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I have been fortunate to hunt Mazon Creek fossils for nearly 40 years. I have collected Many tens of thousands of concretions. I have also purchased premium specimens from other collectors. In the past, I have posted many of these specimens on the forum. I have decided to start posting more in depth descriptions of some of the amazing animals that can be found in the MC deposit. All specimens that I will post are from my personal collection. The first animal that I will highlight is the holothurian or sea cucumber Achistrum sp. Sea cucumbers are a common animal in today’s oceans but quite rare in the fossil record. The Marine (Essex) portion of the Mazon Creek deposit is one of the few places in the world where complete body fossils of these animals can be collected. These worm like animals are actually a type of echinoderm and show 5 radial body elements that run the length of the animal. Well preserved specimens will show a sac like body and an oral ring preserving approximately 15 calcareous plates. Occasionally the intestinal tract and other internal features will be preserved. Just like modern sea cucumbers, Achistrum sp had a leathery body covered in “J” shaped sclerites or Sigmoid hooks. Often times, detecting these under a microscope is the best way to identity poorly preserved specimens. As the animal dried out, the skin would crack and these cracks were eventually replaced by calcite. This gives the body of Achistrum sp a septarian like appearance. While modern sea cucumbers have retractable tentacles surrounding the mouth, none have been observed in Achistrum sp. The animal can reach length of over 15 centimeters however most found average under 10 centimeters. Achistrum is relatively abundant and are occasionally found in masses of multiple individuals. Despite many thousands of specimens collected, Achistrum has never been formally described. At one time it was believed that there may be as many as a dozen different species of sea cucumber found in the Mazon Creek deposit. This has been reduced to one or possibly two different types. This first image shows an exquisite specimen that I collected at Pit 11 in 2017. it is a complete animal and preserves evidence of some unusual muscular structure in the esophagus area that I have not seen before.

A family of amateur fossil hunters from Utah -- the Gunthers -- found this fascinating fossil in the Spence Gulch shale part of Utah in 1992, and shared it with Richard Robison at the University of Kansas. The mystery of what it was went unsolved for nearly 30 years, until a team at Ohio State uncovered the telltale circle that showed the creature had attached to a shelly surface via a basal disc. It's the earliest/one of the earliest known specimens of a mat-sticker making the evolutionary move to attaching to a harder surface--a leap that makes some of our modern-day echinoderms, including sea cucumbers, possible. They recently published their findings in the Bulletin of Geosciences but this discovery wouldn't have been possible if the Gunthers hadn't found the fossil in the first place. Just fascinating stuff. (story here: https://news.osu.edu/scientists-discover-evolutionary-link-to-modern-day-sea-echinoderms/),

Hello, here are two purported sea cucumbers among some Mazon Creek material I purchased some time ago. The first, better preserved specimen (with counterpart) was labeled without genus, the second specimen was labeled as Achistrum sp. when I got them. Is this correct? The second one looks like some Achistrum material depicted in the net, though my specimen is small (about 2 cm) and possibly only a fragment. However, I don't see anything specific in this specimen that reminds me of a sea cucumber, but the specimens "in the net" (google picture search) are of similar "structure" (except that they are longer/more complete). The first specimen (28 mm long) is different from that material, e.g. with "undulated" distal part of the body; I can well image that this can be a sea cucumber (much more plausible than my specimen of purported "Achistrum"). However, since it's so different compared to the material of Achistrum that is usually depicted, this rises the question whether specimen 1 is another genus or if it is only another (better?) style of preservation of Achistrum? Or no sea cucumber at all? Thanks, araucaria1959

