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  1. Hello everyone! Just a question, whats the best way to diffrentiate the tooth morphology between megalosaurids and tyrannosaurids?
  2. I was very pleasantly surprised (actually more thrilled to be honest) when I heard about the discovery of the northern tyrannosaurid dinosaur Nanuqusaurus hoglundi from the Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation dating 70.6-69.1 Million Years ago in what is now the U.S. State of Alaska. Image Credit and Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260757717_A_Diminutive_New_Tyrannosaur_from_the_Top_of_the_World At first thought to be only 5-6 meters (16-20 feet) in length based on the currently catalogued specimens, it's now believed based on currently undescribed remains to be 8-9 meters (26-30 feet) in length fully grown (compared to the 12.3-12.4 meters (40.4-40.7 feet) in length it's cousin Tyrannosaurus rex could reach fully grown). Image Credit: Artist Nathan Rogers Image Source: https://www.artstation.com/artwork/Z5w900 Fiorillo, A. R., & Tykoski, R. S., 2014. A diminutive new tyrannosaur from the top of the world. PloS one, 9(3), e91287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091287 Druckenmiller, P. S., Erickson, G. M., Brinkman, D., Brown, C. M., & Eberle, J. J. (2021). Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Current biology : CB, 31(16), 3469–3478.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041 https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00739-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982221007399%3Fshowall%3Dtrue The Tyrannosaurid Nanuqusaurus is also unique as the northern most tyrannosaur known from Western North America (at the time the continent of Laramidia). Adapted to the colder climates of the region, it shared its habitat with a vast diversity of plants, small mammals, and other non-avian dinosaurs including hadrosaurs such as Edmontosaurus, the pachycephalosaur Alaskacephale, the Ceratopsian Pachyrhinosaurus, and a large currently unnamed genus of troodontidae. But it's confirmed geologic range is only during the early Maastrichtian (70.6-69.1 Million Years ago) of the Cretaceous period. Images Credits and Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260757717_A_Diminutive_New_Tyrannosaur_from_the_Top_of_the_World Fiorillo, A. R., and Gangloff, R. A., 2001. Theropod teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of northern Alaska, with speculations on Arctic dinosaur paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20(4):675-682 Image Credit: Artist Nathan Rogers Image Source: https://www.artstation.com/artwork/Z5w900 The question I have is why this is? Did anything major happen to the habitat of the Prince Creek Formation between the Early-Late Maastrichtian? Did Nanuqusaurus live up to 66 Million Years ago to the latest Maastrichtian of the Cretaceous period?
  3. Perhaps one of the most exciting scientific papers in a while about the genetic diversity of the Tyrannosaurid genus Tyrannosarus itself (the genus that includes the famous and well documented T-rex) was just announced and published (or at least the abstract of it)!!! Image Credit: Dalman et al. 2023 (abstract) and the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP). https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023_SVP_Program-Final-10032023.pdf At the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology's annual meeting for 2023, Paleontologists Dr. Sebastian Dalman, Dr. Philip J. Currie, and seven other experienced Paleontologists and experts on the Tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaurs published an abstract on October 21, 2023 about a new species of Tyrannosaurus (Tyrannosaurus mcraensis) from the Hall Lake Formation dating 72 Million Years ago to the Campanian-Maastrichtian Cretaceous of what is now New Mexico!!! This not only gives insights on the origins of the genus Tyrannosaurus, but validates previous hypothesis over the years (at least since 2013) that a unique giant Tyrannosaur from southern Larmidia (now Western North America) that lived during the Campanian-Maastrichtian Cretaceous!!! Names given to this animal over the years include Alamotyrannus brinkmani and Tyrannosaurus brinkmani. A Digital Reconstruction of the Tyrannosaurus species Tyrannosaurus mcraensis and it's size compared to an average Human, April 2022. Image Credit: Artist LancianIdolatry https://twitter.com/LancianIdolatry/status/1511016414252978182 This is especially true given for how long the debate has been raging on the Validity ofThe species Tyrannosaurus mcraensis was when fully grown the same size of the averaged size adults of the later Tyrannosaurus rex from the later Maastrichtian Cretaceous. By the look of things with the Paper and the experienced paleontologists and Tyrannosaur experts who authored it, it seems just by looking at its abstract it will be be far more through and accurate than the recent Gregory S. Paul Paper from 2022 and maybe even prove the validity of the debate Tyrannosaur species Tyrannosaurus vannus from the 70-66 Million Years ago dated Javelina Formation of what is now Texas. But I'm wondering if anyone has more information on this study and the potential of it's results?
  4. Othniel C. Marsh

