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famo_miohiporgon.pdf fairly new,as these things go. Size:< 1 Mb "Statistical methods will better inform analyses that address the continent-wide issue of distinguishing Mesohippus from Miohippus. These two genera are difficult to distinguish(Stirton, 1940), but are considered distinct based on the presence and condition of the articular facet on the third metatarsal, which articulates with the cuboid; larger hypostyles; a longer face(*); and a deeper facial fossa (Prothero and Shubin, 1989; MacFadden,1998). The paleopopulation of John Day Miohippus is not adequate in addressing this issue because there are only five occurrences of Mesohippus in the entire assemblage. Very few specimens from the Turtle Cove assemblage were identified as Mesohippus, and those that were identified as such were determined to be statistically different from the specimens of Miohippus. " (*): for the ones among us who see the funny side of equid systematics

some of you might like this NB:large download NB 2: an oldie outtakes,to convince doubters:

So when i was growing up, my mother came across a, then unknown to her, fossil while arrowhead hunting with my father. When i got old enough for it to grab my attention, I did research and found it to be from a horse, which obviously makes it at least 12,000 years old. Well a few days ago after looking at the fossil again, I found something i found interesting, very obvious tool marks. I'll attach some images and please let me know anything you know about what I have. I have read conflicting accounts as to when Native Americans actually came to America, anywhere from 60,000 to 12,000 years ago, but this fossil forces me to believe it is closer to 60,000 than 12,000, as the horses were all but extinct by then.

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since May 26, 2018. Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae - The Horses Eocene Equidae Badiola, A., et al. (2002). First record of the genus Leptolophus Remy, 1965 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) in the late Eocene (Priabonian) of Europe. Geodiversitas, 24(4). D'Ambrosia, A.R., et al. (2014). Stable isotope patterns found in early Eocene equid tooth rows of North America: Implications for reproductive behavior and paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 414. Danilo, L., et al. (2013). A New Eocene Locality in Southern France Sheds Light on the Basal Radiation of Palaeotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(1). Franzen, J.L., C. Aurich and J. Habersetzer (2015). Description of a Well Preserved Fetus of the European Eocene Equoid Eurohippus messelensis. PLoS ONE, 10(10). Froehlich, D.J. (2002). Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134. Granger, W. (1908). A Revision of the American Eocene Horses. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXIV, Article XV. Kitts, D.B. (1957). A Revision of the Genus Orohippus (Perissodactyla, Equidae). American Museum Novitates, Number 1864. Masciale, D.M. (2010). An Analysis of Anchitherine Equids Across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in the White River Group of the Western Great Plains. Masters Thesis - University of Nebraska. Rej, J.E. and S.G. Lucas (2016). Morphological Comparison of Two Early Eocene Horse Taxa: Minippus of New Mexico and Sifrhippus from Wyoming. In: Fossil Record 5. Sullivan, R.M. and S.G. Lucas (eds.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 74. Remy, J.A., G. Krasovec and B. Marandat (2016). A new species of Propalaeotherium (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Middle Eocene locality of Aumelas (Herault, France). Palaeovertebrata, Vol.40(2). Rose, K.D., L.T. Holbrook and W.P. Luckett (2017). Deciduous premolars of Eocene Equidae and their phylogenetic significance. Historical Biology, 2017. Scott, W.B. (1891). On the Osteology of Mesohippus and Leptomeryx With Observations on the Modes and Factors of Evolution in the Mammalia. Journal of Morphology, Vol.5, Number 3. Secord, R., et al. (2012). Evolution of the Earliest Horses Driven by Climate Change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science, Vol.335, Number 6071. Oligocene Equidae Farr, M.S. (1896). Notes on the Osteology of the White River Horses. The American Philosophical Society. Lambe, L.M. (1905). On The Tooth-Structure of Mesohippus westoni (Cope). The American Geologist, Vol.XXXV. McGrew, P.O. (1953). A New and Primitive Early Oligocene Horse from Trans-Pecos, Texas. Fieldiana Geology, Vol.10, Number 15. Osborn, H.F. (1904).New Oligocene Horses. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Volume XX, Article XIII. Prothero, D.R. and N. Shubin (1989). 