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Hey everyone, I would like your opinion on this interesting vertebra (from the NJ Late Cretaceous). I identified it a long time ago as a first cervical vertebra from either a ray or an angel shark. An expert looked at some pictures and thinks it is a batoid first cervical vertebra. Sorry about the picture quality, these are old photos. Thanks for any help!

I had a seller say ALL stingray fossils are at least marginally "touched up." While other sellers say only some of them have repair. What should I believe? Is everything a lie? :0

Looking at trading my large collection of Eocene shark teeth, ray fossils, and fish fossils from the Nanjemoy Formation of Muddy Creek in Virginia. Looking to trade for rare species of shark teeth or shark teeth from rare locations. I have broken down what is included in the collection below and will post pictures of some of the highlights of the collection in the upcoming posts. All fossils are complete with no repair or restoration. Message me if interested. Here are a couple of links about the location: http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=paleo/va/va_eoc.html&menu=bin/menu_fauna-alt.html https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_152.pdf Fossils included in the collection: Shark Material Striatolamia macrota - 100+ Anomotodon novus & Anomotodon sheppeyensis - 100+ Serratolamna lerichei - 50+ Hypotodus verticalis - 37x Carcharias sp. - 36x Sylvestrilamia teretidens - 22x Odontaspis winkleri - 25x Jaekelotodus robustus - 7x Palaeohypotodus rutoti - 1x Cretalamna appendiculata - 5x Isurolamna inflata - 4x Ginglymostoma sp. and Nebrius sp. - 23x Squatina prima - 19x Megasqualus orpiensis and Squalus crenatidens - 4x Premontria sp. - 17x Palaeogaleus vincenti - 17x Scyliorhinus gilberti - 13x Triakis wardi - 7x Physogaleus secundus - 50+ Pachygaleus lefevrei - 15x Galeorhinus ypresiensis - 5x Rhizoprionodon sp. - 32x Abdounia beaugei - 100+ Abdounia minutissima - 100+ Unidentified sp. - 4x Shark vertebra - 1x Ray Material Ray plate bars of various sp. - 100+ including one partial plate Ray teeth of various sp - 100+ Dermal denticles - 21x Stingray barb - 1x Fish Material Fish teeth of various species (including cutlass, barracuda, drum, others) - 100+ Various fish bones - 50+ Anoxypristis sp. - 1x Striatolamia macrota Anomotodon novus & Anomotodon sheppeyensis

H, The family and I spent a lovely week at Walton on the Naze in Essex, UK. As it was the Easter break the site was very busy with collectors young and old, but we still managed to find some interesting pieces. The site itself is London Clay (c53my) with a junction bed above from which whale bone and Megalodon teeth can be found. Above this is the distinctive Red Crag (c.2my). Lastly are glacial deposits and later from which Neolithic and Roman finds have been found over the years. The site is rapidly eroding at a rate of about a metre a year however there are daily land slips and falls so whether that rate is accelerating its hard to say. Most of the finds are in the shingle and with my eyes I had to adopt the 'hands and knees crawl' technique to see anything other than a blur of shapes. All of the finds below (with the exception of the potential neolithic finds) are from the London Clay sediments. The Site: We found a lot of striatolamia shark teeth. Its possible there are other species within this, however we haven't had time to have a detailed look at each tooth yet: Two nice Otodus shark teeth were found by my wife: A pair of what we believe are well worn ray dentition plates. They were hard to photograph so apologies for the lack of clarity: On a previous trip a few weeks ago we also found this. Both turtle and bird bone have been found on this site. Could this be either?: I've included a fossilised twig and a seed that I picked up. The beach is littered with these and tend to be ignored by the fossil hunters as they are so common. I like them: Lastly I've included two interesting finds. The ball is from Walton and the 'spear point' was from Dovercourt just up the coast. In an archaeological context these might be exciting finds - the ball is similar to others that have been described as hammer stones, gaming pieces or sling shots. The 'spear point' shows signs of rework along both edges. Out of context, within the beach shingle, they are just interesting stones but I thought I'd share them anyway: Any comments would be appreciated. Happy Hunting! Carl