    Chinese Dinosaur Eggshells

    Shown below are 3 different types of dinosaur eggshell, all said to be from the Gaugou Formation in China. The bottom left eggshell is labelled as coming from Dendroolithus, and I am confident in this identification. The other two types are supposed to come from Tarbosaurus bataar (top left) and Oviraptor philoceratops (right) however, and neither of these species are known from the Gaugou Formation, so the question is what they are actually from. Thanks in advance for any suggestions Othniel
  5. Today is my last day off before I go back to work and I was supposed to spend the day making fossil starter kits. I have a cold though and I do not want the kids to think that 12 million year old shark teeth gave them a cold lol I am pretty bored so I thought I would post about our Judith River dinosaur fossils and how we are going to get discuss this formation. I am really surprised how much I am enjoying learning about these dinosaurs and this will be a formation that we spend a good bit of time on. It must have had some very productive ecosystems and there is a great diversity here to discuss. The kids will also get to see some familiar dinosaur families while learning about species that are new to them. I think during adaptation related presentations, this formation lets us get into ecological niches and discuss how two Tyrannosaurids existed as did at least two species of Dromaeosaurids and a Troodonitd plus other predators including non dinos. That is a lot of hungry mouths so niche selection and adaptations become very important. THere is also a great diversity of herbivores in this formation. I love the Ceratopsians from this formation and the diversity gives my son a lot of artistic options. We currently have one tooth but by the time we present we will have a couple more I think. This allows us to present a few species and say the teeth are not diagnostic so the teeth could have belonged to one or more really cool looking horned dinosaurs. This also gives the kids knowledge that there other Ceratopsians besides Triceratops. This will also be the point where we introduce Dromaeosaurids. Raptors are just iconic and this formation gives us the chance to really hit on adaptations. We have a Saurornitholestes tooth and will soon have a Dormaeosaurid caudal vertebra. While not assigned specifically to Dromaeosaurus, the vert will presented that way so we can talk about the differences between the two raptors. Of particular interest is the larger skull, more robust teeth, and specific wear patterns on the teeth of Dromaeosaurus. We will also have a small tooth tip from a Tyrannosaur indet. The kids will love learning about other Tyrannosaurids and I will leave it to the kids to imagine which one it belonged to. The real owner of the tooth is not important. That two existed in this formation is what is important. They must have occupied different niches plus a lot of kids may think T-Rex was the only member of that family. The last fossil I know we will have from Judith River is one of my favorites. It is an Ankylosaurus tooth and thanks to some help from TFF members, I spotted this among a few Nodosaur teeth. In our inventory, this is Ankylosaurus indet. However, in every single dinosaur presentation we do this will be Zuul and it will be a rock star. We want the kids to understand that there are many new discoveries being made and there will be a lot of new dinosaur discoveries made by THEIR generation. Everything about Zuul will be cool to kids. It is the one of the most incredible fossils ever found, armored dinosaurs are just cool, and it even has a pop culture name that a lot of kids will recognize from Ghostbusters lol Only 5 fossils but we can do A LOT of quality education with these fossils. I also have a very clear idea of the next items to find from Judith River. #1 on that list is a Dromaeosaurus tooth. A tooth gives us the perfect way of illustrating the difference between the raptors. We have two more purchases to complete before I buy again so I will save up and in the spring I start searching for that tooth. I also would love to add a hadrosaur bone from this formation and eventually I will track down a frill piece. Anyway, here a couple of the fossils... Pic 1- our Saurornitholestes tooth. Not a great picture but a really nice tooth. Pic 2- the Dormaeosaurid indet vert. Not here yet but will be right around my B-day. Pic 3- the Anky tooth. It is just a cool tooth and Zuul is a great dinosaur to teach kids about so Zuul is what this tooth is for Fossils on Wheels. Our only fossil from an armored dinosaur.
  6. BirdsAreDinosaurs

    Tyrannosaurid premax?

