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This is one out of 2 bones. Just want to know how old. Seems like dog bone. It makes y thin rock sound when flicking on it or gently hiting the concrete with it. Maybe that’s normal but I don’t know! Lol it doesn’t let me load more due to pic size. I will add the other pictures as replies. It’s 3” long

I'm not sure this is what it seems, but the idea of a bone hunting dog is very appealing https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/super-sniffing-beagle-discovers-bone-14241458.amp

Pooch sniffs out prehistoric prize: Canine discovers 250,000-year-old woolly rhino bone By Today, Today news, April 5, 2019 https://www.todaychan.com/2019/04/05/pooch-sniffs-out-prehistoric-prize-dog-discovers-250000-year-old-woolly-rhino-bone-2/ Yours, Paul H.

https://www.inquisitr.com/5189382/a-puppy-has-dug-up-a-13000-year-old-bone-belonging-to-an-ice-age-woolly-mammoth/ This isn't really important fossil news but still worth noting( especially if you are a dog owner.)

We found this tooth today in a gravel bed of a creek while looking for shark teeth. Can anyone help me determine what it is? I would appreciate any feedback.

I'm trying to identify bones ive found at an indian site in Kansas, without the teeth this one is tricky ive googled coyote, opossum, raccoon, bobcat, and without teeth they all look a lot alike, maybe you guys see something i dont

Here we go again! Even with my eyes closed tight and hallucinating, I would never be able to come up with this description. Of course, found while cruising "The Auction Site", I found this diddy. Described as a fossil "dog skull", this winner can be had for a mere $999. + shipping. Now let's not all go scrambling for the bid button at once. I am sure there are plenty more to be had in the sellers construction rock pile out back. This one should be filed under the title "Seriously?!!!".

This is not a fossil, but I brought it home any way from a river hunt. Is it domestic dog or coyote? I have looked at several images on line and cannot see a difference.

Grandmother found this while on vacation. The people she was with said it's a sharks tooth, but is suspiciously looks like a dogs nail. It was found in the water, on the bottom, not like it was floating. Any one want to clarify the object? Never seen a sharks tooth that looks like that.

From New Brunswick Canada. I saw these. One appears to be bamboo looking. The other was big rock on ground with what appeared to be footprints of different size. The larger one was no bigger than palm of hand. Besides footprint, something almost look like dog or pig head. Was just curious to know if they were actually fossils. the bamboo pic didn't load. I will have to add new topic. sorry am new

Greetings, I need help identifying this jaw bone. It looks to me like any wolf jaw bone I have seen. However, wolves only recently returned to the region it was found and it appears old.. at least to me. I would like to identify it and to learn how to posatively identify differences between wolf jaw bones and dogs. I'm also interested in any good reference on the subject I might aquire. Thank you for any help!!

For your entertainment, I offer this article from the website for the “Institute for Creation Research”. That’s those folks who don’t believe in what most of us here believe and prefer to think that: “Each of the major kinds of plants and animals was created functionally complete from the beginning and did not evolve from some other kind of organism.” http://www.icr.org/article/7558/ The article postulates that this “fossil-sniffing pooch” is evidence that fossils aren’t millions of years old as we palaeontologists believe and provide further proof of creationist idealism. It isn’t my intent to start a religious argument (so please restrain yourselves). People can believe whatever they want as far I am concerned. But the question that crossed my mind as I was reading it was this. Do any of you have any experience of taking your pooch with you when fossil-hunting and has your dog ever sniffed out anything you might not have otherwise found? I would be prepared to believe that a dog could be trained to sniff out almost anything with a chemical signature (sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, whatever) and that the ability doesn’t depend on there being residual organic tissue in the way the article suggests. I often note that split nodules which prove to contain a fossil have a distinct odour that empty nodules do not and I'm a smoker with probably rather disadvantaged olfactory abilities. I can't smell the difference from the outside, but I wonder if a dog might be able to? I haven’t had a dog for years, but when I did and took her beachcombing, she would often find a Pleistocene bone before I did – but I think she was using her eyes rather than her sense of smell.

I have two teeth shown below. The long skinny ones I have been told are whale teeth and the other I was told is a porpoise tooth. I found images in a book showing it may be a wolf sized dog, a seal or or possible a whale shark. Anyone have any opinions? I have a few of both in a display shot in the last image. Thanks in advanced for the input!