First off, I want to thank Doren for sending me a small flat rate box full of STH matrix for me to try sifting through. I still have quite a bit of fine matrix to sort through but already I've managed to find hundreds of specimens. I've found quite a few Carcharhinus, Cetorhinus, Galeorhinus, Squalus, and tons of ray teeth. When I'm finished with all the matrix, I think I'll write a follow-up post with all the nice specimens I found. I'm having a little trouble identifying various species of rays - maybe someone has a literature suggestion to help me get familiar with different tooth characteristics? From what I can tell from other posts, the features that differentiate some ray species are quite subtle and to my untrained eye, very difficult to distinguish. I wouldn't mind some ID help with these teeth in particular. Scale to the right is in mm. If you could also comment on how common/uncommon these species are and what position they are in the jaw that would be immensely helpful as well. Also, maybe someone wouldn't mind making a list of the species found at STH and rank how common they are? Also, does anyone have suggestions for removing the last bit of silt/sand from the crevices in the teeth? I've tried water and gently stirring but that does not have much of an effect. Thanks for your help!

A beautiful tooth of this species from this site. Most are extremely worn and with missing or broken roots.

This tooth, "pseudohypolophus" has yet to be assigned to a family. It is believed to be an extinct Rajiforme, specifically a guitarfish. Tooth crowns are very common in Black Creek sands, but are very rarely found with the roots.

This somewhat common ray tooth is always a joy to find. Most have some type of root wear or damage, so this one is a great specimen.

A fellow TFF member gave me some micro material from the Eocene, Meridian Mississippi . I don't know much about micro fossils so was hoping to get some info on the following? Which were all photographed next to a US nickel. photos 1 and 2

This Devil Ray tooth, Plinthicus stenodon is a common found in some Pungo River sediments. It is also found in the Pliocene Yorktown, but is much less common there. Most found are damaged in some way. Being undamaged makes this specimen special.

I joined in with a few others for a trip into an quarry in eastern N.C. This quarry is Oligocene Belgrade and River Bend Formations. It was a beautiful day for a hunt though part of the quarry was flooded from rains due to Hurricane Mathew and the rest of it was on the muddy side. The finds were not as prolific as I thought they would be after all of the rain, but still not a bad day. These are some of the better finds. All together ......... Croc teeth, the small one is 7/8 inch long and may be the best condition one I have ever found here. The larger is 1 1/16 a couple of Hemispristis 1/2 inch and 3/4 inch

Tooth of a ray.

Tooth of a ray.

My kids and I sorted through some gravel that had been given to us by a friend, from a creek that is south of the North Sulphur on private land. Here is a video of some of the finds: And here are some photos, verts first:

I recently won an Auction that was started by Tony (YNOT) and it included a Medium box of Sharktooth Hill micro matrix. The below pics, along with specimen counts, are examples of some of the items that I found in this matrix. (+80) Cetorhinus (Basking Shark) (+300) Myliobatis mouth plates

A close relative of the angel shark Lit.: DETLEV THIES & ARMIN LEIDNER (2011) Sharks and guitarfi shes (Elasmobranchii) from the Late Jurassic of Europe. Palaeodiversity 4: 63–184; Stuttgart 30 December 2011. CARVALHO, KRIWET & THIES 2008: A systematic and anatomical revision of Late Jurassic angelsharks (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae) S. Klug and J. Kriwet. 2013. An offshore fish assemblage (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) from the Late Jurassic of NE Spain. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 87(2):235-257

Hello! I found this chunk of something in Frankstown, MS while looking for shark teeth. There is so much petrified driftwood there and many pieces look similar to this. I picked this out at first thinking it was wood.. but I didn't see the little bumps along one side (I'm being very generic because I don't want to call it something it isn't and I'm not sure yet what it is ) until I got home. I also noticed when I got home that it is hollow and looks a bit like bone. After seeing this, I thought it was probably a fin spine or a ray barb. Others say it is a barb, but if it is, I'd love to know more. I would think it would have denticles along both sides, but the other side is rounded. Rays found at this location are Brachyrhizodus wichitaensis and Brachyrhizodus mcnultii. Specimen is 2" long