    Hi all, Do you agree that this 0,7 inch tooth from the Hell Creek formation is a tyrannosaurid premax, or could it be something else? Thanks!
  7. Gorgosaurus sp. (libratus?) partial femur (Lambe, 1914) Tyrannosaurid theropod Family: Tyrannosauridae Subfamily: Albertosaurinae Genus: Gorgosaurus (Lambe, 1914) Labelled as being a partial femur (thigh, upper leg). Late Cretaceous (Campanian), 75.1 – 76.6 Ma Red Deer River Valley, Nr. Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Unboxing my old collection that has been in storage for years and forgot that I had this (purchased August 1988) – labelled as being a Gorgosaurus sp.partial femur. I am assuming that the groove was for a tendon or blood vessel? It appears that fossilised / mineralised spongiform material is visible in the cross-section at one end – might this be fossilised / mineralised bone marrow or spongy (cancellous) bone? Areas of mineralised bone surface also appears to be present. Research suggests that it is likely from the Dinosaur Park Formation which is especially prolific in dinosaur remains and well exposed in the badlands which flank the Red Deer River.
  8. Updated Nov 25, 2022 Collectors, online sellers and some dealers periodically ask me to help them in the identification of tyrannosaur type teeth. So I thought I would put together a guide from Western North America (US/Canada) to help in identification. The following is the current understanding of those Tyrannosaurids described/known with the stratigraphic unit where they are found. If I missed any let me know. Albertosaurus sarcophagus : Horseshoe Canyon Formation cf Albertosaurus indet: Wapiti Formation Gorgosaurus libratus : Dinosaur Park Formation Gorgosaurus sp. or cf Gorgosaurus: Two Medicine Formation, Oldman Formation, Foremost Formation, Daspletosaurus horneri : Two Medicine Formation Daspletosaurus wilsoni: Judith River Formation Daspletosaurus torosus : Oldman Formation Daspletosaurus sp. or cf Daspletosaurus: Dinosaur Park Formation Dynamoterror dynastes: Menefee Formation Tyrannosaurus rex : Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Frenchman Formation, Scollard Formation, Denver Formation, (Trex fossils are also known from: Livingstone Fm, Laramie Fm, McRae Fm, Willow Creek Fm) Tyrannosaurus sp.: Javelina Formation, Ojo Formation Nanotyrannus lancensis : Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation cf Nanotyrannus : Frenchman Formation, Scollard Formation, Denver Formation Thanatotheristes degrootorum : Foremost Formation Tyrannosaurid indet. (spp): Judith River Formation, Mesaverde Formation (Group), Fruitland Formation, Aguja Formation Teratophoneus curriei: Kaiparowits Formation Lythronax argestes: Wahweap Formation Nanuqsaurus hoglundi: Prince Creek Formation Tooth Identification Aublysodon mirandus Premaxillary teeth, those without serrations. This dinosaur is considered nomen dubium and teeth ascribed to it belong to other Tyrannosaurs. Albertosaurus sarcophagus Probably the easiest to identify since its the only Tyrannosaurid described from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The most important item in acquiring one of these teeth is the provenance of where it was found. Alberta is not adequate to identify it. You need a specific locality like Drumheller or Tolman Bridge. BTW this is true for all the Tyrannosaurid's discussed in this topic. A disposition is also needed for all dinosaur teeth removed from Alberta. These teeth can get quite large from collection of SMM Gorgosaurus libratus (cf, sp.) The first step in identification is Provenance: you need to know State/Province along with the County (USA) or Locality (Canada) where the tooth was found. Differentiating isolated teeth between Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus is very difficult and in most cases its indeterminate. A paper that came out in 2005 which was authored by Phil Currie et al. studied isolated teeth from this period looking at tooth and serration morphology. Their conclusion was that "it is difficult to quantifiably distinguish these teeth reliably by taxon". Therefore identifying them as Tyrannosaurid indet. is the easiest approach in those faunas that Gorgosaurus may be present? There is a quantitative process described in a new paper that may help which will be discussed later. Please note that lots of collectors would like to use size to differentiate these teeth from Daspletosaurus. However Gorgosaurus teeth can get quite large as seen in this photo of a Maxilla with one tooth which is over 3 inches and located in the back of this jaw. Daspletosaurus horneri, D. wilsoni, D. torosus (cf, sp.) The first step in identification is Provenance: you need to know State/Province along with the County (USA) or Locality (Canada) where the tooth was found. A paper that came out in 2005 which was authored by Phil Currie et al. studied isolated teeth from this period looking at tooth and serration morphology. Their conclusion was that "it is difficult to quantifiably distinguish these teeth reliably by taxon". Therefore identifying them as Tyrannosaurid indet. is the easiest approach in those faunas that Daspletosaurus may be present? However, its reasonable to say that teeth over 4" are PROBABLY from a Daspletosaurus. There is a quantitative process described in a new paper that may help which will be discussed later. *****Since the Judith River and Two Medicine Formations fall within the range of all three of these species its going to be difficult to assign teeth to a specific species unless you know the age of the deposit it. Denver Fowler: "Hill County exposures are more easy to date because there we have the boundary between the upper Oldman Fm and the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Fm. Havre exposures were called Judith River Fm historically, but we should probably use Oldman & Dino Park now." And maybe ditto for those teeth found in the Belly River Group of Alberta. Denver Fowler "I expect that D. wilsoni is stratigraphically equivalent to the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation. At the moment this is based on the fact that the Judith in eastern Montana was deposited at the time when the WI seaway was receded at its maximum (in the Campanian)" Denver's response to my question on this subject. "There isn't currently any evidence for stratigraphic (time) overlap between the species. However, the 2Med and Judith River likely represent enough time such that it would be possible to find D. torosus in the Judith and both D. torosus and D. wilsoni in the 2Med." (Posted by Denver Fowler) Tyrannosaurus rex/ Nanotyrannus lancensis (cf, sp.) Whether you agree or disagree that Nanotyrannus is a valid taxon what is very clear to me is that we have two distinct morphologies of tyrannosaurid teeth at the very end,of the cretaceous. I can say that because I have handled over 1000 teeth over the years ranging from 3 mm to 5 inches two morphs are present in all ranges up to around 2 inches. Serration density through sampling I've done with teeth in my collection do not appear by itself to be a differentiator between these two morphologies. Density will change with size becoming less on larger teeth and can be the same with equivalent size teeth with both morphologies. DSDI (Denticle Size Difference Index) is also not a differentiator and through my sampling and Carr (2004) and indicates that DSDIs decrease in progressively larger specimens, that is, there are fewer mesial denticles per given unit length than distal denticles in large specimens and there are as many or more mesial than distal denticles in small specimens. Also, the DSDI among dentary teeth is higher than that in the maxilla, indicating that mesial denticles are smaller in the dentary than in the maxillary dentition. So how do you tell the difference between