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since May 12, 2018. Family Canidae - The Dogs and Their Allies. Subfamily incertae sedis Tomiya, S. (2011). A New Basal Caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and Remarks on the Phylogeny of Early Carnivorans. PLoS ONE, Vol.6, Issue 9. Subfamily Hesperocyoninae (†) Wang, X. (2003). New material of Osbornodon from the Early Hemingfordian of Nebraska and Florida.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279. Wang, X. (1994). Phylogenetic Systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora:Canidae).Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 221. (212 pages) Wang, X. (1993). Transformation from Plantigrady to Digitigrady: Functional Morphology of Locomotion in Hesperocyon (Canidae: Carnivora). American Museum Novitates, Number 3069. Wang, X. and B.M. Rothschild (1992). Multiple Hereditary Osteochondroma in Oligocene Hesperocyon (Carnivora: Canidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(3). Welsh, E. (2014). The First Record of Osbornodon (Carnivora: Canidae) from the Orellan of South Dakota. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol.93. Wilson, J.A. (1939). A New Species of Dog from the Miocene of Colorado. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.V, Number 12. Subfamily Borophaginae (†) - 'Bone-Crushing' Dogs Tribe Borophagini Barbour, E.H. and H.J. Cook (1914). Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus from Nebraska. Nebraska Geological Survey, Vol.4, Part 15. Baskin, J.A. (1998). Evolutionary Trends in the Late Miocene Hyena-Like Dog Epicyon (Carnivora, Canidae). In: Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology and Geochronology, Tomida, Y, et al. (eds.). Berry, C.T. (1938). A Miocene Dog from Maryland. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol.85, Number 3035. Dalquest, W.W. (1969). The Bone-Eating Dog, Borophagus diversidens Cope. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 31. Hall, E.R. and W.W. Dalquest (1969). A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Vol.14, Number 10. Jasinski, S.E. and S.C. Wallace (2015). A Borophagine canid (Carnivora: Canidae: Borophaginae) from the middle Miocene Chesapeake Group of eastern North America. Journal of Paleontology, 89(6). McGrew, P.O. (1944). The Aelurodon saevus Group. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Vol.8, Number 13. McGrew, P.O. (1944). An Osteoborus from Honduras. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Vol.8, Number 12. Richey, K.A. (1979). Variation and Evolution in the Premolar Teeth of Osteoborus and Borophagus (Canidae). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, Vol.VII, 1979. Tseng, Z.J. and X. Wang (2010). Cranial Functional Morphology of Fossil Dogs and Adaptation for Durophagy in Borophagus and Epicyon (Carnivora, Mammalia). Journal of Morphology, 271. Van Valkenburgh, B., T. Sacco and X. Wang (2003). Pack Hunting in Miocene Borophagine Dogs: Evidence from Craniodental Morphology and Body Size. In: Vertebrate Fossils and Their Context: Contributions in Honor of Richard H. Tedford. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 279. Wang, X. (2004). A New Species of Aelurodon (Carnivora:Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(2). Tribe Phlaocyonini McGrew, P.O. (1941). A New Procyonid from the Miocene of Nebraska. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, Vol.8, Number 5. Wang, X. and R.H. Tedford (2008). Fossil dogs (Carnivora:Canidae) from the Sespe and Vaqueros formations in Southern California, with comments on the relationships of Phlaocyon taylori. In: Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America - Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. (X.Wang and L.G. Barnes eds). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. General Borophaginae Martin-Serra, A., B. Figueirido and P. Palmqvist (2016). In the Pursuit of the Predatory Behavior of Borophagines (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae): Inferences from Forelimb Morphology. J.Mammal.Evol., 23. Tseng, Z.J. and X. Wang (2011). Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Paleobiology, 37(3). Van Valkenberg, B., et al. (2003). Pack Hunting in Miocene Borophagine Dogs: Evidence from Craniodental Morphology and Body Size.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279, Chapter 7. Wang, X., et al. (1999). Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 243. (195 pages) Subfamily Caninae Basal and Early Caninae Asahara, M., et al. (2015). Re-examination of the fossil raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from the Penghu channel, Taiwan, and an age estimation of the Penghu fauna. Anthropological Science, Vol.123(3). Dermitzakis, M.D., A.A.E. Van der Geer and G.A. Lyras (2004). The phylogenetic position of raccoon dogs: Implications of their neuroanatomy. 