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since May 25, 2018. Class Chondrichthyes - The Cartilaginous Fishes Subclass Elasmobranchii Infraclass Euselachii (Sharks and Rays) Division Neoselachii Superorder Batoidea - Rays, Skates and Sawfishes Order Myliobatiformes - Rays Myliobatiformes - Africa/Middle East Cappetta, H. (1984). Discovery of the Genus Gymnura (Batomorphii, Myliobatiformes) in the Thanetian of the Ouled Abdoun, Morocco. Observations on the Dentition of some Modern Species. Geobios, 17. (Plates not included) Claeson, K.M., C.J. Underwood and D.J. Ward (2013). Ɨ Tingitanius tenuimandibulus, a New Platyrhinid Batoid from the Turonian (Cretaceous) of Morocco and the Cretaceous Radiation of the Platyrhinidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(5). Claeson, K.M., et al. (2010). First Mesozoic record of the stingray Myliobatis wurnoensis from the late Cretaceous of Mali and a phylogenetic study of Myliobatidae (Batoidea) incorporating dental characters. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55(4). Myliobatiformes - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Adnet, S., et al. (2008). First myliobatiform teeth (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene) of Central Myanmar. N.Jb.Geol.Palaont. Abh., Vol.247/3. Hatai, K. M. Murata and K. Masuda (1965). 485. Sting Ray and Eagle Ray from the Tatsunokuchi Formation (Pliocene) in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Trans.Proc.Palaeont.Soc. Japan, N.S., Number 57. Marrama, G., et al. (2018). Anatomy, relationships and palaeobiogeographic implications of the first Neogene holomorphic stingray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the early Miocene of Sulawesi, Indonesia, SE Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, xx. Mishra, V.P. (1980). A New Species of Myliobatis and Some Shark Teeth from the Middle Eocene of Kutch, Western India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vols. 23 & 24. Myliobatiformes - Australia/New Zealand Myliobatiformes - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Antunes, M.T. and A.C. Balbino (2006). Latest Miocene Myliobatids (Batoidea, Selachii) from the Alvalade Basin, Portugal. Cainozoic Research, 4(1-2). Bor, T.J. (1990). A New Species of Mobulid Ray (Elasmobranchii, Mobulidae) from the Oligocene of Belgium. Contr. Tert. Quatern. Geol., 27(2-3). Hovestadt, D. and M. Hovestadt-Euler (2010). Urobatis molleni Nov.Sp. (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes, Urolophidae) in the Eocene of Belgium. Geominpal Belgica, 1(3). Myliobatiformes - North America Cicimurri, D.J. (2010). On the dentition of Meridiana convexa Case (Myliobatoidea), an extinct Early Eocene ray from the United States. Cainozoic Research, 7(1-2). Cicimurri, D.J. and J.A. Ebersole (2015). Two new species of Pseudaetobatus Capetta, 1986 (Batoidei, Myliobatidae) from the southeastern United States. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.15A. Cook, T.D., et al. (2014). A New Genus and Species of Freshwater Stingray (Myliobatiformes, Dasyatoidea) from the Latest Middle Eocene of Utah, U.S.A. Journal of Paleontology, 88(3). De Carvalho, M.R., J.G. Maisey and L. Grande (2004). Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Number 284. de Santana, F.R., D.J. Cicimurri and J.A. Barbosa (2011). New Material of Apocopodon sericeus Cope, 1886 (Myliobatiformes, Myliobatidae) from the Paraiba Basin (Northeastern Brazil) and South Carolina (USA) With a Reanalysis of the Species. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 8(6). McNulty, C.L. (1964). Hypolophid Teeth from the Woodbine Formation, Tarrant County, Texas. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 57(2). Myliobatiformes - South America/Central America/Caribbean Adnet, S., R.S. Gismondi and P.