these two morphologies. Well, if a tooth is larger than 2 1/2" and has bulk its clearly T rex, regardless of what the serrations say. It cannot be anything else. With small teeth since serrations density is not a differentiator the other characteristic of the tooth plays a key role. I've found that maxillary teeth can be the most difficult to differentiate and a few teeth are just indeterminate, at least with me. The best way to distinguish between the two morphology the shape at the base, compression of the crown and tip and if there is a pinch at the base. Shape at the base T rex dentary teeth and the very anterior maxillary teeth are oval at the base while Nano teeth are unique as tyrannosaurids and rectangular. However, T rex maxillary teeth can be rectangular so you will have to determine if there is a pinch at the base a characteristic found on Nanotyrannus teeth Here are examples of the cross sections of couple small Rex teeth under 1 1/2 inch and Adult Nano's Tyrannosaurus rex Dentary teeth are oval Maxillary Teeth are rectangular Nanotyrannus Bases are rectangular and show a pinch on both sides. Profile of the teeth is another characteristic Nanotyrannus teeth are compressed, with a pointed tip T rex teeth are fat, with a rounded tip, often the serrations wrap around from the mesial to distal carina to form a continuous carina Crown Height Ratios In the study I did, since nothing is published, with 30 Nanotyrannus teeth the average was 2.2 For Trex teeth the mean for Maxillary teeth is 1.75 and for Dentary its around 2 but all these can change depending on position Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions Joshua B. Smith (2005) T rex Premaxillary Teeth can easily be confused with dentary D1 position. Here is a photo of how to determine what you have. Identifying Gorgosaurus and Daspeletosaurus Teeth using Dental Features A recent paper by Hendrickx et al. (Oct 2019) has provided us a way to try to identify certain teeth using dental features. Positional Daspletosaurus & Gorgosaurus teeth have distinct denticle features that can hopefully can be used to differentiate the species which currently does not exist. Together with @Omnomosaurus we are looking at studying this technique to determine if its a practical method for collectors to use for identification, obtain data on campanian tyrannosaurid teeth and try to understand if the results we are getting is any good? We will be using teeth from my collection and members for the study. @dinosaur man has a topic where a lot of member data will be collected. Step 1 The most critical part in using this process is knowing where the tooth sits in the jaw - Premaxillary, Mesial or Lateral Here is a photo of to help in determining its location Paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261630184_Morphometry_of_the_teeth_of_western_North_American_tyrannosaurids_and_its_applicability_to_quantitative_classification Step 2 DSDI (Denticle Size Difference Index) needs to be determined DSDI = MC / DC MC = Number of denticles per 5 mm on the mesial carina at mid-carina DC = Number of denticles per 5 mm on the distal carina at mid-crown Mesial Carina is on the outer curvature Distal Carina is on the inside curvature Step 3 1) If your tooth is from a lateral position in the jaw and your DSDI is <0.8 your tooth may be considered a Gorgosaurus or cf Gorgosaurus depending on the locality of where it was found. 2) If your tooth is from a Mesial position in the jaw and your DSDI is >1.2 your tooth may be considered a Daspletosaurus sp. or cf Daspletosaurus depending on the locality of where it was found. Premaxillary Teeth 1) In my opinion all these teeth should be identified as "Tyrannosaurid indet" 2) The paper does make the following statement "In the young specimens of Daspletosaurus, the carinae of the premaxillary teeth are unserrated (TMP 1994.143.1; Currie, 2003) and show the beaded condition. My concern is that it does not specify what size young teeth are and its looking at TMP 1994.143.1 which is a Daspletosaurus sp in Dinosaur Park Fm. Do all Daspletosaurus premax teeth in other faunas have contain similar features? Gorgosaurus premax teeth are not mentioned. Study Currently 33 teeth from the collection of Troodon, Omnomosaurus, dinosaur man Localities included : Judith River Formation (18 teeth), Two Medicine Formation (13 Teeth), Dinosaur Park Formation (1 Tooth), One unknown Results: 1) None of the lateral teeth have had DSDI < 0.8 and could be described as Gorgosaurus 2) Three of the Mesial teeth had DSDI > 1.2 and could be described as Daspletosaurus 3) One of the Premaxillary teeth was not serrated but could not verify if it was a young tooth 4) So 9% of the population can be tentatively assigned Hendrickx et al paper https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2806-dental-features-in-theropods
  9. Hi y'all, about a year ago I started digital sculpting on my tablet and began with some Devonian "shark" teeth, inspired by ones in my collection (see topic here). Several months later after becoming more familiar with the process, I decided to try my hand at dinosaur skulls. In particular, I wanted to render the juvenile Tyrannosaurid, "Jane" (BMRP 2002.4.1) since regardless of your stance on the species, it's an important and cool fossil. Here I present my amateur first pass. My end goal is to have a 1:1 scale 3D print. And for you Tyranno-nerds, yes it accurately has incisiform premaxillary teeth with a lingual apicobasal ridge. To get the shape of all the teeth right, I referenced a couple in my collection. They were duplicated and squashed around to match the variation in morphology of the dentition. I also uploaded the model for you to interact with; honest critiques are welcome as it's not a final version I feel is ready for full scale printing. Certain aspects of the anatomy, especially the hard-to-see interior portions are probably where most errors lie. In December, I however did print a smaller scale to see how it looked: The nice thing about digital sculpting is that I can copy the entire skull and very readily reshape it into a similar one. The natural choice is to do a young juvenile / baby T. rex. This is as much a hypothesis as it is art. I based it off of the Witmer Lab's more rigorous reconstruction of "Chomper", and a similarly-sized young Tarbosaurus (which was a close cousin of T. rex). I again uploaded the model for your enjoyment / inspection: Next, I decided to wander much farther from Tyrannosaurs and shape it into a Troodontid, Pectinodon bakkeri. Of course Pectinodon is only known from its teeth, so I at least got the shape of those right (again, based off of a fossil in my collection). The rest was inspired by the reconstructions of others, presumably informed by more completely-known Troodontids. And finally, a sneak peak of what I'll be working on, Acheroraptor temertyorum. This time it's from scratch since there are some things I want to do differently. Thanks for reading, hope you enjoyed!
  10. I recently read that the only skeleton currently known of Appalachiosaurus was of a juvenile, and the adult animal was significantly bigger. The juvenile skeleton was about 21 feet long, and the animal likely weighed 1,300 pounds. This skeleton is about the size of a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (using the "Jane" specimen for scale, BMRP 2002.4.1) and, this raises a question in my mind. Is it possible that Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis would have attained adult sizes close to what we see in adult specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex? And as such, could we classify it as a megatheropod? Of course there are several other factors in this, such as age, growth stages, and environmental pressure that the animal may have experienced in life.
  11. Caiussaurus

