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The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. But one group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event which would have a massive ecological impact in the Mesozoic are the Diapsida or the Diapsid reptiles. The Diapsids emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous era 302 Million Years ago and includes the Archosaurs. This resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic and gave rise to the non-avian dinosaurs, the crocodilians, and eventually the avian dinosaurs the birds. Luckily for all of us, this remarkable group continues to thrive today. Here’s a list of all currently known Diapsid reptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Neodiapsida Palacrodon (Neodiapsid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 252.3-205.6 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37821 https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.13770 Drepanosauromorpha https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320327662_A_bird-like_skull_in_a_Triassic_diapsid_reptile_increases_heterogeneity_of_the_morphological_and_phylogenetic_radiation_of_Diapsida Weigeltisauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225192300_New_data_on_the_morphology_of_permian_gliding_weigeltisaurid_reptiles_of_Eastern_Europe https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/vol31_part4_pp951-955.pdf Younginiformes Tangasauridae Hovasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37802 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cjes/article-abstract/41/1/1/53678/New-reptile-material-from-the-Lower-Triassic-of Kenyasaurus (Tangasaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37805 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event Lepidosauromorpha https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2021.1084 Archeosauriformes Ichthyosauromorpha https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01990-X Proterosuchidae Proterosuchus (Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80904 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820772/ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33528314.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233304760_Osteohistology_of_the_Triassic_Archosauromorphs_Prolacerta_Proterosuchus_Euparkeria_and_Erythrosuchus_from_the_Karoo_Basin_of_South_Africa https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/120/11/1749.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Vonhuenia (Archosaurid, possible Proterosuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-250 Million Years ago) https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387 Microcnemus (Protersuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37535 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321853963_Sequence_of_Permian_Tetrapod_Faunas_of_Eastern_Europe_and_the_Permian-Triassic_Ecological_Crisis http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226333243_New_Tanystropheids_Reptilia_Archosauromorpha_from_the_Triassic_of_Europe https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/1/555/files/2021/03/2020Romano.pdf Prolacertidae Prolacerta (Prolacertid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38193 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1536664 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450940/ https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Modesto-and-Botha-Brink-2008.pdf https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.170499 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346735054_The_origin_of_endothermy_in_synapsids_and_archosaurs_and_arms_races_in_the_Triassic https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app68/app010672023.pdf I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Promoschorhynchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One surprising group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Parareptilia, also known as the Parareptiles. The Parareptiles were an ancient group of sauropsids that emerged during the Pennsylvanian stage of the Carboniferous 306 Million Years ago and are a sister taxon to Eureptilia. The Parareptiles reached their ecological zenith during the Permian with some becoming small aquatic predators while others like the Pareiasaurs became 9 foot long, 2,200 lbs herbivores. The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event decimated the group's initial diversity, but a few smaller and more generalist parareptiles survived the event and briefly diversified again before becoming extinct 201.3 Million Years ago at the end of the Triassic. Here’s a list of all currently known Parareptile genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Procolophonomorpha Procolophonidae Sauropareion (Procolophonid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-2247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139841 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314303_New_Information_on_the_Skull_of_the_Early_Triassic_Parareptile_Sauropareion_anoplus_with_a_Discussion_of_Tooth_Attachment_and_Replacement_in_Procolophonids Owenettidae Owenetta (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37521 https://nasmus.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Botha-et-al-2007a.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524219 Barasaurus (Owenettid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37519 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169170_New_reptile_material_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Madagascar_Implications_for_the_Permian-Triassic_extinction_event I hope you all found this helpful!!!