-O. Antoine (2013). Comparisons of dental morphology in river stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) with new fossils from the middle Eocene of Peruvian Amazonia rekindle debate on their evolution. Naturwissenschaften. Cione, A.L., M. Tejedor and F.J. Goin (2012). A new species of the rare batomorph genus Hypolophodon (? latest Cretaceous to earliest Paleocene, Argentina). N.Jb.Geol.Palaont. Abh., 267/1. de Santana, F.R., D.J. Cicimurri and J.A. Barbosa (2011). New Material of Apocopodon sericeus Cope, 1886 (Myliobatiformes, Myliobatidae) from the Paraiba Basin (Northeastern Brazil) and South Carolina (USA) With a Reanalysis of the Species. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 8(6). General Myliobatiformes Adnet, S., et al. (2018). Teeth, fossil record and evolutionary history of the cowtail stingray Pastinachus Ruppell, 1829. Historical Biology, 2018. Bertozzi, T., M.S.Y. Lee and S.C. Donnellan (2016). Stingray diversification across the end-Cretaceous extinctions. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 74. Order Rajiformes - Skates De Carvalho, M.R. (2004). A Late Cretaceous thornback ray from southern Italy, with a phylogenetic reappraisal of the Platyrhinidae (Chondrichthys: Batoidea).In: Mesozoic Fishes 3 - Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Arratia, G. and A. Tintori, eds. Herman, J., et al. (1994). Part B: Batomorphii No.1A: Order Rajiformes - Suborder Rajoidei- Family: Rajidae. In: Contributions to the comparative morphology of teeth and other ichthyodorulites in living supra-specific taxa of Chondrichthyan fishes. Stehmann, M. (ed.), Bulletin De L'Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 64. (Note: While this article deals with living types of rays, it contains excellent references to ray tooth morphology and has a large number of pictures of ray teeth for comparative purposes! Thanks to doushantuo for pointing this one out!) Long, D.J. (1994). Quaternary colonization of Paleogene persistence?: historical biogeography of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) in the Antarctic ichthyofauna. Paleobiology, 20(2). Siverson, M. and H. Cappetta (2001). A Skate in the Lowermost Maastrichtian of Southern Sweden. Palaeontology, Vol.44, Part 3. Vullo, R. and D. Néraudeau (2008). When the "primitive" shark Tribodus (Hybodontiformes) meets the "modern" ray Pseudohypolophus (Rajiformes): the unique co-occurrence of these two durophagous Cretaceous selachians in Charentes (SW France). Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol.58, Number 2. Order Rhinobatiformes - Guitarfishes Bor, T.J. (1983). A New Species of Rhinobatos (Elasmobranchii, Batomorphii) from the Upper Maastrichtian of the Netherlands and Belgium. Geologie en Mijnbouw. Brito, P.M., M.E.C. Leal and V. Gallo (2013). A New Lower Cretaceous Guitarfish (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Santana Formation, Northeastern Brazil. Boletim do Museo Nacional, Number 76. Claeson, K.M., D.J. Ward and C.J. Underwood (2010). 3-D digital imaging of a concretion-preserved batoid (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Morocco. C.R. Palevol, 9. Everhart, M.J. (2007). New stratigraphic records (Albian-Campanian) of Rhinobatos sp. (Chondrichthyes; Rajiformes) from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol.110, Numbers 3/4. Langston, W. (1970). A Fossil Ray, Possibly Myledaphus (Elasmobranchii: Batoidea) from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of Western Canada. National Museums of Canada, Publications in Palaeontology, Number 6. Maisey, J.G. (1976). The Jurassic Selachian Fish Protospinax Woodward. Palaeontology, Vol.19, Part 4. Order Torpediniformes - Electric Rays Ward, D.J. (1983). Additions to the fish fauna of the English Palaeogene. 4. A new batoid genus from the Bracklesham Group of Selsea, Sussex. Tertiary Research, 5(2). General Batoidea Ashliman, N.C., et al. (2012). Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63. Dean, M.N., J.J. Bizarro and A.P. Summers (2007). The evolution of cranial design, diet and feeding mechanisms in batoid fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol.47, Number 1. Deynat, P.P. and P. Brito (1994). Revision of the Dermal Tubercles of Rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea) from the Parana Basin, Tertiary of South America. Annales de Paleontologie (Vert.