    Nanotyrannus or Tyrannosaurus?

    Hello everyone, first post from me here. I have a 1.8 cm (roughly 0.71" for those who don't use the metric system) Hell Creek tyrannosaurid tooth that is in need of identification. Currently, the tooth is labeled as N. lancensis, though a while ago, the seller labeled the tooth as a juvie T. rex, and now I'm confused about whether I should label it as a Nano, a Rex or a Tyrannosauridae indet. (though since it's from HC it should be either of the first two) Notes: - Total serration count: 55 on both sides. - Pic 1, which consists of shots of the same tooth taken from all angles, was sent to me by the seller (the sketch in red was also his), which shows how the tooth is laterally compressed - quite interesting and not very T. rex-like, considering that even juvenile T. rex teeth are quite bulky. Moreover, the mesial carinae also ends quite high. Because of this, I had some doubts about his ID and would like a second opinion. TIA!
  12. The Tyrannosaur Dinosaurs (Tyrannosauroidea) inhabited North America from 152 Million Years ago during the Late Jurassic era up until 66 Million Years ago during the Late Cretaceous era. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110141.html However, there is a relatively large geologic gap between the time of the Late Jurassic to the Santonian-Campanian stages of the Cretaceous (when the the oldest known Tyrannosaurid Lythronax (Late Creteaceous, 81.9-81.5 Million Years ago) emerged) in terms of the number of Tyrannosauroidae confirmed in North America. However, this doesn't mean they were completely absent from the Continent. Rather, they remained small to mid sized predators under the shadow of Large Carnosaurs up until the Cenomanian-Turnonian extinction event 93-94 Million years ago, which the tyrannosaurs filled the role of Apex Predator in most terrestrial ecosystems by the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous. The Tyrannosaur geologic gap between the Late Jurassic and Santonian Cretaceous is also not completely empty and several confirmed Tyrannosauroidea are known from this time period in North America. I've created a list of known Tyrannosauroidea species and specimens from the Aptian-Santonian Cretaceous of North America which I would like to share on the fourtm (let me know if there are any examples I'm missing or should add): Unnamed Cloverly Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur – Cloverly Formation, Wyoming, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous, 108 Million Years ago) (Based on Specimen FMNH PR 2750, likely grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2010.543952 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lindsay- Zanno/publication/229287579_On_the_earliest_record_of_Cretaceous_tyrannosauroids_in_western_North_America_Implications_for_an_Early_Cretaceous_Laurasian_interchange_event/links/0fcfd50089dd8f3955000000/On-the-earliest-record-of-Cretaceous-tyrannosauroids-in-western-North-America-Implications-for-an-Early-Cretaceous-Laurasian-interchange-event.pdf Unnamed Wayan Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur – Wayan Formation, Idaho, US, North America) (Early Late Cretaceous, 100.6-97.8 Million Years ago) (Based on Specimen IMNH 2251/53975, grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-paleontology/volume-96/issue-6/jpa.2022.42/A-partial-tyrannosauroid-femur-from-the-mid-Cretaceous-Wayan-Formation/10.1017/jpa.2022.42.full Unnamed Lewisville Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur - Woodbine Group Lewisville Formation, Texas US, North America) (Late Cretaceous (100-95 Million Years ago)) (Based on Specimens DMNH 2013-0701701 and SMU 77218, grew up to 2.7-4.8 meters (8.8-15 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796713/ Moros intrepidus (Tyrannosaur – Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous (96.4 Million Years ago)) (Grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6385174/ Suskityrannus hazelae (Tyrannosaur – Moreno Hill Formation, New Mexico, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous, 93.5-89.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 3 meters (9.8 feet) in length) https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/82474043/82473554._Brusatte._AAM.pdf
  13. Can someone ID this tooth ? Is it worth buying?
  14. Recently acquired this beautiful T. rex tooth, just over 5cm / 2” length. Such teeth are typically dark brown / mahogany coloured but this specimen appears to have escaped the usual staining. The location of find (Hell Creek Fmn, nr. Mosby, Garfield Co., Montana, USA), basal rectangular cross section and thicker enamel supports identification that this is a Tyrannosaurus rex maxillary tooth. The fact that the whitish / pale colouration is consistent throughout, absence of pitting / “dried out” appearance / absence of splintering would seem to preclude sun-bleaching.
