. Hall, E.R. and W.W. Dalquest (1969). A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Vol.14, Number 10. Jasinski, S.E. and S.C. Wallace (2015). A Borophagine canid (Carnivora: Canidae: Borophaginae) from the middle Miocene Chesapeake Group of eastern North America. Journal of Paleontology, 89(6). McGrew, P.O. (1944). The Aelurodon saevus Group. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Vol.8, Number 13. McGrew, P.O. (1944). An Osteoborus from Honduras. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Vol.8, Number 12. Richey, K.A. (1979). Variation and Evolution in the Premolar Teeth of Osteoborus and Borophagus (Canidae). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, Vol.VII, 1979. Tseng, Z.J. and X. Wang (2010). Cranial Functional Morphology of Fossil Dogs and Adaptation for Durophagy in Borophagus and Epicyon (Carnivora, Mammalia). Journal of Morphology, 271. Van Valkenburgh, B., T. Sacco and X. Wang (2003). Pack Hunting in Miocene Borophagine Dogs: Evidence from Craniodental Morphology and Body Size. In: Vertebrate Fossils and Their Context: Contributions in Honor of Richard H. Tedford. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 279. Wang, X. (2004). A New Species of Aelurodon (Carnivora:Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(2). Tribe Phlaocyonini McGrew, P.O. (1941). A New Procyonid from the Miocene of Nebraska. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, Vol.8, Number 5. Wang, X. and R.H. Tedford (2008). Fossil dogs (Carnivora:Canidae) from the Sespe and Vaqueros formations in Southern California, with comments on the relationships of Phlaocyon taylori. In: Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America - Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. (X.Wang and L.G. Barnes eds). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. General Borophaginae Martin-Serra, A., B. Figueirido and P. Palmqvist (2016). In the Pursuit of the Predatory Behavior of Borophagines (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae): Inferences from Forelimb Morphology. J.Mammal.Evol., 23. Tseng, Z.J. and X. Wang (2011). Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Paleobiology, 37(3). Van Valkenberg, B., et al. (2003). Pack Hunting in Miocene Borophagine Dogs: Evidence from Craniodental Morphology and Body Size.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279, Chapter 7. Wang, X., et al. (1999). Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 243. (195 pages) Subfamily Caninae Basal and Early Caninae Asahara, M., et al. (2015). Re-examination of the fossil raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from the Penghu channel, Taiwan, and an age estimation of the Penghu fauna. Anthropological Science, Vol.123(3). Dermitzakis, M.D., A.A.E. Van der Geer and G.A. Lyras (2004). The phylogenetic position of raccoon dogs: Implications of their neuroanatomy. 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece. García, N. (2008). New Eucyon remains from the Pliocene Aramis Member (Sagantole Formation), Middle Awash Valley (Ethiopia). Comptes Rendus Palevol, Vol.7, Number 8. Geraads, D., et al. (2010). Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n.sp., a new canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the middle Pliocene of Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(3). Ivanoff, D.V., M. Wolsan and A Marciszak (2014). Brainy stuff of long-gone dogs: a reappraisal of the supposed Canis endocranial cast from the Pliocene of Poland. Naturwissenschaften, 101. Kim, S.-I., et al. (2015). Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variations in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116. Lucenti, S.B. (2017). Nyctereutes megamastoides (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Early and Middle Villafranchian (Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene) of the Lower Valdarno (Firenze and Pisa, Tuscany, Italy). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.123(2). Montoya, P., J. Morales, and J. Abella (2009). Eucyon debonisi n.sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). Geodiversitas, 31(4). Reynolds, S. (2012). Nyctereutes terblanchei: The raccoon dog that never was. S.Afr.J.Sci., 108(1/2). Rook, L. (2009). The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World. Geodiversitas, 31(4). Spassov, N. and L. Rook (2006). Eucyon marinae sp.nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora), a New Canid Species from the Pliocene of Mongolia, with a Review of Forms Referable to the Genus. Revista Italiana di Paleontología e Stratigrafia, Vol.112, Number 1. Tsubamoto, T. (2015). Rare