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  1. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Ethiopian Amber Wenchit River Valley North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia “Tertiary Sediments” (23-16 Ma) Lighting: 140lm LED Longwave UV (365nm) Specimens: Spec. A (Marcasite): 11.2g / 27x20x31mm (in image) Spec. B (Large Yellow): 8.0g / 41x30x20mm Spec. C (Flow Lines): 8.4g / 34x31x20mm Spec. D (Run [Large Half]): 5.3g / 24x21x17mm Spec. E (Run [Small Half]): 2.8g / 23x19x14mm Spec. F (Green Flow): 5.7g / 26x25x20mm Spec. G (Green Angular): 3.1g / 27x20x15mm Spec. H (Umber [Large Half]): 3.3g / 26x18x17mm Spec. I (Umber [Small Half]): 2.2g / 22x12x12mm *With the exception of Specimens D and E, all present slight matrix on the exterior, consisting primarily of siltstone. Specimen A has a large cluster of iron sulfide mineral concretions on its rear side, accounting for the majority of the piece's weight. Mining, Properties: While there are several other amber and copal deposits on the African continent, Ethiopian amber deposits discovered back in 2010 have proven to be the most productive: on average, at least 20kg is mined by the locals every year. The amber is hard, and ranges in color from dark brown, red, and yellow, as well as varying shades of green; the green coloration is a natural base color, although a green fluorescence can be seen in some Ethiopian material when exposed to high-intensity LED light or sunlight: similar green fluorescent response is seen in some Dominican, Mexican, and Myanmar ambers. The green base coloration seen in some Ethiopian amber was likely caused by significant pressure and heat: volcanic layers of basalt of varying thickness overlie and underlie the deposits, and acted as a natural autoclave. The size of recovered amber specimens ranges anywhere from 5-25cm in size. Geology and Age of Deposits: Amber is found in sandstone and siltstone layers along the valley walls of the Wenchit, Jemma, and Mugher rivers; the amber-bearing layers were originally attributed to the Debre Libanos Sandstone, a Cretaceous geological Formation within the Blue Nile Basin 200-500m thick: this assignment was based on local observations, a geological map, and fossil spore identification. However, due to incorrectly-dated and some then-unidentified fossil spores, as well as arthropod and plant inclusions from genera with living relatives, the amber is believed to be Early Miocene in age. The amber occurs not in the Debre Libanos Sandstone, but in Tertiary sediments comprised of siltstone and sandstone situated between basalt layers, which often display columnar jointing. These basalt flows vary in age from Early Oligocene (~30 Ma) to Quaternary (2.58 Ma to Recent). Inclusions, Botanical Source: Ethiopian amber is frequently rich in inclusions, especially bacteria and fungal spores; plant inclusions include liverworts, various angiosperms, and rare examples of mosses and lichens; arthropods are abundant, including mites, spiders, and over 13 families of hexapods (e.g., beetles, flies, ants, etc.). Comparing the spectrographic results of Ethiopian amber with Dominican and Mexican ambers, has shown that this is a Class Ic resin, most likely produced by a member of the Fabaceae family; fossil leaves and flower parts of trees belonging to the Hymenaea genus have been found in this amber, adding weight to the chemical analysis’ findings. Sources: “A review of copal and amber occurrences in Africa and their paleontological significance.”; Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 2020, 191 (1), p. 17; Valentine Bouju, Vincent Perrichot “On the ages of flood basalt events Sur l’âge des trapps basaltiques”; Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Volume 335, Issue 1, pp. 113-140; Courtillot, Renne 2003 “Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Blue Nile Basin, Northwestern Ethiopian Plateau”; Geological Journal Issue 44, pp. 44, 47-50; N. Gani, et. al. 2008