  15. The two most prominent hypothesizes on the direct evolutionary origin of perhaps the most famous Theropod Dinosaur from the fossil record, Tyrannosaurus Rex (Tyrannosauridae, Late Cretaceous (68-66 Million Years ago)) are what I call the Laramidia and Asian Origins. The Laramidia origin (named after the region of the Western North America which was a separate Continent during most of the Late Cretaceous and home to a vast amount of dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurus rex) hypothesizes that Tyrannosaurus rex is the direct descendent of and evolved from slightly older North American Tyrannosaurids like Daspletosaurus (Tyrannosauridae, Late Cretaceous (79.5-74 Million Years ago)). Warshaw, Elías & Fowler, Denver. (2022). A transitional species of Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 from the Judith River Formation of eastern Montana. PeerJ. 10. e14461. 10.7717/peerj.14461. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365746599_A_transitional_species_of_Daspletosaurus_Russell_1970_from_the_Judith_River_Formation_of_eastern_Montana The Asian origin hypothesizes that Tyrannosaurus’s direct ancestor was a Tyrannosaurid from Asia. This supported by how closely related the Asian Tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus (Tyrannosauridae, Late Cretaceous (70 Million Years ago)). This hypothesis further elaborates that a that the Asian Tyrannosaurids arrived in Western North America via a land bridge between what is now Eastern Russia and Alaska around 73-72 Million Years ago. On arrival, theses Asian Tyrannosaurids outcompeted and caused the extinction of most of the Native Tyrannosaur species of Laramidia (including Albertosaurus (Tyrannosaurid, Late Cretaceous (71-68 Million Years ago)), creating conditions allowing for the emergence of the genus Tyrannosaurus. Brusatte, Stephen & Carr, Thomas. (2016). The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 6. 20252. 10.1038/srep20252. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20252 Takasaki R, Fiorillo AR, Tykoski RS, Kobayashi Y (2020) Re-examination of the cranial osteology of the Arctic Alaskan hadrosaurine with implications for its taxonomic status. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0232410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232410 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0232410 Both hypotheses have points that are supported by the fossil record, but still don’t fill all the gaps in answering the question of the direct origin of the genus Tyrannosaurus. There is however another hypothesis I have pondered over for at least the past few months which could fill in some (if not all) the gaps to this question. It is the Hybrid Speciation Origin hypothesis. The Hybrid Speciation Origin hypothesis basically states that after a land bridge formed between Eurasia and Laramidia during the Late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous (73-72 Million Years ago) and the Asian Tyrannosaurids arrived in Laramidia, certain individuals of a Asian Tyrannosaurid genus breed with a species of a genus of Native Laramidia Tyrannosaurid (likely a direct descendent of Daspletosaurus). Enough of these inter-genus breeding events occurred that a new Tyrannosaurid genus distinct from its parent species (and genuses) emerged around 68 Million Years ago, Tyrannosaurus. I will admit this would be extremely difficult to prove, but I do believe it could be a valid hypothesis. It corroborates the many similarities in skeletal structure Tyrannosaurus shares (and how closely related it is phylogenetically) with the Asian Tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus and the skeletal structure similarities and general body shape it shares with Daspletosaurus. Image Credit: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20252 Brusatte, Stephen & Carr, Thomas. (2016). The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 6. 20252. 10.1038/srep20252. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20252 Warshaw, Elías & Fowler, Denver. (2022). A transitional species of Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 from the Judith River Formation of eastern Montana. PeerJ. 10. e14461. 10.7717/peerj.14461. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365746599_A_transitional_species_of_Daspletosaurus_Russell_1970_from_the_Judith_River_Formation_of_eastern_Montana Stein, Walter W.; Triebold, Michael (2013). "Preliminary Analysis of a Sub-adult Tyrannosaurid Skeleton from the Judith River Formation of Petroleum County, Montana". In J. Michael Parrish; Ralph E. Molnar; Philip J. Currie; Eva B. Koppelhus (eds.). Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 55–77. Currie, P.J. (2003). Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): pp. 191–226. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-191.pdf I am interested in how the tyrannosaurid species Nanuqusaurus (Tyrannosaurid, Late Cretaceous (70-68 (likely also to 66) Million years ago), the Daspletosaur Tyrannosaurid specimen RMDRC 2002.MT-001 “Sir William”, and the Tyrannosaurid specimen CM 9401 could factor into the validity of the hybrid speciation hypothesis. I hold no illusions in thinking this hypothesis is not going to be controversial. But I do think it could be semi plausible. What do you guys think?
  16. ThePhysicist