10. The Evolution of Oligocene Horses. In: The Evolution of Perissodactyls. D.R. Prothero and R.M. Schoch (eds.), Oxford University Press. Scott, W.B. (1891). On the Osteology of Mesohippus and Leptomeryx With Observations on the Modes and Factors of Evolution in the Mammalia. Journal of Morphology, Vol.5, Number 3. Miocene Equidae Miocene Equidae - Africa/Middle East Bernor, R.L. (2007). The Latest Miocene Hipparionine (Equidae) from Lemudong'o, Kenya. Kirtlandia, Number 56. Bernor, R.L. (1985). Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age). Palaeovertebrata, 15(4). Bernor, R.L. and R.S. Scott (2003). New interpretations of the systematics, biogeography and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene)(Libya). Geodiversitas, 25(2). Bernor, R.L., N.T. Boaz and L. Rook (2012). Eurygnathohippus feibeli (Perissodactyla: Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of As Sahabi (Libya) and its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Significance. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 51(1). Bernor, R.L., R.S. Scott and Y. Haile-Selassie (2005). A contribution to the evolutionary history of Ethiopian hipparionine horses (Mammalia, Equidae): morphometric evidence from the postcranial skeleton. Geodiversitas, 27(1). Bernor, R.L., T.M. Kaiser and S.V. Nelson (2004). The Oldest Ethiopian Hipparion (Equinae, Perissodactyla) from Chorora: Systematics, Paleodiet and Paleoclimate. Cour.Foursch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 246. Forsten, A. (1978). Hipparion and possible Iberian-North African Neogene connections. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 15. Franz-Odendaal, T.A., T.M. Kaiser and R.L. Bernor (2003). Systematics and dietary evaluation of a fossil equid from South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 99. Koufos, G.D. and T.D. Vlachou (2005). Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. In: Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Sen, S. (ed.), Geodiversitas, 27(4). Koufos, G.D. and D.S. Kostopoulos (1994). The late Miocene mammal localities of Kemiklitepe, Turkey: 3. Equidae. Bull.Mus.natl.Hist.nat., Paris, 4e ser.,16. Pickford, M. (2001). Equidae in the Ngorora Formation, Kenya, and the First Appearance of the Family in East Africa. Revista Española de Paleontología, 16(2). Scott, R.S. and M. Maga (2005). Paleoecology of the Akkaşdaği hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae), late Miocene of Turkey. Geodiversitas, 27(4). Scott, R.S., et al. (2003). 16. The Abundance of "Hipparion". In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey. Fortelius, M., et al. (eds.), Columbia University Press. Watabe, M. and H. Nakaya (1991). Cranial Skeletons of Hipparion (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Maragheh (Turolian, Late Miocene), Northwest Iran. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geol. & Mineral., Vol.LVI, Nunbers 1&2. Miocene Equidae - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Akhtar, M., et al. (2009). Hipparion from the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan. Punjab Univ.J.Zool., Vol.24(1-2). Babar, M.A., et al. (2016). Sivalhippus nagriensis (Equidae, Mammalia) from Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(4). Colbert, E.H. (1939). A New Anchitheriine Horse from the Tung Gur Formation of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, Number 1019. Deng, T. (2006). Paleoecological comparison between late Miocene localities of China and Greece based on Hipparion faunas. Geodiversitas, 28(3). Deng, T. and X.-M. Wang (2004). Late Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) of Eastern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 42(4). Deng, T., et al. (2016). The Late Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) fossils from the Baogeda Ula, Inner Mongolia, China. Historical Biology, 28(1-2). Eronen, J.T., et al. (2014). Here be Dragons: Mesowear and tooth enamel isotopes of the classic Chinese "Hipparion" faunas from Baode, Shanxi Province, China. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 51. Forsten, A. (1982). The Taxonomic Status of the Miocene Horse Genus Sinohippus. Palaeontology, Vol. 25, Part 3. Hanif, M., et al. (2017). New Hipparionine (Perissodactyla) Fossils from Potwar Plateau of Pakistan. Pakistan J.Zool., Vol.49(5). Hou, S.-K., et al. (2007). New Materials of Sinohippus from Gansu and Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 45(3). Ikram, T., et al. (2016). Additional Fossils of Sivilhippus theobaldi (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. Sci.Int.