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece. García, N. (2008). New Eucyon remains from the Pliocene Aramis Member (Sagantole Formation), Middle Awash Valley (Ethiopia). Comptes Rendus Palevol, Vol.7, Number 8. Geraads, D., et al. (2010). Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n.sp., a new canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the middle Pliocene of Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(3). Ivanoff, D.V., M. Wolsan and A Marciszak (2014). Brainy stuff of long-gone dogs: a reappraisal of the supposed Canis endocranial cast from the Pliocene of Poland. Naturwissenschaften, 101. Kim, S.-I., et al. (2015). Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variations in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116. Lucenti, S.B. (2017). Nyctereutes megamastoides (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Early and Middle Villafranchian (Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene) of the Lower Valdarno (Firenze and Pisa, Tuscany, Italy). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.123(2). Montoya, P., J. Morales, and J. Abella (2009). Eucyon debonisi n.sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). Geodiversitas, 31(4). Reynolds, S. (2012). Nyctereutes terblanchei: The raccoon dog that never was. S.Afr.J.Sci., 108(1/2). Rook, L. (2009). The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World. Geodiversitas, 31(4). Spassov, N. and L. Rook (2006). Eucyon marinae sp.nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora), a New Canid Species from the Pliocene of Mongolia, with a Review of Forms Referable to the Genus. Revista Italiana di Paleontología e Stratigrafia, Vol.112, Number 1. Tsubamoto, T. (2015). Rare anomalous dental morphologies found in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and their implication to dental morphology of fossil mammals. Jour.Geol.Soc. Japan, Vol.121, Number 6. Werdelin, L., M.E. Lewis and Y. Haile-Selassie (2015). A Critical Review of African Species of Eucyon (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), With a New Species from the Pliocene of the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Papers in Paleontology, Vol.1, Part 1. Tribe Canini - True Dogs Canini - Africa/Middle East Amri, L., et al. (2017). Canis othmanii n.sp. (Carnivora, Canidae) from the early Middle Pleistocene site of Wadi Sarrat (Tunisia). C.R. Palevol, 16. Hartstone-Rose, A., et al. (2010). The Plio-Pleistocene Ancestor of Wild Dogs, Lycaon sekowei N.Sp. J. Paleont., 84(2). Martinez-Navarro, B. and L. Rook (2003). Gradual evolution of the African hunting dog lineage: Systematic implications. C.R. Palevol, 2. Stiner, M.C., et al. (2001). Outside Africa: Middle Pleistocene Lycaon from Hyonim Cave, Israel. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 20(2). Canini - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Kotlia, B.S. (1987). A New Pleistocene Canid from the Upper Karewas of Kashmir Basin, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.32. Sharma, D.K., et al. (2004). Ancient wolf lineages in India. Proc.R.Soc.Lond. B (Suppl.), 271. Sotnikova, M. (2006). A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp.nov. (Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia.Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 256. Sotnikova, M. and L. Rook (2010). Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Canini) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 212. Tong, H.-W., N. Hu and X.-M. Wang (2012). New Remains of Canis chihliensis (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Shanshenmiaozui, a Lower Pleistocene Site in Yangyuan, Hebei. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50(4). Wang, X., Q. Li and G. Xie (2014). Earliest record of Sinicuon in Zanda Basin, southern Tibet and implications for hypercarnivores in cold environments. Quaternary International, xxx. Canini - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Abbazzi, L., et al. (2005). The Endemic Canid Cynotherium (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pleistocene Deposits of Monte Tuttavista (Nuoro, Eastern Sardinia). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.111, Number 3. Baryshnikov, G. (1996). The dhole, Cuon alpinus (Carnivora, Canidae), from the Upper Pleistocene of the Caucasus. Acta zool., cracov., 39(1). Berte, D.F. and L. Pandolfi (2014). Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae) from the Late Pleistocene Deposit of Avetrana (Taranto, Southern Italy). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.120, Number 3. Boudadi-Maligne, M. (2012). Canid remains from Cueva Victoria. Specific attribution and biochronological implications. Mastia. Cherin, M., et al. (2014). Re-Defining Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia): A New Look into the Evolutionary History of Early Pleistocene Dogs Resulting from the Outstanding Fossil Record from Pantalla (Italy). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21(1). Cherin, M., et al. (2013). Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia) and its role in the faunal assemblage from Pantalla (Perugia, central Italy): comparison with the Late Villafranchian large carnivore guild of Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 52(1). Datema, M.C. (2011). Was Cuon alpinus a mamber of the Mammoth Steppe Fauna? Comparative morphological and osteometrical study on recent and fossil Canidae hemimandibles. Masters Thesis - Utrecht University. (31.8MB download) Druzhkova, A.S., et al. (2013). Ancient DNA Analysis Affirms the Canid from Altai as a Primitive Dog. PLoS ONE, 8(3). Eisenmann, V. and B. van der Geer (1999). The Cynotherium from Corbeddu (Sardinia): comparative biometry with extant and fossil canids. In: Elephants Have a Snorkel! Papers in Honour of Paul Y. Sondaar. Reumer, J.W.F. and J. De Vos (eds.), DEINSEA, 7. Flower, L.O.H. (2014). Canid evolution and palaeoecology in the Pleistocene of western Europe, with particular reference to the wolf Canis lupus L. 1758. Ph.D. Thesis - Royal Holloway University of London. Flower, L.O.H. and D.C. Schreve (2014). An investigation of palaeodietary variability in European Pleistocene canids. Quaternary Science Reviews, xxx. (Article in press) Garrido, G. and A. Arribas (2008). Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain). Geobios, 41. Gatta, M., et al. (2016). Late Pleistocene skeleton of Canis lupus l., 1758 from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Jenne, Latium, central Italy). C.R. Palevol, 15. Germonpre, M., et al. (2017). Palaeolithic and prehistoric dogs and Pleistocene wolves from Yakutia: Identification of isolated skulls. Journal of Archaeological Science, 78. Germonpre, M., et al. (2009). Fossil dogs and wolves from Paleolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36. Ghezzo, E. and L. Rook (2014). Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Equi (Late Pleistocene, Massa-Carrara, Italy): anatomical analysis and palaeoethological contextualization. Rend.Fiss.Acc. Lincei, 25. Kurten, B. (1978). Fossil Canis from the Vicinity of Pretralona, Greece. Lyras, G. and A. van der Geer (2006). Adaptations of the Pleistocene island canid Cynotherium sardous (Sardinia, Italy) for hunting small prey. Cranium, 23. Lyras, G., et al. (2005). Cynotherium sardous, an Insular Canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its Origin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3). Madurell-Malapeira, J., M.R. Palombo and M. Sotnikova (2015). Cynotherium malatestai, Sp.Nov. (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Early Middle Pleistocene Deposits of Grotta Dei Fiori (Sardinia, Western Mediterranean). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e943400-2. Madurell-Malapeira, J., et al. (2013). The Latest European Painted Dog. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(5). Martinez-Navarro, B. and L. Rook (2003). Gradual evolution of the African hunting dog lineage: Systematic implications. C.R. Palevol, 2. Mecozzi, B., et al. (2017). Canis mosbachensis (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Pleistocene of Contrada Monticelli (Putignano, Apulia, southern Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 56(1). Ovodov, N.D., et al. (2011). A 33,000-Year-Old Incipient Dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: Evidence of the Earliest Domestication Disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum. PLoS ONE, 6(7). (Read on-line or download a copy.) Petrucci, M., S. Romiti and R. Sardella (2012). The Middle-Late Pleistocene Cuon Hodgson, 1838 (Carnivora, Canidae) from Italy. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 51(2). Reumer, J.W.F. and P. Piskoulis (2016). A specimen of Canis cf. C. etruscus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Middle Villafranchian of the Oosterschelde. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, FirstView article. Rook, L. (1994). The Plio-Pleistocene Old World Canis (Xenocyon) ex gr. falconeri. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 33(1). Rook, L. and D. Torre (1996). The latest Villafranchian-early Galerian small dogs of the Mediterranean area. Ann.zool., cracov., 39(1). Sansalone, G., et al. (2015). Evolutionary trends and stasis in carnassial teeth of European Pleistocene wolf Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae). Quaternary Science Reviews, 110. Sardella, R. and M.R. Palombo (2007). The Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary: Which Significance for the So Called "Wolf Event"? Evidences from Western Europe. Quaternaire, 18(1). Sardella, R., et al. (2013). The wolf from Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy) and its implications in the evolutionary history of Canis lupus in the Late Pleistocene of Southern Italy. Quaternary International, xxx. (Article in press) Sotnikova, M. and L. Rook (2010). Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Canini) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 212. Verginelli, F., et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves. Mol.Biol.Evol., 22(12). Walker, C.S. and S.E. Churchill (2014). Chapter 12. Territory Size in Canis lupus: Implications for Neandertal Mobility. In: Reconstructing Mobility: Environmental, Behavioral, and Morphological Determinants. Carlson, K.J. and D. Marchi (eds.), Springer Science+Business Media, New York. Canini - North America Berta, A. (1981). Fossil Wolves, Coyotes and Dogs of Florida. The Plaster Jacket, Number 36. The Plaster Jacket, Number 36. (Thanks to Nimravus for pointing this one out!) Bever, G.S. (2005). Morphometric Variation in the Cranium, Mandible, and Dentition of Canis latrans and Canis lepophagus (Carnivora: Canidae) and its Implications for the Identification of Isolated Fossil Specimens.The Southwestern Naturalist, 50(1). Binder, W.J. and B. Van Valkenberg (2010). A Comparison of Tooth Wear and Breakage in Rancho La Brea Saberooth Cats and Dire Wolves Across Time. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(1). Binder, W.J., E.N. Thompson and B. Van Valkenberg (2002). Temporal Variation in Tooth Fracture Among Rancho La Brea Dire Wolves. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(2). Brannick, A.L. (2014). Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, at Rancho La Brea. Masters Thesis - Marshall University. Brown, C., et al. (2017). Skeletal trauma reflects hunting behaviour in extinct sabre-tooth cats and dire wolves. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol.1, Article 0131. Cifelli, R.L., K.S. Smith and F. von Hofe Grady (2002). Dire Wolf (Canis dirus) in the Pleistocene of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology, Vol.62, Number 3. Dundas, R.G. (1999). Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America. Boreas, Vol. 28. Lawler, D.F., C. Widga and G.K. Smith (2017). Observations of the Acetabulum and Proximal Femur of the Dire Wolf (Canis dirus, Leidy 1854). J.Vet.Anat., Vol.10, Number 1. Meachen, J.A. and J.X. Samuels (2012). Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions. PNAS, Vol.109, Number 11. Meachen, J.A., A.L Brannick and T.J. Fry (2016). Extinct Beringian wolf morphotype found in the continental U.S. has implications for wolf migration and evolution. Ecology and Evolution, Open Access. (Thanks to edd for finding this one.) Meachen, J.A., et al. (2014) Ecological Changes in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Response to the Ice Age Megafaunal Extinctions. PLoS ONE, 9(12). Nowak, R.M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Number 6. (170 pages, 10.2 MB download) O'Keefe, F.R., et al. (2014). Cranial morphometrics of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, at Rancho La Brea: temporal variability and its links to nutrient stress and climate. Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol.7, Issue 1. Rutledge, L.Y., et al. (2012). Conservation genomics in perspective: a holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America. Biological Conservation, 155. Scott, E. and K.B. Springer (2016). First records of Canis dirus and Smilodon fatalis from the late Pleistocene Tule Springs local fauna, upper Las Vegas Wash, Nevada. PeerJ, 4:e2151. Tedford, R.H., X. Wang, and B.E. Taylor (2009). Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 325. Wang, X. (1990). Pleistocene Dire Wolf Remains from the Kansas River with Notes on Dire Wolves in Kansas. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History - The University of Kansas, Number 137. Canini - South America/Central America/Caribbean Dundas, R.G. (1999). Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America. Boreas, Vol. 28. Hidalgo-Mihart, M.G., et al. (2004). Historical and present distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) in Mexico and Central America. Journal of Biogeography, 31. Hodnett, J.-P. M., et al. (2009). Dire Wolf, Canis dirus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), from the Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of East-Central Sonora, Mexico.The Southwestern Naturalist, 54(1). Oliveira E.V., F.J. Prevosti and J.C. Pereira (2005). Protocyon troglodytes (Lund) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Late Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul and Their Paleoecological Significance. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8(3). Prevosti, F.J. and B.W. Schubert (2013). First taxon date and stable isotopes (δ13 C, δ15 N) for the large hypercarnivorous South American canid Protocyon troglodytes (Canidae, Carnivora). Quaternary International, 305. Prevosti, F.J., A.E. Zurita and A.A. Carlini (2005). Biostratigraphy, systematics, and paleoecology of Protocyon Giebel, 1855 (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 20. 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