    Juvenile T. rex tooth

    From the album: Hell Creek / Lance Formations

    Interesting blue color near the base, and some feeding wear at the tip of this immature Tyrannosaurid tooth.
  17. I recently found an extremely interesting paper published in the Journal of Comparative Neurology a few days ago by Professor Suzana Herculano-Houzel of Vanderbilt University about the neuron activity within the brain of the Dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex (Western North America, Maastrichtian Cretaceous 68.0-66.0 million years ago). The study states there is evidence (based on the size of of the Cerebrum section of its brain and the hypothetical amount of neurons (of which for the study M=Millions of Neurons) present in the brain based on its size) Tyrannosaurus rex had between 2,207-3,289M telencephalic neurons in the Cerebrum section of its brain and was capable of problem solving and even forming unique cultures. Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2023). Theropod dinosaurs had primate‐like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.25453 Usually I'm a bit skeptical when claims like this are made, but for Tyrannosaurus rex, I'm not surprised the least bit. It's been known for quite a while the brain to body ratio of Tyrannosaurus rex is larger than that of most other dinosaurs at 1.0 kilogram in weight (with only the Raptor dinosaur Troodon likely having a larger brain to body ratio among non-avian Theropod dinosaurs). Brain Image Credit: Ashley Morhardt https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/fossils/theres-a-lot-to-learn-about-dinosaur-brains/ Larsson, H.C.E. (2001). Endocranial anatomy of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution. In: Mesozoic vertebrate life, eds Tanke D.H; Carpenter K; Skrepnick M.W. Indiana University Press, 19–33 https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.20983 The recent study A large portion of its brain was devoted to smell, but I can easily see how the size of its brain could accommodate enough neuron activity for problem solving skills and even forming cultures. What do you guys think? What do you think of the study and what would Tyrannosaurus cultures have looked like?
  18. ThePhysicist

    Tyrannosaurid premaxillary tooth

    "That some of these teeth are mammalian incisors there can be but little doubt..." - O. C. Marsh1 This kind of incisor-like ("incisiform") tooth was originally thought to have belonged to a large, Cretaceous mammal. Later discoveries revealed that these teeth were actually the front teeth ("premaxillary teeth") of Tyrannosaurs - and are now known as a hallmark of their clade, Tyrannosauroidea (along with fused nasals). Closely-spaced, parallel grooves on bones suggest that Tyrannosaurs used these teeth to selectively scrape meat from bone2. Identification Tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth have a "D"-shaped cross section, with the lingual face flattened, and often have an apicobasal ridge on the midline of the lingual face. In more technical language, "...premaxillary teeth bear lingually rotated mesial and distal carinae forming a salinon cross-section at mid-crown height, and a highly convex labial aspect as in tyrannosauroids generally. In mesial/distal views carinae are sinuous, transitioning from lingually convex near the base to lingually concave approaching the occlusal surface. Carinae terminate prior to reaching the root/crown juncture. Mesial and distal aspects of the crown are depressed, yielding a weakly hourglass-shaped cross-section at the crown base... The carinae lack serrations [likely ontogenetically variable]... As in other tyrannosauroids, teeth exhibit a pronounced lingual ridge"3. Most of the current literature supports only one Tyrannosaurid species in the Hell Creek formation, Tyrannosaurus rex, a hypothesis subject to change in light of new evidence. Comments This tooth has no discernible antemortem wear. The collector appears to have applied some preservative coating, giving the enamel a slightly sharper gloss. Given the size, this is from a very young animal (smaller than "Jane", BMRP 2002.4.1). References 1. Marsh, O.C., 1892, "Notes on Mesozoic vertebrate fossils", American Journal of Science, 44: 170-176 2. David W.E. Hone and Mahito Watabe, "New information on scavenging and selective feeding behaviour of tyrannosaurs", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 (4), 2010: 627-634 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0133 3. Zanno, L., Tucker, R.T., Canoville, A. et al. Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record. Commun Biol 2, 64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7
  19. ThePhysicist