(Lahore), 28(3). Iqbal, M., et al (2009). Some New Remains of Hipparion from the Dhok Pathan Type Locality, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 19(3). Khan, M.A., et al. (2014). Some New Remains of Hipparionine (Equidae: Mammalia) from Dhok Pathan Upper Miocene, Northern Pakistan. Pakistan J.Zool., 46(2). Khan, M.A., et al. (2011). A New Collection of Hipparionine from the Type Locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 21(1). Li, Y., et al. (2017). Assessment of dental ontogeny in late Miocene hipparionines from the Lamagou fauna of Fugu, Shaanxi Province, China. PLoS ONE, 12(4). Miyata, K. and Y. Tomida (2010). Anchitherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Early Miocene Hiramaki Formation, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, And its Implication for the Early Diversification of Asian Anchitherium. J.Paleont., 84(4). Qiu, Z.-X. and J. Xie (1998). Notes on Parelasmotherium and Hipparion Fossils from Wangji, Dongxiang, Gansu. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 36(1). Sun, B.-Y. (2013). The Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Shihuiba Locality, Lufeng, Yunnan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 51(2). Sun, B.-Y., et al. (2018). Sivalhippus ptychodus and Sivalhippus platyodus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.124(1). Tariq, M. and N. Jahan (2012). Paleoecology of Hipparion sp. (Equidae-Hipparionini) from latest Miocene of Padhri, northern Pakistan. Biologia (Pakistan), 58 (1&2). Watabe, M. (2011). Morphologic Comparison of Cranial and Postcranial Material of Chinese and Other Holarctic Hipparionine Horses. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49(3). Ye, J., W.Y. Wu and J. Meng (2005). Anchitherium from the Middle Miocene Halamagai Formation of Northern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 43(2). Miocene Equidae - Europe (including Siberia and Greenland) Bernor, R.L., H.-W. Mittmann and F. Rogl (1993). Systematics and Chronology of the Gotzendorf "Hipparion" (Late Miocene, Pannonian F, Vienna Basin). Ann.Naturhist.Mus. Wien, 95A. Bernor, R.L., et al. (2017). The Pannonian C hipparions from the Vienna Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 476. Bernor, R.L., et al. (2011). Systematics and Paleobiology of Hippotherium malpassii n.sp. (Equidae, Mammalia) from the latest Miocene of Baccinello V3 (Tuscany, Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 50(3). Bernor, R.L., et al. (2003). An Evaluation of the Late MN9 (Late Miocene, Vallesian Age), Hipparion Assemblage from Rudabanya (Hungary): Systematic Background, Functional Anatomy and Paleoecology. Coloquios de Paleontologia, Vol. Ext.1. Bernor, R.L., et al. (1999). Stratigraphic Context, Systematic Position and Paleoecology of Hippotherium sumegense Kretzoi, 1984 from MN 10 (Late Vallesian of the Pannonian Basin). Mitt.Bayer.Staatslg.Palaont.hist.Geol., 39. Bernor, R.L., et al. (1993). Systematics and Chronology of the Gotzendorf "Hipparion" (Late Miocene, Pannonian F, Vienna Basin.Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 95. Bernor, R.L., et al. (1988). Systematic, Stratigraphic and Paleoenvironmental Contexts of First-Appearing Hipparion in the Vienna Basin, Austria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8(4). Delinschi, A. (2009). Contribution to the Study of Maeotian Hipparion Faunas from the Republic of Moldova. Muzeul Olteniei Craiova, Vol.XXV. Deng, T. (2006). Paleoecological comparison between late Miocene localities of China and Greece based on Hipparion faunas. Geodiversitas, 28(3). Domingo, L., et al. (2009). Paleoenvironmental conditions in the Spanish Miocene-Pliocene boundary: isotopic analysis of Hipparion dental enamel. Naturwissenschaften, 96. Forsten, A. (1982). Hipparion primigenium melendezi Alberdi reconsidered. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 19. Forsten, A. (1985). Hipparion primigenium from Howenegg/Hegau, FRG. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 22. Forsten, A. (1980). Hipparions of the Hipparion mediterraneum group from south-western USSR. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 17. Forsten, A. (1978). Hipparion and possible Iberian-North African Neogene connections. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 15. Forsten, A. (1978). Hipparion primigenium (v. Meyer, 1829), an early three-toed horse. Ann.Zool. Fennici, 15. Garces, M., et al. (2003). Hipparion dispersal in Europe: magnetostratigraphic constraints from the Daroca area (Spain). Coloquios de Paleontologia, Vol.Ext. 1. Johnson, M.R. and D.H. Geary (2016). Stable isotope ecology of Hippotherium from the Late Miocene Pannonian Basin system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 159. Kaiser, T.M. (2009). Anchitherium aurelianense (Equidae, Mammalia): a brachyodont "dirty browser" in the community of herbivorous large mammals from Sandelzhausen (Miocene, Germany). Palaontol.Z., 83. Kaiser, T.M. (2003). The dietary regimes of two contemporaneous populations of Hippotherium primigenium (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Vallesian (Upper Miocene) of Southern Germany. Palaeo, 198. Kaiser, T.M. and R.L. Bernor (2006). The Baltavar Hippotherium: A mixed feeding Upper Miocene hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Hungary (East-Central Europe). Beitr.Palaont., 30. Kaiser, T.M., et al. (2003). New Interpretations of the Systematics and Palaeoecology of the Dorn-Durkheim 1 Hipparions (Late Miocene, Turolian Age [MN 11]), Rheinhessen, Germany. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 83(1-2). Klementiev, A.M. and A.V. Sizov (2015). New record of anchithere (Anchitherium aurelianense) in the Miocene of Eastern Siberia, Russia. Russian Journal of Theriology, 14(2). Koufos, G.D. (2016). Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61(3). Koufos, G.D. (1988). Study of the Turolian Hipparions of the Lower Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece) 4. Localities of Dytiko. Palaeovertebrata, Montpelier, 18(4). Koufos, G.D. (1985). Hipparion sp. (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Diavata (Thessaloniki, northern Greece). Bull.Br.Mus.nat.Hist. (Geol.), 38(5). Lazaridis, G. and E. Tsoukala (2014). A Case of Abnormal Deciduous Tooth Morphology of a Late Miocene Hipparionine Horse. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 66(2). MacFadden, B.J. (1980). The Miocene Horse Hipparion from North America and from the Type Locality in Southern France. Paleontology, Vol. 23, Part 3. Martinez-Maza, C., et al. (2014). Life-History Traits of the Miocene Hipparion concudense (Spain) Inferred from Bone Histological Structure. PLoS ONE, 9(8). Pesquero, M.D., M.T. Alberdi and P. Montoya (2007). Hipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Venta del Moro (Valencia Province, Spain). N.Jahr.Geol.Pal. Abh., 243(3). (Preprint article) Pesquero, M.D., M.T. Alberdi and L. Alcala (2006). New Species of Hipparion from La Roma 2 (Late Vallesian; Teruel, Spain): A Study of the Morphological and Biometric Variability of Hipparion primigenium. J.Paleont., 80(2). Rook, L. and R.L. Bernor (2013). Hippotherium malpassii (Equidae, Mammalia) from the latest Miocene (late Messinian; MN13) of Monticino gypsum quarry (Brisighella, Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 52(2). Salesa, M.J., et al. (2004). Presence of the Asian horse Sinohippus in the Miocene of Europe. Acta Paleontologica Polonica, 49(2). Sen, S. (1990). Hipparion Datum and Its Chronological Evidence in the Mediterranean Area. In: European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Lindsay, E.H., et al. (eds.), Plenum Press, New York. Wolf, D., G.M. Semprebon and R.L. Bernor (2012). New observations on the paleodiet of the late Miocene Howenegg (Hegau, Germany) Hippotherium primigenium (Mammalia, Equidae). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 51(3). Woodburne, M.O. (2009). The early Vallesian vertebrates of Atzelsdorf (Late Miocene, Austria). 9. Hippotherium (Mammalia, Equidae). Ann.Naturhist.Mus. Wien, 111A. Miocene Equidae - North America Buwalda, J.P. and G.E. Lewis (1955). A New Species of Merychippus. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 264-G. Darnell, M.K. and J.R. Thomasson (2007). First equid remains from the late Miocene Prolithospermum johnstonii - Nassella pohlii assemblage zone stratotype locality, Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol.110, Numbers 1/2. Famoso, N.A. and D. Pagnac (2011). A Comparison of the Clarendonian Equid Assemblages from the Mission Pit, South Dakota and Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies, Paper 9. Gidley, J.W. (1907). Revision of the Miocene and Pliocene Equidae of North America.Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXIII. Gidley, J.W. (1903). A New Three-toed Horse. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, Article XIII. Hulbert, R.C. (1993). Late Miocene Nannippus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, With a Description of the Smallest Hipparionine Horse. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(3). Hulbert, R.C. (1988). Cormohipparion and Hipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Late Neogene of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Vol.33, Number 5. Hulbert, R.C. (1988). Calippus and Protohippus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Miocene (Barstovian- Early Hemphillian) of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Vol.32, Number 3. Hulbert, R.C. (1984). Paleoecology and Population Dynamics of the Early Miocene (Hemingfordian) Horse Parahippus leonensis from the Thomas Farm Site, Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4(4). Kelly, T.S. (1998). New Middle Miocene Equid Crania from California and Their Implications for the Phylogeny of the Equini. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Number 473. Kelly, T.S. (1995). New Miocene Horses from the Caliente Formation, Cuyama Valley Badlands, California. Contributions to Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Number 455. MacFadden, B.J. (2001). Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium clarencei from the Early Miocene (Hemingfordian) Thomas Farm, Florida. Florida Museum of Natural History Bulletin, Vol.43, Number 3. MacFadden, B.J. (1984). Systematics and Phylogeny of Hipparion, Neohipparion, Nannippus, and Cormohipparion from the Miocene and Pliocene of the New World. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 179, Article 1. MacFadden, B.J. (1980). The Miocene Horse Hipparion from North America and from the Type Locality in Southern France. Paleontology, Vol. 23, Part 3. Maguire, K.C. (2015). Dietary niche stability of equids across the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum in Oregon, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 426. Maguire, K.C. and A.L. Stigall (2008). Paleobiogeography of Miocene Equinae of North America: A phylogenetic biogeographic analysis of the relative roles of climate, vicariance and dispersal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 267. Mawby, J.E. (1968). Megahippus and Hypohippus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Esmeralda Formation of Nevada. PaleoBios, Vol.1, Number 7. O'Sullivan, J.A. (2005). Population Dynamics of Archaeohippus blackbergi (Mammalia; Equidae) from the Miocene Thomas Farm Fossil Site of Florida. Bull.Fla.Mus.Nat.Hist., 45(4). O'Sullivan, J.A. (2003). A New Species of Archaeohippus (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Arikareean of Central Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(4). Pagnac, D. (2006). Scaphohippus, A New Genus of Horse (Mammalia: Equidae) from the Barstow Formation of California. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol.13, Number 1. Quinn, J.H. (1952). Recognition of Hipparions and Other Horses in the Middle Miocene Mammalian Faunas of the Texas Gulf Region. Bureau of Economic Geology-Report of Investigations, Number 14. Voorhies, M.R., R.G. Corner and J.L. Fitzgibbon (1987). Calippus regulus (Mammalia: Equidae) in the Penny Creek Local Fauna (Clarendonian), Webster County, Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies, Paper 206. Webb, S.D. and R.C. Hulbert (1986). Systematics and evolution of Pseudhipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper 3. Woodburne, M.O. (2007). Phyletic Diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale Complex (Mammalia:Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, and the Origin of Old World Hippotherium Datum.Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 306. (138 pages) Woodburne, M.O. (2003). Craniodental Analysis of Merychippus insignis and Cormohipparion goorisi (Mammalia,Equidae), Barstovian, North America. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Number 279, Chapter 16. Woodburne, M.O. (1996). Reappraisal of the Cormohipparion from the Valentine Formation, Nebraska. American Museum Novitates, Number 3163. Miocene Equidae - South America/Central America/Caribbean Bravo-Cuevas, V.M. and I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca (2010). The oldest record of Equini (Mammalia: Equidae) from Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, Vol.27, Number 3. Bravo-Cuevas, V.M. and I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca (2008). Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the middle Miocene of Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28(1). Bravo-Cuevas, V.M. and J. Priego-Vargas (2009). Dietary evaluation of a hipparionin population from the middle Miocene of Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, Vol.26, Number 2. MacFadden, B.J. (2009). Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama. J.Paleont., 83(3). General Miocene Equidae Eisenmann, V. and P. Sondaar (1989). Hipparions and the Mio-Pliocene Boundary. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 28(2-3). Gidley, J.W. (1904). Proper Generic Names of Miocene Horses. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XX, Article XV. Hulbert, R.C. and B.J. MacFadden (1991). Morphological Transformation and Cladogenesis at the Base of the Adaptive Radiation of Miocene Hypsodont Horses. American Museum Novitates, Number 3000. Kaiser, T.M. (2002). 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