    © Kaegen Lau

  2. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    “Oise Amber” Creil, Oise Department, France Argiles à lignites du Soissonnais Lowermost Eocene (~56-53 Ma) Specimen C (Left): 0.4g / 15x12x5mm Specimen D (Right): 0.3g / 10x10x8mm Lighting: Longwave UV (365nm) Entry nine of ten, detailing various rare ambers from European, Asian, and North American localities. French amber localities are extremely numerous and are found in 35 departments. There are at least 55 Cretaceous amber localities, contained mainly within the southern half of France; three French departments also host amber from the Carboniferous Period. Many of the Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene amber localities were widely available in the 1800s to the 1950s, but as the lignite, potash, and alum quarries vanished, so did the amber found in them. The locality at Oise was discovered in 1996, making it a relatively recent find. It is located within the Paris Basin outside of Creil, at a place known as “Le Quesnoy” (not to be confused with the small town in NE France), and the amber is found in lignite layers situated in clayey sands. These layers were formed during a warming period that caused mass extinctions in Europe, but not necessarily among the insects; warm oceans and high temperatures created ideal conditions for a tropical environment at that time. Fossilized remains of the amber-producing tree “Aulacoxylon sparnacense” are commonly found in amber deposits near Houdancourt and Moru; the structure of the wood is reminiscent of modern trees of the subfamilies Combretaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. The Aulacoxylon genus belongs to the same subfamily (Detarioideae) as the trees which were responsible for the production of the Dominican and Mexican, and possibly Ethiopian ambers (Genus: Hymenaea). Since 1996, at least 20,000 arthropod inclusions in Oise amber have already been collected, mostly belonging to the Psocoptera (barklice) and Coleoptera (beetles). Sources: “Insects from the Early Eocene amber of Oise (France): diversity and palaeontological significance”; Denisia, Volume 0026, pp. 41-52; Nicolas, André, Denis 2009 “The French ambers: a general conspectus and the Lowermost Eocene amber deposit of Le Quesnoy in the Paris Basin”; Geologica Acta, Volume 2; A. Nel, G. De Ploëg, et. al. 2004

    © Kaegen Lau

  3. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    “Oise Amber” Creil, Oise Department, France Argiles à lignites du Soissonnais Lowermost Eocene (~56-53 Ma) Specimen C (Left): 0.4g / 15x12x5mm Specimen D (Right): 0.3g / 10x10x8mm Lighting: 140lm LED Entry nine of ten, detailing various rare ambers from European, Asian, and North American localities. French amber localities are extremely numerous and are found in 35 departments. There are at least 55 Cretaceous amber localities, contained mainly within the southern half of France; three French departments also host amber from the Carboniferous Period. Many of the Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene amber localities were widely available in the 1800s to the 1950s, but as the lignite, potash, and alum quarries vanished, so did the amber found in them. The locality at Oise was discovered in 1996, making it a relatively recent find. It is located within the Paris Basin outside of Creil, at a place known as “Le Quesnoy” (not to be confused with the small town in NE France), and the amber is found in lignite layers situated in clayey sands. These layers were formed during a warming period that caused mass extinctions in Europe, but not necessarily among the insects; warm oceans and high temperatures created ideal conditions for a tropical environment at that time. Fossilized remains of the amber-producing tree “Aulacoxylon sparnacense” are commonly found in amber deposits near Houdancourt and Moru; the structure of the wood is reminiscent of modern trees of the subfamilies Combretaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. The Aulacoxylon genus belongs to the same subfamily (Detarioideae) as the trees which were responsible for the production of the Dominican and Mexican, and possibly Ethiopian ambers (Genus: Hymenaea). Since 1996, at least 20,000 arthropod inclusions in Oise amber have already been collected, mostly belonging to the Psocoptera (barklice) and Coleoptera (beetles). Sources: “Insects from the Early Eocene amber of Oise (France): diversity and palaeontological significance”; Denisia, Volume 0026, pp. 41-52; Nicolas, André, Denis 2009 “The French ambers: a general conspectus and the Lowermost Eocene amber deposit of Le Quesnoy in the Paris Basin”; Geologica Acta, Volume 2; A. Nel, G. De Ploëg, et. al. 2004