    Tyrannosaurid premaxillary tooth

    "That some of these teeth are mammalian incisors there can be but little doubt..." - O. C. Marsh1 This kind of incisor-like ("incisiform") tooth was originally thought to have belonged to a large, Cretaceous mammal. Later discoveries revealed that these teeth were actually the front teeth ("premaxillary teeth") of Tyrannosaurs - and are now known as a hallmark of their clade, Tyrannosauroidea (along with fused nasals). Closely-spaced, parallel grooves on bones suggest that Tyrannosaurs used these teeth to selectively scrape meat from bone2. Identification Tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth have a "D"-shaped cross section, with the lingual face flattened, and often have an apicobasal ridge on the midline of the lingual face. In more technical language, "...premaxillary teeth bear lingually rotated mesial and distal carinae forming a salinon cross-section at mid-crown height, and a highly convex labial aspect as in tyrannosauroids generally. In mesial/distal views carinae are sinuous, transitioning from lingually convex near the base to lingually concave approaching the occlusal surface. Carinae terminate prior to reaching the root/crown juncture. Mesial and distal aspects of the crown are depressed, yielding a weakly hourglass-shaped cross-section at the crown base... The carinae lack serrations [likely ontogenetically variable]... As in other tyrannosauroids, teeth exhibit a pronounced lingual ridge"3. Most of the current literature supports only one Tyrannosaurid species in the Hell Creek formation, Tyrannosaurus rex, a hypothesis subject to change in light of new evidence. Comments This tooth exhibits some antemortem wear at the apex (pictured), on the carinae, and near the base of the lingual apicobasal ridge. Given the size, this is from a juvenile animal (smaller than "Jane", BMRP 2002.4.1). References 1. Marsh, O.C., 1892, "Notes on Mesozoic vertebrate fossils", American Journal of Science, 44: 170-176 2. David W.E. Hone and Mahito Watabe, "New information on scavenging and selective feeding behaviour of tyrannosaurs", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 (4), 2010: 627-634 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0133 3. Zanno, L., Tucker, R.T., Canoville, A. et al. Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record. Commun Biol 2, 64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7
  20. Does anyone know the catalog no. of this skull? And is there any paper mentions this skull? or more descriptions for it. thx guys help. have a lovely day.
  21. ThePhysicist

    Tyrannosaur premaxillary tooth

    From the album: Hell Creek / Lance Formations

    This kind of incisor-like ("incisorform") tooth was originally thought to have belonged to a large, Cretaceous mammal. Later discoveries revealed that these teeth were actually the front teeth ("premaxillary teeth") of Tyrannosaurs - and are now known as a hallmark of their clade, Tyrannosauroidea. Closely-spaced, parallel grooves on bones suggest that Tyrannosaurs used these teeth to scrape meat from bone. Given the size, this is from a very young animal. Should Nanotyrannus be valid, then this should be considered an indeterminate Tyrannosaurid.
  22. ThePhysicist

    Tyrannosaur premaxillary tooth

    From the album: Hell Creek / Lance Formations

    This kind of incisor-like ("incisorform") tooth was originally thought to have belonged to a large, Cretaceous mammal. Later discoveries revealed that these teeth were actually the front teeth ("premaxillary teeth") of Tyrannosaurs - and are now known as a hallmark of their clade, Tyrannosauroidea. Closely-spaced, parallel grooves on bones suggest that Tyrannosaurs used these teeth to scrape meat from bone. Given the size, this is from a juvenile animal (smaller than "Jane"). Should Nanotyrannus be valid, then this should be considered an indeterminate Tyrannosaurid.
  23. Hi, guys. Does anyone have some high-quality images of Albertosaurus sarcophagus skulls (or maxilla /dentary)? please. and the following images were my sharing, which I found on the internet. Thanks for your guys' sharing. have a lovely day guys.
  24. There's a new documentary about dinosaurs (Prehistoric Planet). In this documentary we see a lot of dinosaurs and their appearance is quite different from movies (JW series) one of the most interesting is the Tyrannosaurus rex. This is because The T.rex had lips instead of showing cusps of their maxilla teeth. Actually, I really like the new look. It looks more like an animal than a monster from movies, but i'm very curious why did T.rex have lips? what is their evidence? I'm more interested in the basis for their idea. Does anyone know which paper has mentioned or discussed and studied this problem? "Did Tyrannosaurus Rex really have lips?" Thank guys very much for your reply and sharing. have a lovely day~
  25. ThePhysicist

    Juvenile Tyrannosaur premaxillary teeth

    From the album: Dinosaurs

    These strange, incisor-like teeth were originally thought to have belonged to a large Cretaceous mammal. Later discoveries showed that these teeth matched the front teeth of young Tyrannosaurs quite well. Given closely spaced, parallel feeding traces on bones, these "incisorform" teeth likely were used to scrape meat from bone.
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