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Colorado Fossils Show How Mammals Raced to Fill Dinosaurs’ Void An unusually rich trove found in Colorado reveals the world in which our mammalian forebears evolved into larger creatures. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/24/science/fossils-mammals-dinosaurs-colorado.html Fossil trove shows life's fast recovery after big extinction by Malcolm Ritter, PhysOrg. October 24, 2019 https://phys.org/news/2019-10-fossil-trove-life-fast-recovery.html Yours, Paul H.

The Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Acidified the Ocean in a Flash The Chicxulub event was as damaging to life in the oceans as it was to creatures on land, a study shows. New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/science/chicxulub-asteroid-ocean-acid.html Tiny shell fossils reveal how ocean acidification can cause mass extinction By Julie Zaugg, CNN, October 22, 2019 https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/europe/ocean-acidification-asteroid-intl-hnk-scn/index.html New study underpins the idea of a sudden impact killing off dinosaurs and much of the other life, GFZ GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Helmholtz Centre October 22, 2019 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191022080721.htm The open access paper is: Michael J. Henehan, Andy Ridgwell, Ellen Thomas, Shuang Zhang, Laia Alegret, Daniela N. Schmidt, James W. B. Rae, James D. Witts, Neil H. Landman, Sarah E. Greene, Brian T. Huber, James R. Super, Noah J. Planavsky, Pincelli M. Hull, 2019, Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Oct 2019, 201905989; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905989116 https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/10/15/1905989116 Yours, Paul H.

The Nastiest Feud in Science A Princeton geologist has endured decades of ridicule for arguing that the fifth extinction was caused not by an asteroid but by a series of colossal volcanic eruptions. But sheʼs reopened that debate. Bianca Bosker, The Atlantic, September 2018 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/dinosaur-extinction-debate/565769/ Gerta Keller, Professor of Geosciences http://gkeller.princeton.edu/ Yours, Paul H.

The dinosaur-murdering asteroid maybe also triggered an underwater volcano meltdown. Why pick just one flavor of apocalypse? By Rachel Becker, The Verge, Feb 7, 2018 https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/7/16988112/asteroid-chicxulub-mass-extinction-dinosaurs-underwater-volcanoes-magma Seafloor data point to global volcanism after Chicxulub meteor strike, University of Oregon, February 7, 2018 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-02/uoo-sdp020518.php https://around.uoregon.edu/content/one-two-punch-may-have-helped-deck-dinosaurs The paper is; Joseph S. Byrnes and Leif Karlstrom, 2018, Anomalous K-Pg–aged seafloor attributed to impact-induced mid-ocean ridge magmatism Science Advances 07 Feb 2018: Vol. 4, no. 2, eaao2994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao2994 http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao2994 Yours, Paul H.

Asteroid impact plunged dinosaurs into catastrophic 'winter' By Jonathan Amos, BBC, October 31, 2017 http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-41825471 Dinosaur-killing asteroid impact cooled Earth's climate more than previously thought. PhysOrg, October 31, 2017 https://phys.org/news/2017-10-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-impact-cooled-earth.html The paper is: Artemieva, N., et al, 2017, Quantifying the Release of Climate-Active Gases by Large Meteorite Impacts With a Case Study of Chicxulub. Geophysical Research Letters (2017). DOI: 10.1002/2017GL074879 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL074879/abstract A related paper is: Pierazzo, E. and Artemieva, N., 2012. Local and global environmental effects of impacts on Earth. Elements, 8(1), pp.55-60. http://users.unimi.it/paleomag/geo2/Pierazzo&Artemieva2012.pdf Yours, Paul H.

Update: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills by Eric Hand, Science News, Nov. 17, 2016 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/update-drilling-dinosaur-killing-impact-crater-explains-buried-circular-hills Wendel, J., 2016, Cores from crater tied to dinosaur demise validate impact theory, Eos, 97, doi:10.1029/2016EO063123. Published on 17 November 2016. https://eos.org/articles/cores-crater-tied-dinosaur-demise-validate-impact-theory the paper is: Morgan, J. V., S. P. S. Gulick, and many others, 2016, The formation of peak rings in large impact craters. vol. 354, no. 6314, pp. 878-882 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah6561 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6314/878 Yours, Paul H.

Chicxulub 'dinosaur crater' investigation begins in earnest by Jonathan Amos, BBC News, October 11, 2016 http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37625348 In addition, Moon impacts are more frequent and hazardous then have been previously estimated. Go see; The moon has hundreds more craters than we thought Daily News, October 12, 2016 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ How old is our Moon? Hundreds of previously unseen craters could finally unlock its true age: New estimates suggest 180 craters of at least ten metres in diameter form each year by Liat Clark, Wired, A facelift for the Moon every 81,000 years, October 12, 2016 http://phys.org/news/2016-10-facelift-moon-years.html http://phys.org/news/2016-10-reveals-lunar-surface-features-younger.html The paper is: Speyerer, E. J., R. Z. Povilaitis, M. S. Robinson, P. C. Thomas, And R. V. Wagner, 2016, Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging. Nature. Vol. 538, pp. 215–218 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature19829 http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature19829 Yours, Paul H.

I am studying geology. I could not identify K-Pg boundary within this picture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary#mediaviewer/File:KT_boundary_054.jpg In addition, I have visited Horseshoe canyon, but is it possible to find T-Pg boundary in this picture? https://29b39c5a-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fkazumichi/home/english-fujii-kazumichi/Horseshoe%20formation.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7co1OJjZTF5XzOgS3an-tzNpf0UaK7ewt3I9fXKkNzQ277O3zaurGJru6nMwOsuqOzUMe7m3Ztslf795NdZRKcCcVJ7jiUV18K9MQtOar3ucC19o1lCPiGIJL22LKL-wRm-A3qbm4RkCeIFXHaPb2EVn3ap0G3b1pHFSVXy90zLMqgt4tXhTiLK7MOz-qxds3Zt0CPGeZQXuwdHS2-CR1auCDyPsi6UW4iYlbkxQbKMLkXjFaORoU0LWEG2PiXGDuYcfGk9V3XlBVU7L2IoecWvRMEL1Tw%3D%3D&attredirects=0 Thank you for your kindness.