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since July 10, 2018. Phylum Echinodermata Subphylum Blastozoa Class Blastoidea - Blastoids Bodenbender, B.E. (1995). Morphological, Crystallographic, and Stratigraphic Data in Cladistic Analyses of Blastoid Phylogeny. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.29, Number 9. Bodenbender, B.E. and D.C. Fisher (2001). Stratocladistic Analysis of Blastoid Phylogeny. J.Paleont., 75(2). Broadhead, T.W. (1984). Macurdablastus, A Middle Ordovician Blastoid from the Southern Appalachians. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 110. Etheridge, R. and P.H. Carpenter (1886). Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, London. Etheridge, R. and P.H. Carpenter (1882). XXV. On certain Points in the Morphology of the Blastoidea, with Descriptions of some new Genera and Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History [Fifth Series], Number 52. Fay, R.O. (1961). Blastoid Studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 27, Echinodermata 3. (26.89MB) Golden, J. and M.H. Niteki (1971). Catalog of Type and Referred Specimens of Crinozoa (Blastoidea) in Field Museum of Natural History.Fieldiana Geology, Vol.23, Number 4. Haas, O. (1945). Remarks on Some Chester Pentremites. American Museum Novitates, Number 1289. Joysey, K.A. and A. Breimer (1963). The Anatomical Structure and Systematic Position of Pentablastus (Blastoidea) from the Carboniferous of Spain. Palaeontology, Vol.6, Part 3. Macurda, D.B. (1983). Systematics of the Fessiculate Blastoidea. Papers on Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Number 22. (304 pages, 32 MB) Macurda, D.B. (1979). The Ontogeny and Taxonomy of the Mississippian Blastoid Genus Schizoblastus. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.25, Number 3. Macurda, D.B. (1977). Two Carboniferous Blastoids from Scotland. Palaeontology, Vol.20, Part 1. Macurda, D.B. (1973). The Stereomic Microstructure of the Blastoid Endoskeleton. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.24, Number 8. Macurda, D.B. (1966). The Devonian Blastoid Belocrinus from France. Palaeontology, Vol.9, Part 2. Macurda, D.B. (1964). A New Spiraculate Blastoid, Pyramiblastus, from the Mississippian Hampton Formation of Iowa. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XIX, Number 8. Sprinkle, J. and J.A. Waters (2013). New Ridged, Conical, Fessiculate Blastoid from the Permian of Timor. J.Paleontol., 87(6). Waters, J.A., et al. (2015). Advancing Phylogenic Inference in the Blastoidea (Echinodermata): Virtual 3D Reconstructions of the Internal Anatomy. In: Progress in Echinoderm Palaeobiology. Zamora, S. and I. Rabano (eds.), Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 19. Class Diploporita Frest, T.J., H.L. Strimple and C.R.C. Paul (2011). The North American Holocystites Fauna (Echinodermata: Blastozoa: Diploporita): Paleobiology and Systematics. Bulletins of American Paleontology, Number 380. Makhlouf, Y., et al. (2017). The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62(2). Sheffield, S.L. (2017). The Homology and Phylogeny of the Diploporita (Blastozoa: Echinodermata). Ph.D. Dissertation - University of Tennessee, Knoxville. (184 pages) Class Eocrinoidea Allaire, N., et al. (2017). Morphological disparity and systematic revision of the eocrinoid genus Rhopalocystis (Echinodermata, Blastozoa) from the Lower Ordovician of the central Anti-Atlas (Morocco). Journal of Paleontology. Clausen, S. (2004). New Early Cambrian eocrinoids from the Iberian Chains (NE Spain) and their role in nonreefal benthic communities. Eclogae geol.Helv., 97. Nardin, E., E. Almazan-Vasquez and B.E. Buitron-Sanchez (2009). First report of Gogia (Eocrinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Early-Middle Cambrian of Sonora (Mexico), with biostratigraphical and palaeoecological comments. Geobios, 42. Parsley, R.L. and Y. Zhao (2006). Long Stalked Eocrinoids in the Basal Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota, Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, China. J.Paleont., 80(6). Rozhnov, S.V. (1994). Comparative morphology of Rhipidocystis Jaekel, 1900 and Cryptocrinites von Buch, 1840 (Eocrinoidea; Ordovician). In: Echinoderms through Time. Feral and Roux (eds.), Balkema, Rotterdam. Zamora, S., S. Darroch and I.A. Rahman (2013). Taphonomy and ontogeny of early pelmatozoan echinoderms: A case study of a mass-mortality assemblage of Gogia from the Cambrian of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 377. Class incertae sedis Noailles, F., B. Lefebvre and L. Kašička (2014). A probable case of heterochrony in the solutan Dendrocystites (Echinodermata: Blastozoa) of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic) and a revision of the family Dendrocystitidae Bassler, 1938. Bulletin of Geosciences, 89(3). Class Parablastoidea Paul, C.R.C. and J.C.W. Cope (1982). A Parablastoid from the Arenig of South Wales. Palaeontology, Vol.25, Part 3. Rozhnov, S.V. (2013). A New Genus of Parablastoidea (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Ladoga Glint on the Volkhov River (Ladoga Region). Paleontological Journal, Vol.47, Number 2. Sprinkle, J. and C.D. Sumrall (2008). New Parablastoids from the Western United States. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Number 16. Class Rhombifera Nardin, E. and J. Bohaty (2013). A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58(3). Sumrall, C.D. and J. Sprinkle (1998). Early ontogeny of the glyptocystid rhombiferan Lepadocystis moorei. In: Echinoderm Research 1998. Carnevali, C. and Bonasoro (eds.), Balkema, Rotterdam. General Blastozoa Donovan, S.K. and C.R.C. Paul (1985). Coronate Echinoderms from the Lower Palaeozoic of Britain. Palaeontology, Vol.28, Part 3. Foerste, A.F. (1920). Racine and Cedarville Cystids and Blastoids With Notes on Other Echinoderms. The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol.XXI, Number 2. Foote, M. (1992). Paleozoic record of morphological diversity in blastozoan echinoderms. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., USA, Vol.89. Nardin, E., et al. (2010). Reappraisal of ambulacral branching patterns in blastozoans. In: Echinoderms: Durham. Harris, et al. (eds.), Taylor&Francis Group, London. Sumrall, C.D., et al. (2009). An Enigmatic Blastozoan Echinoderm Fauna from Central Kentucky. J.Paleont., 83(5). Subphylum Crinozoa (Except Class Crinoidea) Class Cystoidea Ehlers, G.M. and J.B. Leighly (1922). Lipsanocystis traversiensis, a New Cystid from the Devonian of Michigan. Papers from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol.II. Foerste, A.F. (1920). Racine and Cedarville Cystids and Blastoids With Notes on Other Echinoderms. The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol.XXI, Number 2. Henderson, R.A. and J.H. Shergold (1971). Cyclocystoides from Early Middle Cambrian Rocks of Northwestern Queensland, Australia. Palaeontology, Vol.14, Part 4. Hussey, R.C. (1928). Cystoids from the Trenton Rocks of Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - University of Michigan, Vol.III, Number 4. Kesling, R.V. (1963). Morphology and Relationships of Cyclocystoides. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVIII, Number 9. Kesling, R.V. (1963). Key for Classification of Cystoids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVIII, Number 6. Kesling, R.V. (1962). Morphology and Taxonomy of the Cystoid Cheirocrinus anatiformis (Hall). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XIII, Number 1. Kesling, R.V. (1962). An Interpretation of Rhombifera bohemica Barrande, 1867, An Unusual Hydrophoridian Cystoid. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVII, Number 13. Kesling, R.V. (1961). Notes on Jaekelocystis hartleyi and Pseudocrinites gordoni, Two Rhombiferan Cystoids Described by Charles Schuchert in 1903. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVI, Number 3. Kesling, R.V. (1961). A New Glyptocystites from Middle Ordovician Strata in Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVI, Number 2. Kesling, R.V. and L.W. Mintz (1961). Notes on Lepadocystis moorei (Meek) An Upper Ordovician Callocystid Cystoid. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XVII, Number 4. Mergl, M. and R.J. Prokop (2006). Lower Ordovician cystoids (Rhombifera, Diploporita) from the Prague Basin (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 81(1). Paul, C.R.C. (1972). Morphology and Function of Exothecal Pore-Structures in Cystoids. Palaeontology, Vol.15, Part 1. Paul, C.R.C. (1968). Morphology and Function of Dichoporite Pore-Structures in Cystoids. Palaeontology, Vol.11, Part 5. Paul, C.R.C. (1968). Macrocystella Callaway, the Earliest Glyptocystitid Cystoid. Palaeontology, Vol.11, Part 4. Paul, C.R.C. (1967). Hallicystis attenuata, A New Callocystitid Cystoid from the Racine Dolomite of Wisconsin.Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XXI, Number 11. Paul, C.R.C. (1967). A Redescription of the Cystoid Lipsanocystis transversensis Ehlers and Leighley (Rhombifera: Callocystitidae). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XXI, Number 9. Stumm, E.C. (1955). Three New Species of the Cystid Genus Lipsanocystis from the Middle Devonian Traverse Group of Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XII, Number 6. Thomka, J.R., et al. (2016). Taphonomy of 'cystoids' (Echinodermata: Diploporita) from the Napoleon quarry of southeastern Indiana, USA: The Lower Silurian Massie Formation as an atypical Lagerstätte. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 443. Class Edrioasteroidea Edrioasteroidea - Africa/Middle East Guensburg, T.E. and S.V. Rozhnov (2014). A Unique Edrioasteroid from the Upper Middle Cambrian of Iran, Its Phylogenetic Implications and Paleoecology. Paleontological Journal, Vol.48, Number 4. Sumrall, C.D. and S. Zamora (2011). Ordovician edrioasteroids from Morocco: faunal exchanges across the Rheic Ocean. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Vol.9, Issue 3. Edrioasteroidea - Asia/Malaysia/Pacific Islands Zhao, Y.-L., et al. (2010). Kailidiscus, A New Plesiomorphic Edrioasteroid from the Basal Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota of Guizhou Province, China. J.Paleont., 84(4). Zhu, X.-J., S. Zamora and B. Lefebvre (2014). Morphology and palaeoecology of a new edrioblastoid from the Furongian of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59(4). Edrioasteroidea - Australia/New Zealand Holloway, D.J. and P.A. Jell (1983). Silurian and Devonian Edrioasteroids from Australia. Journal of Paleontology, Vol.57, Number 5. Jell, P.A. (2014). A Tremadocian asterozoan from Tasmania and a late Llandovery edrioasteroid from Victoria. Alcheringa, 38. Webby, B.D. (1968). Astrocystites distans Sp.Nov., An Edrioblastoid from the Ordovician of Eastern Australia. Palaeontology, Vol.11, Part 4. Edrioasteroidea - Europe (including Greenland and Siberia) Sumrall, C.D. (2009). First Definite Record of Permian Edrioasteroids: Neoisorophusella maslennikovi N.Sp. from the Kungurian of Northeast Russia. J.Paleont., 83(6). Zamora, S. (2013). Morphology and Phylogenetic Interpretation of a New Cambrian Edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) from Spain. Palaeontology, Vol.56, Part 2. Zamora, S. and A.B. Smith (2010). The oldest isorophid edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) and the evolution of attachment strategies in Cambrian edrioasteroids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55(3). Zamora, S., et al. (2007). A Middle Cambrian edrioasteroid from the Murero biota (NE Spain) With Australian Affinities. Annales de Paleontologie, 93. Edrioasteroidea - North America Bassler, R.S. (1936). New Species of American Edrioasteroidea. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.95, Number 6. Bell, B.M., H.L. Strimple and C.O. Levorson (1976). Edrioasteroids (Echinodermata) of the Maquoketa Formation of Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol.83, Number 1, Article 6. Guensburg, T.E. and J. Sprinkle (1994). Revised Phylogeny and Functional Interpretation of the Edrioasteroidea Based on New Taxa from the Early and Middle Ordovician of Western Utah. Fieldiana Geology, New Series Number 29. Kammer, T.W., E.C. Tissue and M.A. Wilson (1987). Neoisorophusella, a New Edrioasteroid Genus from the Upper Mississippian of the Eastern United States. Journal of Paleontology, Vol.61, Number 5. Kesling, R.V. (1967). Edrioasteroid with Unique Shape from Mississippian Strata of Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, Vol.41, Number 1. Kesling, R.V. and L.W. Mintz (1960). Internal Structures in Two Edrioasteroid Species, Isorophus cincinnatiensis (Roemer) and Carneyella pilea (Hall). Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XV, Number 14. Kesling, R.V. and G.M. Ehlers (1958). The Edrioasteroid Lepidodiscus squamosus (Meek & Worthen) AND Timeschytes, A New Genus of Hemicystitid Edrioasteroid from the Middle Devonian Four Mile Dam Limestone of Michigan. Journal of Paleontology, Vol.32, Number 5. Meyer, D.L. (1990). Population Paleoecology and Comparative Taphonomy of Two Edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) Pavements: Upper Ordovician of Kentucky and Ohio. Historical Biology, Vol.4. Shroat-Lewis, R.A., et al. (2014). A Paleoecologic Comparison of Two Edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) Encrusted Pavements from the Upper Ordovician Corryville Formation of Florence, Kentucky and the Miamitown Shale of Sharonville, Ohio, U.S.A. Palaios, Vol.29. Shroat-Lewis, R.A., et al. (2011). Paleoecologic Assessment of an Edrioasteroid (Echinodermata)-Encrusted Hardground from the Upper Ordovician (Maysvillian) Bellevue Member, Maysville, Kentucky. Palaios, Vol.26. Sprinkle, J. (1985). New Edrioasteroid from the Middle Cambrian of Western Utah. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 116. Sprinkle, J. and C.D. Sumrall (2015). New edrioasterine and astrocystitid (Echinodermata: Edrioasteroidea) from the Ninemile Shale (Lower Ordovician), central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 89(02). Sumrall, C.D. (2010). The Systematics of a New Upper Ordovician Edrioasteroid Pavement from Northern Kentucky. J.Paleont., 84(5). Sumrall, C.D. (2001). Paleoecology and Taphonomy of Two New Edrioasteroids from a Mississippian Hardground in Kentucky. J.Paleont., 75(1) Sumrall, C.D. (2000). The Biological Implications of an Edrioasteroid Attached to a Pleurocystidid Rhombiferan. J.Paleont., 74(1). Sumrall, C.D. (1996). Late Paleozoic Edrioasteroids (Echinodermata) from the North American Midcontinent. J.Paleont., 70(6). Sumrall, C.D. (1992). Spiraclavis nacoensis, A New Species of Clavate Agelacrinitid Edrioasteroid from Central Arizona. J.Paleont., 66(1). Sumrall, C.D. and J. Sprinkle (2015). Unusual ambulacral branching pattern in a new Ordovician giant edrioasteroid, Bizzaroglobus. J.Paleont., 89(2). Sumrall, C.D. and R.L. Parsley (2003). Morphology and Biomechanical Implications of Isolated Discocystinid Plates (Edrioasteroidea, Echinodermata) from the Carboniferous of North America. Palaeontology, Vol.46, Part 1. Sumrall, C.D. and A.L. Bowsher (1996). Giganticlavus, A New Genus of Pennsylvanian Edrioasteroid from North America. J.Paleont., 70(6). Sumrall, C.D., C.E. Brett and M.L. McKinney (2009). A New Agelacrinitid Edrioasteroid Attached to a Large Hardground Clast from the McKenzie Member of the Mifflintown Member (Silurian) of Pennsylvania. J.Paleont., 83(5). Sumrall, C.D., J. Sprinkle and R.M. Bonem (2006). An Edrioasteroid-Dominated Echinoderm Assemblage from a Lower Pennsylvanian Marine Conglomerate in Oklahoma. J.Paleont., 80(2). Edrioasteroidea - South America/Central America/Caribbean Sumrall, C.D., et al. (2013). The first report of South American edrioasteroids and the paleoecology and ontogeny of rhenopyrgid echinoderms. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58(4). General Edrioasteroidea Bassler, R.S. (1935). The Classification of the Edtioasteroidea. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.93, Number 8. Kesling, R.V. (1960). Hydropores in Edrioasteroids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology - The University of Michigan, Vol.XV, Number 8. Lewis, R.A. (2011). The Paleoecology and Biogeography of Ordovician Edrioasteroids. Ph.D. Dissertation - University of Tennessee, Knoxville. (187 pages) Oswald, K.J. (2005). Investigation of Discocystinid Edrioasteroid Feeding Strategies. Honors Thesis Project - University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Sumrall, C.D., J. Garbisch and J.P. Pope (2000). The Systematics of Postibullinid Edrioasteroids. J.Paleontol., 74(1). Zamora, S., C.D. Sumrall and D. Vizcaino (2013). Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58(3). Subphylum Echinozoa (Except Echinoidea) Class Helicoplacoidea Dornbos, S.Q. and D.J. Bottjer (2001). Taphonomy and Environmental Distribution of Helicoplacoid Echinoderms. PALAIOS, Vol.16. Dornbos, S.Q. and D.J. Bottjer (2000). Evolutionary paleoecology of the earliest echinoderms: Helicoplacoids and the Cambrian substrate revolution. Geology, Vol.28, Number 9. Wilbur, B.C. (2005). A Revision of Helicoplacoids and Other Early Cambrian Echinoderms of North America. Ph.D. Dissertation - The University of Texas at Austin. Class Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers Applegate, S.P., et al. (2009). Two Lower Cretaceous (Albian) fossil holothurians (Echinodermata) from Tepexi de Rodriguez, Puebla, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 122(1). Henderson, A.S., A.D. Talwar and M.B. Hart (1992). Some Holothurian Sclerites from The Corallian Group of North Dorset. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 8. Kalita, K.D., S.K. Kulshrestha and N. Sahni (2002). Fossil Holothurian Sclerite Assemblage from the Callovian-Oxfordian Rocks of Jaisalmer, Western Rajasthan, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol.47. Kerr, A.M. and J. Kim (2001). Phylogeny of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) inferred from morphology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133. Reich, M. (2017). First report of sea cucumbers Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the latest Cretaceous of Bavaria, Germany. Zitteliana, 89. Reich, M. (2015). Different Pathways in Early Evolution of the Holothurian Calcareous Ring? In: Progress in Echinoderm Palaeobiology. Zamora, S. and I. Rabano (eds.), Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 19. Reich, M. (2013). How many species of fossil holothurians are there? In: Echinoderms in a Changing World. Johnson (ed.), Taylor & Francis Group, London. Reich, M. (2012). On Mesozoic laetmogonid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida)*. Zoosymposia, 7. Reich, M. (2004). Holothurians from the Late Cretaceous 'Fish shales' of Lebanon. In: Echinoderms - Munchen. Heinzeller, T. & J.H. Nebelsick (eds.), Taylor & Francis Group, London. Reich, M. (2004). Aspidochirote holothurians (Echinodermata) from the Middle Triassic of southern Germany. In: Echinoderms - Munchen. Heinzeller, T. & J.H. Nebelsick (eds.), Taylor & Francis Group, London. Reich, M. (2001). Ordovician holothurians from the Baltic Sea area. In: Echinoderms 2000. Barker, M. (ed.), A.A. Balkema Publishers. Reich, M. and F. Wiese (2010). Apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Upper Turonian of the Isle of Wolin, NW Poland. Cretaceous Research, 31. Reich, M. and M. Kutscher (2001). Ophiocistoids and holothurians from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. In: Echinoderms 2000. Barker (ed.), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse. Walkiewicz, A. (1977). Holothurian sclerites from the Korytnica Clays (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol.27, Number 2. Zawidzka, K. (1971). Triassic Holothurian Sclerites from Tatra Mountains. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol.XVI, Number 4. Class Ophiocistioidea Prokop, R.J. and V. Petr (2002). Survey of echinoderms and a new ophiocistoid Branzoviella talpa gen. et sp.nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiocistioidea) in the Lower Devonian, Lochkov Formation of the Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, Vol.77, Number 3 Reich, M. and R. Haude (2004). Ophiocistioidea (fossil Echinodermata): an overview. in: Echinoderms: Munchen. Heinzeller and Nebelsick (eds.), Taylor & Francis Group, London. Reich, M. and M. Kutscher (2001). Ophiocistoids and holothurians from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. In: Echinoderms 2000. Barker (ed.), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse. Subphylum Homalozoa Class Ctenocystoidea Rahman, I.A. and S. Clausen (2009). Re-evaluating the Palaeobiology and Affinities of the Ctenocystoidea (Echinodermata). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 7(4). Class Homostelea Fatka, O. and V. Kordule (2001). Asturicystis havliceki sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Homostelea) from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia (Barrandian Area, Czech Republic). Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 46/3-4. Class Stylophora (may be Polyphyletic) Clausen, S. and A.B. Smith (2005). Palaeoanatomy and biological affinities of a Cambrian deuterostome (Stylophora). Nature (Letters). Hunter, A.W., et al. (2007). A mixed ophiuroid-stylophoran assemblage (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician (Llandeilian) of western Brittany, France. In: Palaeozoic Reefs and Bioaccumulations: Climatic and Evolutionary Controls. Alvaro, J.J., et al. (eds.), Geological Society, London, Special Publications 275. Lee, S.-B., B. Lefebvre and D.K. Choi (2005). Latest Cambrian Cornutes (Echinodermata: Stylophora) from the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea. J.Paleont., 79(1). Lee, S.-B., B. Lefebvre and D.K. Choi (2004). Morphometric analysis of Tremadocian (earliest Ordovician) kirkocystid mitrates (Echinodermata, Stylophora) from the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea. Geobios, 37. Lefebvre, B. (2001). A Critical Comment on 'Ankyroids' (Echinodermata, Stylophora). Geobios, 34(6). Lefebvre, B. (2000). A New Mitrate (Echinodermata, Stylophora) from the Tremadoc of Shropshire (England) and the Origin of the Mitrocystidida. J.Paleont, 74(5). Lefebvre, B. and J.P. Botting (2007). First report of the mitrate Peltocystis cornuta Thoral (Echinodermata, Stylophora) in the Lower Ordovician of central Anti-Atlas (Morocco). Annales de Paleontologie, 93. Lefebvre, B. and P.R. Racheboef (2007). 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