    © Kaegen Lau

  4. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    “Oise Amber” Creil, Oise Department, France Argiles à lignites du Soissonnais Lowermost Eocene (~56-53 Ma) Specimen A (Upper Left): 0.5g / 14x13x12mm Specimen B (Upper Right): 0.35g / 13x9x7mm Specimen C (Lower Left): 0.4g / 15x12x5mm Specimen D (Lower Right): 0.3g / 10x10x8mm Lighting: 140lm LED Entry nine of ten, detailing various rare ambers from European, Asian, and North American localities. French amber localities are extremely numerous and are found in 35 departments. There are at least 55 Cretaceous amber localities, contained mainly within the southern half of France; three French departments also host amber from the Carboniferous Period. Many of the Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene amber localities were widely available in the 1800s to the 1950s, but as the lignite, potash, and alum quarries vanished, so did the amber found in them. The locality at Oise was discovered in 1996, making it a relatively recent find. It is located within the Paris Basin outside of Creil, at a place known as “Le Quesnoy” (not to be confused with the small town in NE France), and the amber is found in lignite layers situated in clayey sands. These layers were formed during a warming period that caused mass extinctions in Europe, but not necessarily among the insects; warm oceans and high temperatures created ideal conditions for a tropical environment at that time. Fossilized remains of the amber-producing tree “Aulacoxylon sparnacense” are commonly found in amber deposits near Houdancourt and Moru; the structure of the wood is reminiscent of modern trees of the subfamilies Combretaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. The Aulacoxylon genus belongs to the same subfamily (Detarioideae) as the trees which were responsible for the production of the Dominican and Mexican, and possibly Ethiopian ambers (Genus: Hymenaea). Since 1996, at least 20,000 arthropod inclusions in Oise amber have already been collected, mostly belonging to the Psocoptera (barklice) and Coleoptera (beetles). Sources: “Insects from the Early Eocene amber of Oise (France): diversity and palaeontological significance”; Denisia, Volume 0026, pp. 41-52; Nicolas, André, Denis 2009 “The French ambers: a general conspectus and the Lowermost Eocene amber deposit of Le Quesnoy in the Paris Basin”; Geologica Acta, Volume 2; A. Nel, G. De Ploëg, et. al. 2004

    © Kaegen Lau

  5. Barrelcactusaddict

    Siegburgite (Cottbus Fm., 25.5-23.5 Ma [min.])

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    "Siegburgite" Goitzsche Opencast Mine Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Saxony-Anhalt State, Germany Bernsteinschluff Horizon Cottbus Fm. (25.5-23.5 Ma [min.]) Chemical Composition: C: 81.37%, H: 5.26%, O: 13.37%, Cinnamic Acid: 0.0073% Specimen A (Top Left): 0.4g / 14x12x6mm Specimen B (Top Right): 0.5g / 14x14x8mm Specimen C (Bottom Left): 0.3g / 14x12x4mm Specimen D (Bottom Right): 0.2g / 13x10x4mm *I did not take a photograph of these specimens under longwave UV, due to the fluorescent response of Siegburgite being so weak; they fluoresce a dull burgundy. Siegburgite is referred to as an "accessory resin", but is considered a true amber. It occurs alongside several other accessory resin species, as well as the more well-known Bitterfeld amber. Siegburgite is a fascinating amber, and is one of the few fossil resins classified as a Class III resin; it is essentially a natural polystyrene, found as concretions where it is a binding agent to fine sand and mica: the sand is often evenly distributed, and is variable in proportion to the resin, occasionally more than 60%. Siegburgite is highly flammable. Siegburgite was produced by a plant of the genus Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae Family, also commonly known as the "witch-hazel" family): within the fresh resin, known as storax or copalm balsam, cinnamic acid and esters quickly decarboxylate (chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group, and releases carbon dioxide), forming styrene; upon its burial, the newly-formed styrene underwent polymerization over tens of millions of years, as it became polystyrene. It is found in the lignite (German: "Braunkohle"), lignite-sand, and lignite-clay layers of the upper portion of the Cottbus Formation; Bitterfeld amber is also found within this Formation. The amber- and accessory resin-bearing layers are situated beneath the Bitterfeld Main Coal Seam, and above the Breitenfeld Seam. The Goitzsche Mine, from which Siegburgite and other fossil resins were obtained, opened in 1949 and closed in 1991. Sources: "Siegburgite, a new Fossil Resin."; Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 1875; pp. 128-133; A. V. Lasaulx "Roman Amber Identified as Siegburgite"; p. 12; Dietz, Catanzariti, Quintero, Jimeno 2013 "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana 1837-1868: Descriptive Mineralogy"; p. 1005; Dana 1892 "Biology of Amber-Producing Trees: Focus on Case Studies of Hymenaea and Agathis"; p. 9; Jean H. Langenheim 1995 "The First Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"; Jason A., Gonzalo Giribet 2003 "Geography - Coal Mining in the Goitzsche/ The geology of the Goitzsche"; Europagymnasium Walther-Rathenau-Bitterfeld Comeniusprojekt "Die Bernsteinlagerstätte Bitterfeld, nur ein Höhepunkt des Vorkommens von Bernstein (Succinit) im Tertiär Mitteldeutschlands"; Fuhrman 2005 http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de/Abb. 23.11 Halle-Merseburger Tertiaer.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1RiYz3wsaHe-k20RnzaZv4jZt29VpR9oxrndNKKQ7ueDaygvpPC4peqVQ