The Ctenacanthiforms sharks emerged in the Late Devonian period and were one of the earliest evolutionary radiations in the Chondrichthyan lineage. They were also an incredibly successful group, surviving up to at least the Early Cretaceous in deep waters of what is now Southern France and Austria. Image of Reconstructions by J.P. Hodnett of some Ctenacanthid Sharks (the three yellow sharks) from Permian formations at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, U.S. Image Source: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/fossil-inventories-uncover-permian-sharks-in-western-national-parks.htm Unfortunately, this group is currently still relatively rarely studied by large sections of academia specializing in prehistoric sharks. This is the case even for species with preserved body fossils such as the magnificent, awe inspiring, and a personal favorite of mine, Saivodus striatus (Duffin and Glinter, 2006)! Duffin, C. J., & Ginter, M. (2006). Comments on the Selachian genus Cladodus Agassiz, 1843. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:cotsgc]2.0.co;2 However, one incredible genus that deserves more study and academic along with public spotlight is Amelacanthus (Maisey, 1982)!! Maisey, J. G. (1982). Studies on the Paleozoic selachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz. No. 2, Bythiacanthus St. John and Worthen, Amelacanthus, new genus, Eunemacanthus St. John and Worthen, Sphenacanthus Agassiz, and Wodnika Münster. American Museum novitates; no. 2722. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3536

The Sarcopterygian fish (also called lobed-fined fish) are an ancient group of fish that emerged in the Late Silurian 425 Million Years ago and gave rise to the direct ancestors of the first land vertebrates, the amphibians during the Late Devonian. Today represented by the still living Coelacanths and Lungfish, These fish were incredibly common and diverse during the late Paleozoic. But the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event 252 Million Years ago nearly decimated the group. But thankfully some of the Sacopterygii survived and all living Sarcopterygians and trace their origins to these few hardy survivors. Here's a list of all currently known Sacropterygian fish genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Sarcopterygii Dipnoi (Lungfish) Gnathorhiza (Dipnoid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 318.1-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=90709 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278743788_Environmental_significance_of_lungfish_burrows_Gnathorhiza_within_Lower_Permian_Wolfcampian_paleosols_of_the_US_midcontinent https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291808594_The_westernmost_occurrence_of_Gnathorhiza_in_the_Triassic_with_a_discussion_of_the_stratigraphic_and_palaeogeographic_distribution_of_the_genus Ceratodontiformes https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284186167_The_first_find_of_Permian_ceratodontids_Dipnoi_Osteichthyes_in_Russia Coelacanthiformes (Coelacanth fish) Coelacanthus (Coelacanthid) (Carboniferous-Early Triassic, 314.6-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34911 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226724498_Erratum_to_A_coelacanthid-rich_site_at_Hasbergen_NW_Germany_taphonomy_and_palaeoenvironment_of_a_first_systematic_excavation_in_the_Kupferschiefer_Upper_Permian_Lopingian https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265184906_Coelacanths_from_the_Middle_Triassic_Luoping_Biota_Yunnan_South_China_with_the_earliest_evidence_of_ovoviviparity I hope you all find this list helpful!!!

The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event of 252 Million Years ago was one of Earth’s largest mass extinction events, wiping out around 75% of all terrestrial genera and 95% of all oceanic genera. Cephalopods (represented at the time mostly by ammonites and the still extant Nautilidae) were especially hit hard, with around 97% of all ammonite genera becoming extinct by the start of the Triassic. But those genera that survived the event formed the basis for a major radiation in cephalopod diversity. Ammonites (particularly those of the order Ceratitida) experienced an era of rapid diversification during the Triassic. Cephalopods continued to diversify in the later stages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Here’s a list of all currently known cephalopod genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forgot any examples, please let me know and I’ll add the examples to the list promptly. Ammonoidea Prolecanitida Episageceras (Prolecanitid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13964 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x Ceratitida Xenodiscus (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 268.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14458 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0907992106 Otoceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14276 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/476/1/wignallpb2.pdf Ophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14272 https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/3896 https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/136979/1/1-s2.0-S1871174X17300434-main-1.pdf Tompophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14429 https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app58/app20110054.pdf Anderssoniceratidae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=86838 Prionolobus (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=82362 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277925393_First_occurrence_of_temnospondyls_from_the_Permian_and_Triassic_of_Turkey_Paleoenvironmental_and_paleobiogeographic_implications https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/136979/1/1-s2.0-S1871174X17300434-main-1.pdf Paratirolites (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=14312 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272149073_Importance_of_Carbon_Isotopic_Data_of_the_Permian-Triassic_Boundary_Layers_in_the_Verkhoyansk_Region_for_the_Global_Correlation_of_the_Basal_Triassic_Layer https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x Hypophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=82367 