-Invert.), 80(4). Guinot, G., et al. (2012). Batoids (Elasmobranchii: Batomorphii) from the British and French Late Cretaceous. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Vol.10, Issue 3. Hovestadt, D.C . and M. Hovestadt-Euler (1995). Additions to the fauna of the Boom Clay Formation of Belgium (Rupelian, Oligocene). Taxonomic adjustments on the Scyliorhinidae and Rajoidei, discovery of a dasyatid species (Pisces, Chondrichthyes) and of a cucrulionid species (Insecta, Coleoptera). Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Paper 278. Kachacha, G., et al. (2017). Revision of the fossil batomorphs from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, and their impact on our understanding of the early step of the evolution of the clade. Research & Knowledge, Vol.3, Number 2. Lowemark, L. (2015). Evidence for targeted elasmobranch predation on thalassinidean shrimp in the Miocene Taliao Formation, NE Taiwan. Lethaia, Vol.48. Sharma, K.M. and R. Patnaik (2013). Additional Fossil Batoids (Skates and Rays) from the Miocene Deposits of Baripada Beds, Mayurbhang District, Orissa, India. Earth Science India, Vol.6 (IV). Tiwari, R.P. and V.Z. Ralte (2012). Fossil batoid and teleost fish remains from Bhuban Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene), Surma Group, Aizawl, Mizoram. Current Science, Vol.103, Number 6. Underwood, C.J., M.A. Kolmann and D.J. Ward (2017). Paleogene Origin of Planktivory in the Batoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1293068. Underwood, C.J., et al. (2015). Development and Evolution of Dentition Pattern and Tooth Order in the Skates and Rays (Batoidea: Chondrichthyes). PLoS ONE, 10(4). van Netten, H.H. and J.W.F. Reumer (2009). Bite marks on early Holocene Tursiops truncatus fossils from the North Sea indicate scavenging by rays (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 88-3. Wing, E. (1966). Fossil Skates and Rays of Florida. The Plaster Jacket, Number 2. (Thanks to Nimravus for pointing me to this one!) Clade Pristiorajea - Rhinopristiformes (Sawfishes) and Sclerorhynchiformes Order Rhinopristiformes - Sawfishes Carrillo-Briceno, J.D., et al. (2015). Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE, 10(10). Collareta, A., S. Casati and A. Di Cencio (2017). A Pristid Sawfish from the Lower Pliocene of Lucciolabella (Radicofani Basin, Tuscany, Central Italy). Atti Soc.Tosc.Sci.Nat.Mus. Serie A, 124. Deynat, P.P. (2005). New data on the systematics and interrelationships of sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Batoidea, Pristiformes). Journal of Fish Biology, 66. Farres, F. and H.L. Fierstine (2009). First record of the extinct sawfish Propristis schweinfurthi Dames, 1883 (Batoidea: Pristiformes: Pristidae) from the middle Eocene of Spain. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. Schaeffer, B. (1963). Cretaceous Fishes from Bolivia, with Comments on Pristid Evolution. American Museum Novitates, Number 2159. Order Sclerorhynchiformes Arambourg, C. (1940). The Group of the Ganopristines. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, Ser.5, 10. (Plates not included.) Delgadillo-Escobar, A.A., et al. (2015). The first record of Onchosaurus (†Sclerorhynchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Mexico. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, Vol.67, Number 1. Keyes, I.W. (1977). Records of the Northern Hemisphere Cretaceous Sawfish Genus Onchopristis (Order Batoidea) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, Vol.20, Number 2. Kirkland, J.I. and M.C. Aguillon-Martinez (2002). Schizorhiza: a unique sawfish paradigm from the Difunta Group, Coahuila, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, Vol.19, Number 1. Knight, J.L., D.J. Cicimurri, and R.W. Purdy (2007). New Western Hemisphere Occurrences of Schizorhiza Weiler, 1930 and Eotorpedo White, 1934 (Chondrichthyes, Batomorphii). Paludicola, 6(3). Kriwet, J. and S. Klug (2012). Presence of the extinct sawfish Onchosaurus (Neoselachii, Sclerorhynchiformes) in the Late Cretaceous of Peru with a review of the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39. Kriwet, J. and K. Kussius (2001). Paleobiology and Paleobiogeography of Sclerorhynchid Sawfishes (Chondrichthyes, Batomorphi). Revista Española de Paleontología, no. extraordinario. Pereira, A.A. and M.A. Medeiros (2008). A New Sclerorhynchiform (Elasmobranchii) from the Middle Cretaceous of Brazil. Rev.bras.paleontol., 11(3). Smith, M.M., et al. (2015). Early development of rostrum saw-teeth in a fossil ray tests classical theories of the evolution of vertebrate dentitions. Proc.R.Soc. B, 282. Suárez, M.E. and H. Cappetta (2004). Sclerorhynchid teeth (Neoselachii, Sclerorhynchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Quiriquina Formation, central Chile. Andean Geology, Vol.31, Number 1. Underwood, C., M.M. Smith and Z. Johanson (2015). Sclerorhynchus atavus and the convergent evolution of rostrum-bearing chondrichthyans. In: Arthur Smith Woodward: His Life and Influence of Modern Vertebrate Palaeontology. Johanson, Z., et al. (eds.), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 430. General Pristiorajea Welten, M., et al. (2015). Evolutionary origins and development of saw-teeth on the sawfish and sawshark rostrum (Elasmobranchii; Chondrichthyes). R.Soc.Open Sci., 12. Wueringer, B.E., L. Squire and S.P. Collin (2009). The biology of extinct and extant sawfish (Batoidea: Sclerorhynchidae and Pristidae). Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 19. Superorder Selachimorpha Order Pristiophoriformes - Sawsharks (not Sawfish) Applegate, S. and T. Uyeno (1968). The First Discovery of a Fossil Tooth belonging to the Shark Genus Heptranchias, with a New Pristiophorus Spine, Both from the Oligocene of Japan. Bull.Nat.Sci.Mus. Tokyo, 11(2). Keyes, I.W. (1982). The Cenozoic sawshark Pristiophorus lanceolatus (Davis) (Order Selachii) of New Zealand and Australia, with a review of the phylogeny and distribution of world fossil and extant pristiophoridae. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, Vol.25. Keyes, I.W. (1979). Ikamauius, a new genus of fossil sawshark (Order Selachii: Family Pristiophoridae) from the Cenozoic of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, Vol.22, Number 1. Welten, M., et al. (2015). Evolutionary origins and development of saw-teeth on the sawfish and sawshark rostrum (Elasmobranchii; Chondrichthyes). R.Soc.Open Sci., 12.

Recently I started looking a little more closely at the small gravels in the creek. This little Ptychodus tooth, the smallest I've found to date, is the fifth I've found in Austin. I've reviewed the pinned topic on Ptychodus, but can't nail down the ID from there. What do you think?

I found this tooth 1 year ago in the Copenhagen Community of Louisiana (Northeast Louisiana). My family settled in that area around 150 years ago... There is now a Copenhagen Hills Preserve area with many archeological digs there from the local universities. Kind of funny because the settlers there were using rib bones, etc as door stops... My brothers and I wonder the hills when I'm there to visit with many small bones, large pieces of quartz, and an occasional rib bone, ray teeth, seashells, and now this tooth being found. Most of the time we find these things just laying around on the ground or in a creek bed. It is noted that this is probably an Eocene time period....it is known that bones of Basilosaurus have been located in the hills..along with bones of rays. This site will give you a little inkling of what Copenhagen is like. The p http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/louisiana/placesweprotect/copenhagen-hills-preserve.xml Any help in identifying would be appreciated. Measures 3 1/2 " in length, 3" in width, 1 1/2" in depth. Thanks again!