    © Kaegen Lau

  6. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Palm-sized piece roughly 80g in weight. There is a very thin layer of coal on the top and bottom of the piece, making it a good example of a seam-type formation. It's blue coloration is purely surface fluorescence, initiated in this case by a 140 lumen LED light; this fluorescence (especially under a non-LW UV light) is caused by the presence of an exceptionally high concentration of various hydrocarbons contained within the amber.

    © Kaegen Lau

  7. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Palm-sized piece roughly 80g in weight, from the previous entry. Transmitted light through the deepest portion of the piece displays the amber's deep red coloration.

    © Kaegen Lau

  8. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Palm-sized piece roughly 80g in weight, from the 2 previous entries. This photo better displays the surface fluorescence of the specimen.

    © Kaegen Lau

  9. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    9.2g amber from Tiger Mountain, King County, WA. This amber is middle to late Eocene in age (about 41.3-33.9 Ma), and comes from coal seams along the boundary of the upper Tukwila/lower Renton Formations.

    © Kaegen Lau

  10. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. After grinding and polishing, I was surprised to discover that it contains 2 ants and 2 winged ants (possibly wasps); these were a little tricky to photograph, due to the amber's strong fluorescence under 140 lumen LED light, so these inclusions had to be backlit. I used a Canon EOS 500D, Canon 60mm f/2.8 Macro Lens, and combined 2x and 4x Hoya circular magnifier lenses (8x).

    © Kaegen Lau

  11. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. Lateral view of the same Psudomyrmex inclusion in the previous entry. The antennae appear to have clubbed tips, but each is actually coated/overlain by a congealed drop of resin within the amber itself (this type of suspended resin formation is characteristic of and common in Indonesian amber).

    © Kaegen Lau

  12. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. This inclusion is most likely a winged ant of the Pseudomyrmex genus, although it may possibly be a wasp. A positive identification of both winged subjects is challenging, due to their deteriorated state and their position within the piece.

    © Kaegen Lau

  13. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. This displays 3 of the 4 inclusions contained in the piece itself, each one a Pseudomyrmex sp. (the winged ants may possibly be wasps, but it is unlikely).

    © Kaegen Lau

  14. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. The inclusion is that of a well-preserved Pseudomyrmex sp. of ant. There is very little documentation, written or photographic, of the flora and fauna inclusions in Indonesian amber, unfortunately.

    © Kaegen Lau

  15. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    4.3g dark, transparent blue amber from West Sumatra. The inclusion is that of a slightly deteriorated specimen of Pseudomyrmex sp. of ant. There is very little documentation, written or photographic, of the flora and fauna inclusions in Indonesian amber, which makes me all the more excited to have discovered this piece!

    © Kaegen Lau

  16. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    1.2 gram amber from Tiger Mountain, King County, WA. Smaller inclusions consist mostly of slightly darker, congealed resin positioned along natural flow lines; this feature is by far most commonly seen among the Indonesian ambers. The few large, dark masses are botanical debris. Image taken under approx. 10x magnification with a Belomo Triplet loupe. This amber is middle to late Eocene in age (about 41.3-33.9 Ma), and comes from coal seams along the boundary between the upper Tukwila/lower Renton Formations.