anomalous dental morphologies found in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and their implication to dental morphology of fossil mammals. Jour.Geol.Soc. Japan, Vol.121, Number 6. Werdelin, L., M.E. Lewis and Y. Haile-Selassie (2015). A Critical Review of African Species of Eucyon (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), With a New Species from the Pliocene of the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Papers in Paleontology, Vol.1, Part 1. Tribe Canini - True Dogs Canini - Africa/Middle East Amri, L., et al. (2017). Canis othmanii n.sp. (Carnivora, Canidae) from the early Middle Pleistocene site of Wadi Sarrat (Tunisia). C.R. Palevol, 16. Hartstone-Rose, A., et al. (2010). The Plio-Pleistocene Ancestor of Wild Dogs, Lycaon sekowei N.Sp. J. Paleont., 84(2). Martinez-Navarro, B. and L. Rook (2003). Gradual evolution of the African hunting dog lineage: Systematic implications. C.R. Palevol, 2. Stiner, M.C., et al. (2001). Outside Africa: Middle Pleistocene Lycaon from Hyonim Cave, Israel. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 20(2). Canini - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Kotlia, B.S. (1987). A New Pleistocene Canid from the Upper Karewas of Kashmir Basin, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.32. Sharma, D.K., et al. (2004). Ancient wolf lineages in India. Proc.R.Soc.Lond. B (Suppl.), 271. Sotnikova, M. (2006). A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp.nov. (Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia.Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 256. Sotnikova, M. and L. Rook (2010). Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Canini) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 212. Tong, H.-W., N. Hu and X.-M. Wang (2012). New Remains of Canis chihliensis (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Shanshenmiaozui, a Lower Pleistocene Site in Yangyuan, Hebei. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50(4). Wang, X., Q. Li and G. Xie (2014). Earliest record of Sinicuon in Zanda Basin, southern Tibet and implications for hypercarnivores in cold environments. Quaternary International, xxx. Canini - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Abbazzi, L., et al. (2005). The Endemic Canid Cynotherium (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pleistocene Deposits of Monte Tuttavista (Nuoro, Eastern Sardinia). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.111, Number 3. Baryshnikov, G. (1996). The dhole, Cuon alpinus (Carnivora, Canidae), from the Upper Pleistocene of the Caucasus. Acta zool., cracov., 39(1). Berte, D.F. and L. Pandolfi (2014). Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae) from the Late Pleistocene Deposit of Avetrana (Taranto, Southern Italy). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.120, Number 3. Boudadi-Maligne, M. (2012). Canid remains from Cueva Victoria. Specific attribution and biochronological implications. Mastia. Cherin, M., et al. (2014). Re-Defining Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia): A New Look into the Evolutionary History of Early Pleistocene Dogs Resulting from the Outstanding Fossil Record from Pantalla (Italy). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21(1). Cherin, M., et al. (2013). Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia) and its role in the faunal assemblage from Pantalla (Perugia, central Italy): comparison with the Late Villafranchian large carnivore guild of Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 52(1). Datema, M.C. (2011). Was Cuon alpinus a mamber of the Mammoth Steppe Fauna? Comparative morphological and osteometrical study on recent and fossil Canidae hemimandibles. Masters Thesis - Utrecht University. (31.8MB download) Druzhkova, A.S., et al. (2013). Ancient DNA Analysis Affirms the Canid from Altai as a Primitive Dog. PLoS ONE, 8(3). Eisenmann, V. and B. van der Geer (1999). The Cynotherium from Corbeddu (Sardinia): comparative biometry with extant and fossil canids. In: Elephants Have a Snorkel! Papers in Honour of Paul Y. Sondaar. Reumer, J.W.F. and J. De Vos (eds.), DEINSEA, 7. Flower, L.O.H. (2014). Canid evolution and palaeoecology in the Pleistocene of western Europe, with particular reference to the wolf Canis lupus L. 1758. Ph.D. Thesis - Royal Holloway University of London. Flower, L.O.H. and D.C. Schreve (2014). An investigation of palaeodietary variability in European Pleistocene canids. Quaternary Science Reviews, xxx. (Article in press) Garrido, G. and A. Arribas (2008). Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain). Geobios, 41. Gatta, M., et al. (2016). Late Pleistocene skeleton of Canis lupus l., 1758 from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Jenne, Latium, central Italy). C.R. Palevol, 15. Germonpre, M., et al. (2017). Palaeolithic and prehistoric dogs and Pleistocene wolves from Yakutia: Identification of isolated skulls. Journal of Archaeological Science, 78. Germonpre, M., et al. (2009). Fossil dogs and wolves from Paleolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36. Ghezzo, E. and L. Rook (2014). Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Equi (Late Pleistocene, Massa-Carrara, Italy): anatomical analysis and palaeoethological contextualization. Rend.Fiss.Acc. Lincei, 25. Kurten, B. (1978). Fossil Canis from the Vicinity of Pretralona, Greece. Lyras, G. and A. van der Geer (2006). Adaptations of the Pleistocene island canid Cynotherium sardous (Sardinia, Italy) for hunting small prey. Cranium, 23. Lyras, G., et al. (2005). Cynotherium sardous, an Insular Canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its Origin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3). Madurell-Malapeira, J., M.R. Palombo and M. Sotnikova (2015). Cynotherium malatestai, Sp.Nov. (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Early Middle Pleistocene Deposits of Grotta Dei Fiori (Sardinia, Western Mediterranean). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e943400-2. Madurell-Malapeira, J., et al. (2013). The Latest European Painted Dog. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(5). Martinez-Navarro, B. and L. Rook (2003). Gradual evolution of the African hunting dog lineage: Systematic implications. C.R. Palevol, 2. Mecozzi, B., et al. (2017). Canis mosbachensis (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Pleistocene of Contrada Monticelli (Putignano, Apulia, southern Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 56(1). Ovodov, N.D., et al. (2011). A 33,000-Year-Old Incipient Dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: Evidence of the Earliest Domestication Disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum. PLoS ONE, 6(7). (Read on-line or download a copy.) Petrucci, M., S. Romiti and R. Sardella (2012). The Middle-Late Pleistocene Cuon Hodgson, 1838 (Carnivora, Canidae) from Italy. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 51(2). Reumer, J.W.F. and P. Piskoulis (2016). A specimen of Canis cf. C. etruscus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Middle Villafranchian of the Oosterschelde. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, FirstView article. Rook, L. (1994). The Plio-Pleistocene Old World Canis (Xenocyon) ex gr. falconeri. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 33(1). Rook, L. and D. Torre (1996). The latest Villafranchian-early Galerian small dogs of the Mediterranean area. Ann.zool., cracov., 39(1). Sansalone, G., et al. (2015). Evolutionary trends and stasis in carnassial teeth of European Pleistocene wolf Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae). Quaternary Science Reviews, 110. Sardella, R. and M.R. Palombo (2007). The Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary: Which Significance for the So Called "Wolf Event"? Evidences from Western Europe. Quaternaire, 18(1). Sardella, R., et al. (2013). The wolf from Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy) and its implications in the evolutionary history of Canis lupus in the Late Pleistocene of Southern Italy. Quaternary International, xxx. (Article in press) Sotnikova, M. and L. Rook (2010). Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Canini) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 212. Verginelli, F., et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves. Mol.Biol.Evol., 22(12). Walker, C.S. and S.E. Churchill (2014). Chapter 12. Territory Size in Canis lupus: Implications for Neandertal Mobility. In: Reconstructing Mobility: Environmental, Behavioral, and Morphological Determinants. Carlson, K.J. and D. Marchi (eds.), Springer Science+Business Media, New York. Canini - North America Berta, A. (1981). Fossil Wolves, Coyotes and Dogs of Florida. The Plaster Jacket, Number 36. The Plaster Jacket, Number 36. (Thanks to Nimravus for pointing this one out!) Bever, G.S. (2005). Morphometric Variation in the Cranium, Mandible, and Dentition of Canis latrans and Canis lepophagus (Carnivora: Canidae) and its Implications for the Identification of Isolated Fossil Specimens.The Southwestern Naturalist, 50(1). Binder, W.J. and B. Van Valkenberg (2010). A Comparison of Tooth Wear and Breakage in Rancho La Brea Saberooth Cats and Dire Wolves Across Time. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(1). Binder, W.J., E.N. Thompson and B. Van Valkenberg (2002). Temporal Variation in Tooth Fracture Among Rancho La Brea Dire Wolves. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(2). Brannick, A.L. (2014). Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, at Rancho La Brea. Masters Thesis - Marshall University. Brown, C., et al. (2017). Skeletal trauma reflects hunting behaviour in extinct sabre-tooth cats and dire wolves. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol.1, Article 0131. Cifelli, R.L., K.S. Smith and F. von Hofe Grady (2002). Dire Wolf (Canis dirus) in the Pleistocene of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology, Vol.62, Number 3. Dundas, R.G. (1999). Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America. Boreas, Vol. 28. Lawler, D.F., C. Widga and G.K. Smith (2017). Observations of the Acetabulum and Proximal Femur of the Dire Wolf (Canis dirus, Leidy 1854). J.Vet.Anat., Vol.10, Number 1. Meachen, J.A. and J.X. Samuels (2012). Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions. PNAS, Vol.109, Number 11. Meachen, J.A., A.L Brannick and T.J. Fry (2016). Extinct Beringian wolf morphotype found in the continental U.S. has implications for wolf migration and evolution. Ecology and Evolution, Open Access. (Thanks to edd for finding this one.) Meachen, J.A., et al. (2014) Ecological Changes in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Response to the Ice Age Megafaunal Extinctions. PLoS ONE, 9(12). Nowak, R.M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Number 6. (170 pages, 10.2 MB download) O'Keefe, F.R., et al. (2014). Cranial morphometrics of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, at Rancho La Brea: temporal variability and its links to nutrient stress and climate. Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol.7, Issue 1. Rutledge, L.Y., et al. (2012). Conservation genomics in perspective: a holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America. Biological Conservation, 155. Scott, E. and K.B. Springer (2016). First records of Canis dirus and Smilodon fatalis from the late Pleistocene Tule Springs local fauna, upper Las Vegas Wash, Nevada. PeerJ, 4:e2151. Tedford, R.H., X. Wang, and B.E. Taylor (2009). Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 325. Wang, X. (1990). Pleistocene Dire Wolf Remains from the Kansas River with Notes on Dire Wolves in Kansas. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History - The University of Kansas, Number 137. Canini - South America/Central America/Caribbean Dundas, R.G. (1999). Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America. Boreas, Vol. 28. Hidalgo-Mihart, M.G., et al. (2004). Historical and present distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) in Mexico and Central America. Journal of Biogeography, 31. Hodnett, J.-P. M., et al. (2009). Dire Wolf, Canis dirus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), from the Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of East-Central Sonora, Mexico.The Southwestern Naturalist, 54(1). Oliveira E.V., F.J. Prevosti and J.C. Pereira (2005). Protocyon troglodytes (Lund) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Late Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul and Their Paleoecological Significance. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8(3). Prevosti, F.J. and B.W. Schubert (2013). First taxon date and stable isotopes (δ13 C, δ15 N) for the large hypercarnivorous South American canid Protocyon troglodytes (Canidae, Carnivora). Quaternary International, 305. Prevosti, F.J., A.E. Zurita and A.A. Carlini (2005). Biostratigraphy, systematics, and paleoecology of Protocyon Giebel, 1855 (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 20. Ramirez, M.A. and F.J. Prevosti (2014). Systematic Revision of "Canis" ensenadensis Ameghino, 1888 (Carnivora, Canidae) and the Description of a New Specimen from the Pleistocene of Argentina. Ameghiniana, 51(1). Slater, G.J., et al. (2009). Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf. Current Biology, Vol.19, Number 20. General Canini Dinets, V. (2015). The Canis tangle: a systematics overview and taxonomic recommendations. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 19(3). Doyle, S.K. (2009). Scaling Patterns and Ecological Correlates of Postcranial Skeleton Robusticity in Canis and Ursus: Implications for Human Evolution. Ph.D. Dissertation - Duke University. Koler-Matznick, J. (2002). Origin of the Dog Revisited. Anthrozoös, 15(2). Kurtén, B. (1974). A History of Coyote-Like Dogs (Canidae, Mammalia). Acta Zoologica Fennica, separatum. Lyras, G., A. Van der Geer and M. Dermitzakis (2001). Evolution of the brain of Plio/Pleistocene wolves. Cranium, 18,2. Perri, A. (2016). A wolf in dog's clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation. Journal of Archaeological Science, 68. Raisor, M.J. (2004). Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication as a Model for the Consilience Between Molecular Genetics and Archaeology. Ph.D. Dissertation - Texas A&M University. Sotnikova, M. and L. Rook (2010). Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 212. Tedford, R.H., et al. (1995). Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora:Canidae): The Living Taxa.American Museum Novitates, Number 3146. Wayne, R.K. and E.A. Ostrander (1999). Origin, genetic diversity and genome structure of the domestic dog. BioEssays, 21. Tribe Vulpini - Foxes de Bonis, L., et al. (2007). The oldest African fox (Vulpes riffautae n.sp., Canidae, Carnivora) recovered in late Miocene deposits of the Djurab desert, Chad. Naturwissenschaften, 94. Goddard, N.S., M.J. Statham and B.N. Sacks (2015). Mitochondrial Analysis of the Most Basal Canid Reveals Deep Divergence between Eastern and Western North American Gray Foxes (Urocyon spp.) and Ancient Roots in Pleistocene California. PLoS ONE, 10(8). Hartstone-Rose, A., et al. (2012). A new species of fox from the Australopithecus sediba type locality, Malapa, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, Vol.68, Number 1. Tedford, R.H. and X. Wang (2008). Metalopex, a new genus of fox (Carnivora:Canidae:Vulpini) from the late Miocene of western North America.In: Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America - Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. Wang, X. and L.G. Barnes (eds). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. van Kolfschoten, T. (2003). A Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Middle Pleistocene spear horizon at Schoningen, Germany. Veroffentlichungen Des Landamtes Fur Archaologie, Vol.57. Wang, X., et al. (2014). From 'third pole' to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox. Proc.R.Soc. B, 281. General Canidae General Canidae - Africa/Middle East Geraads, D. (2011). A Revision of the Fossil Canidae (Mammalia) of North-Western Africa. Palaeontology, Vol.54, Part 2. Meloro, C. and J. Louys (2015). Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(4). General Canidae - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Baryshnikov, G.F. (2015). Late Pleistocene Canidae remains from Geographical Society Cave in the Russian Far East. Russian Journal of Theriology, 14(1). Baryshnikov, G.F. (2012). Pleistocene Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Paleolithic Kudaro caves in the Caucasus. Russian J.Theriol., 11(2). Boudadi-Maligne, M. (2014). Canid remains from Cueva Victoria. Specific attribution and biochronological implications. Mastia. Garcia, N. and E. Virgos (2007). Evolution of community composition in several carnivore palaeoguilds from the European Pleistocene: the role of interspecific competition. Lethaia, Vol.40. Palmqvist, P., A. Arribas and B. Martinez-Navarro (1999). Ecomorphological study of large canids from the lower Pleistocene of southeastern Spain. Lethaia, Vol.32. Sommer, R. and N. Benecke (2005). Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae). Mammalian Biology, xxx (Article in press - Uncorrected Proof) General Canidae - North America Cope, E.D. (1883). On the Extinct Dogs of North America. The American Naturalist, Vol.XVII, Number 3. Figueirido, B., et al. (2015). Habitat changes and changing predatory habits in North American fossil canids. Nature Communications, 6:7976. Matthew, W.D. (1902). New Canidae from the Miocene of Colorado.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVI. Orcutt, J.D. and S.S.B. Hopkins (2011). The Canid Fauna of the Juntura Formation (Late Clarendonian), Oregon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31(3). Silvestro, D., et al. (2015). The role of clade competition in the diversification of North American canids. PNAS, Vol.112, Number 28. Van Valkenberg, B., et al. (2004). Cope's Rule, Hypercarnivory, and Extinction in North American Canids. Science, Vol. 306. Wang, X. and R.H. Tedford (2008). Fossil dogs (Carnivora:Canidae) from the Sespe and Vaqueros formations in Southern California, with comments on the relationships of Phlaocyon taylori. In: Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America - Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. (X.Wang and L.G. Barnes eds). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Wang, X. and R.H. Tedford (1996). 