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272149073_Importance_of_Carbon_Isotopic_Data_of_the_Permian-Triassic_Boundary_Layers_in_the_Verkhoyansk_Region_for_the_Global_Correlation_of_the_Basal_Triassic_Layer https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361222295_Biotic_Response_to_Rapid_Environmental_Changes_During_the_Permian-Triassic_Mass_Extinction Metophiceras (Ceratite) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=93264 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818118301322 Orthocerida https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13358-019-00188-2 Belemnoidea Xiphoteuthididae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=265569 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12070 Nautilida Liroceratidae Paranautilus (Liroceratid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 259-205 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13256 https://www.cnidaria.nat.uni-erlangen.de/tersane/tersane-papers/Korn&Gliwa_2019_The morphospace of Late Permian coiled nautiloids.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327721272_Aly_MF_2001_Middle_Triassic_Cephalopods_from_the_Musandam_Peninsula_Northern_Oman_Mountains_United_Arab_Emirates_Geo_Soc_Egypt_45_1B_463-479 Tainoceratidae Aulametacoceras (Tainoceratid) (Middle Permian-Early Triassic, 272-242 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13151 https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1207/report.pdf Germanonautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 254-201 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13201 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327721272_Aly_MF_2001_Middle_Triassic_Cephalopods_from_the_Musandam_Peninsula_Northern_Oman_Mountains_United_Arab_Emirates_Geo_Soc_Egypt_45_1B_463-479 Holconautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 265-232 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13216 https://www.cnidaria.nat.uni-erlangen.de/tersane/tersane-papers/Korn&Gliwa_2019_The morphospace of Late Permian coiled nautiloids.pdf https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13358-022-00263-1 Pleuronautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Carboniferous-Late Triassic, 298-205 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13270 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336065301_A_Changhsingian_late_Permian_nautiloid_assemblage_from_Gujiao_South_China Tainionautilus (Tainoceratid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 254.0-247.2 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13314 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336065301_A_Changhsingian_late_Permian_nautiloid_assemblage_from_Gujiao_South_China https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/_downloads/bruehwiler_2012_ammonoids_salt_range.pdf Grypoceratidae https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1207/report.pdf Syringonautilidae Syringonautilus (Syringonautilid) (Late Permian-Late Triassic, 254-232 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13311 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39311692.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292364105_Triassic_ammonoid_succession_in_South_Primorye_1_Lower_Olenekian_Hedenstroemia_bosphorensis_and_Anasibirites_nevolini_Zones I hope you all find this helpful?

The Permian-Triassic Extinction event of 252 Million Years (caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia) was one of the biggest mass extinctions in Earth's history (killing 75% of all land genera and 95% of all marine genera). The event marked the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic. Famous survivors of the extinction event include the Dicynodont Lystrosaurus, the Therocephalians Moschorhinus, Tetracynodon, Promoschorhynchus, the Archosaur Proterosuchus, and the Cynodont Thrinaxodon. One group of terrestrial survivors of the extinction event sometimes overlooked are the Amphibians, the original tetrapods. One resilient group not only survived the extinction event but experienced a rapid period of diversification during the Triassic. These were the truly iconic and mostly salamander like Temnospondyls (Temnospondyli). This group lasted from the Carboniferous until the Early Cretaceous period (330-120 Million Years ago). It’s also likely that they are the direct ancestors of today’s Lissamphibia (the most common group of Amphibians alive today). Here’s a list of all currently known amphibian genera and families that survived the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Temnospondyli Rhinesuchidae Broomistega (Rhinesuchid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic. 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=266422 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674584.pdf Micropholidae Micropholis (Micropholid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37033 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/10_3/pineiro.pdf https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-41/issue-1/02724634.2021.1904251/First-Record-of-the-Amphibamiform-Micropholis-stowi-from-the-Lower/10.1080/02724634.2021.1904251.short Capitosauria Lydekkerina (Capitosaurid) (Late Permian-Early Triassic, 252.3-251.3 Million Years ago) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=267018 http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=255237 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228494637_The_South_African_stereospondyl_Lydekkerina_huxleyi_Tetrapoda_Temnospondyli_from_the_Lower_Triassic_of_Australia https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317225232_The_Rhinesuchidae_and_early_history_of_the_Stereospondyli_Amphibia_Temnospondyli_at_the_end_of_the_Palaeozoic https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240535618_Cranial_anatomy_of_the_Early_Triassic_stereospondyl_Lydekkerina_huxleyi_Tetrapoda_Temnospondyli_and_the_taxonomy_of_South_African_lydekkerinids Rhytidosteidae http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37110 https://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/10_3/pineiro.pdf Tupilakosauridae https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232672896_Slaugenhopia_texensis_Amphibia_Temnospondyli_from_the_Permian_of_Texas_is_a_primitive_tupilakosaurid I hope you all found this helpful?