    © Kaegen Lau

  17. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Two exceptionally fluorescent pieces of amber from Tiger Mountain, King County, WA. These were illuminated with a 140 lumen LED penlight, not a long wave UV light; this is a surprising feature for amber of this locality, as blue amber is only well-documented to come from the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, and Chiapas. This amber is middle to late Eocene in age (about 41.3-33.9 Ma), and comes from coal seams along the boundary of the upper Tukwila/lower Renton Formations.

    © Kaegen Lau

  18. From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Image of specimen from previous entry. The fracture is actually a very clean break with only a tiny portion of low-fractile material missing.

    © Kaegen Lau

  19. Barrelcactusaddict

    Rovno Amber (Mezhigorje Fm., 33.9-28.1 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Two pieces, roughly weighing 7 and 4 grams respectively. Both are mined from the Rivne region of Ukraine's Rivne Oblast, and had a little to no oxidized layer, in comparison to amber mined from the nearby (roughly 50 km) Klesiv Deposit.

    © Kaegen Lau

  20. Barrelcactusaddict

    Rovno Amber (Mezhigorje Fm., 33.9-28.1 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Roughly 12g specimen of amber mined from the Klesiv Deposit of the Rivne region in the Rivne Oblast of Ukraine. It was originally coated in a 2mm red oxidized crust, typical of this locality. It is believed that the presence of this crust is an indicator that amber from this particular locality underwent little to no re-deposition throughout its diagenesis, and oddly contains the majority of described insect-included Rovno material.

    © Kaegen Lau

  21. Barrelcactusaddict

    Rovno Amber (Mezhigorje Fm., 33.9-28.1 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    19.0g specimen of hand-polished amber from the Rivne region of Ukraine. It contains numerous botanical debris, although I have not observed any definitive insect inclusions. It is what would be termed a "run"; this specimen has over 12 successive layers that would have run down the side of the tree (the depicted piece would be properly-oriented if rotated 90˚).

    © Kaegen Lau

  22. Barrelcactusaddict

    Canadian Amber (Allenby Fm., 52.5-48 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Closeup of material from previous entry.

    © Kaegen Lau

  23. Barrelcactusaddict

    Canadian Amber (Allenby Fm., 52.5-48 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Rough amber from an old site near Coalmont, British Columbia. The original site is now closed to collecting, since a mining company somehow got a court injunction and has "jumped" the owner's legal, active long-standing claim. The claim owner has informed me that he is not able to collect larger specimens (>3g fraction), as he had been able to in the past.

    © Kaegen Lau

  24. Barrelcactusaddict

    Sumatra Blue Amber (Sinamar Fm., ~30 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    Small (5-8g) partial nodules of raw blue amber from the east flank of the Bukit Barisan range of West Sumatra. These pieces are clear as glass, and fluoresce very nicely under a 140 lm LED light. *This Sumatra material (and Indonesian amber in general) is believed to have been produced by a parent tree belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae family; it's spectroscopic signature is also incredibly similar to Bitterfeld amber (also produced by a dipterocarp source tree). **This blue amber's particular locality is part of the Sinamar Fm., and the layers containing the resin are dated to be approximately 30 Ma (Oligocene, mid-Rupelian); the amber-bearing strata of this formation is located at a depth of approximately 32-39 m, and is composed of hard, banded coal (sub-divided into two layers of slightly different grades, 2.5m and 4.5m thick). I have 15 pieces, and these are the ones I haven't yet pre-formed. The piece in the upper-right corner is pre-formed (diamond needle files), and it is ready for increasing grades of sandpaper (240-3000 grit), and a final polish with a denim cloth and polishing compound (ZAM).

    © Kaegen Lau

  25. Barrelcactusaddict

    Rovno Amber (Mezhigorje Fm., 33.9-28.1 Ma)

    From the album: Fossil Amber and Copal: Worldwide Localities

    83.8g raw amber mined from the Rivne region in Ukraine. The "eye hole" was likely formed when the organic matter (i.e., tree branch) the resin encased, was likely dissolved/washed away during the resin's diagenesis and redeposition (Baltic and most Rovno material is generally believed to have been redeposited).

    © Kaegen Lau

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