21. Canidae. In: The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America, Part II: Common Vertebrates of the White River Chronofauna. Prothero, D.R. and R.J. Emry (eds.). Webb, D.S. (1969). The Pliocene Canidae of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Vol.14, Number 4. General Canidae - South America/Central America/Caribbean Miller, W.E. and O. Carranza-Castañeda (1998). Late Tertiary Canids from Central Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 72(3). Perini, F.A., C.A.M. Russo and C.G. Shrago (2009). The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and mophological parallelism. J.Evol.Biol., 23. Prevosti, F.J. (2010). Phylogeny of the large extinct South American Canids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae) using a "total evidence" approach. Cladistics, 26. Prevosti, F.J. and A.D. Rincon (2007). A New Fossil Canid Assemblage from the Late Pleistocene of Northern South America: The Canids of the Inciarte Asphalt Pit (Zulia, Venezuela), Fossil Record and Biogeography. J.Paleont., 81(5). Prevosti, F.J., E.P. Tonni and J.C. Bidegain (2009). Stratigraphic range of the large canids (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America, and its relevance to quaternary biostratigraphy. Quaternary International, 210. General Canidae Drake, A.G., M. Coquerelle and G. Colombeau (2015). 3D morphometric analysis of fossil canid skulls contradicts the suggested domestication of dogs during the late Paleolithic. Scientific Reports, 5: 8299. Finarelli, J.A. (2008). Testing hypotheses of the evolution of encephalization in the Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Paleobiology, 34(1). Finarelli, J.A. (2007). Mechanisms behind Active Trends in Body Size Evolution of the Canidae (Carnivora: Mammalia). The American Naturalist, Vol.170, Number 6. Finarelli, J.A. and J.J. Flynn (2006). Ancestral State Reconstruction of Body Size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): The Effects of Incorporating Data from the Fossil Record. Syst.Biol., 55(2). Hatcher, J.B. (1902). Oligocene Canidae. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol.1, Number 3. Leonard, J.A., et al. (2007). Megafaunal Extinctions and the Disappearance of a Specialized Wolf Ecomorph. Current Biology, 17. Lyras, G.A. (2009). The evolution of the brain in Canidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Scripta Geologica, 139. Lyras, G.A. and A.A.E. Van Der Greer (2003). External brain anatomy in relation to the phylogeny of Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 138. Matzke, N.J. and A. Wright (2016). Inferring node dates from tip dates in fossil Canidae: the importance of tree priors. Biol.Lett., 12:20160328. Meloro, C. and J. Louys (2015). Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(4). Meloro, C., A. Hudson and L. Rook (2014). Feeding habits of extant and fossil canids as determined by their skull geometry. Journal of Zoology (2014). Okřinová, I. (2013). Paleoecology of fossil species of canids (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia). Masters Thesis - University of South Bohemia. Palmqvist, P., et al. (2002). Estimating the body mass of Pleistocene canids: discussion of some methodological problems and a new 'taxon free' approach. Lethaia, Vol.35. Parkinson, J.A., T.W. Plummer and R. Bose (2014). A GIS-based approach to documenting large canid damage to bones. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 409. Slater, G.J. (2015). Iterative adaptive radiations of fossil canids show no evidence for diversity-dependent trait evolution. PNAS, Vol.112, Number 16. Slater, G.J., E.R. Dumont and B. Van Valkenburgh (2009). Implications of predatory specialization for cranial form and function in canids. Journal of Zoology, 278. Van Valkenburgh, B. (1991). Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology, 17(4). Wang, X. and R.H. Tedford (1994). Basicranial Anatomy and Phylogeny of Primitive Canids and Closely Related Miacids (Carnivora:Mammalia). American Museum Novitates, Number 3092. Wang, X., et al. (2004). Evolutionary history, molecular systematics and evolutionary ecology of Canidae. In: The Biology and Conservaton of Wild Canids. (MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri eds.). Chapter 2. Oxford University Press. Wayne, R.K., et al. (1997). Molecular Systematics of the Canidae. Systematic Biology, Vol.46, Issue 4. Worthington, B.E. (2008). An Osteometric Analysis of Southeastern Prehistoric Domestic Dogs. Masters Thesis - Florida State University. Wortman, J.L. and W.D. Matthew (1899). The Ancestry of Certain Members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII, Article VI.