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The Devonian period is known as "The Age of Fish", but could also be known as "The Age of Brachiopods." In the Early / Lower Devonian, brachiopods reached the height of their diversity towards its end in the Emsian. We see the ancestral groups occurring, lingulids, craniids, orthids, protorthids, pentamerids, rhynchonellids and strophomenids, as well as the later successful groups we have seen before such as atrypids, athyrids and orthotetids, plus the rise of spiriferids, spiriferinids and productids and the beginning of the terebratulids. By the end of the Devonian , several of these groups are extinct or severely reduced in importance and brachiopods never quite recover. Also, the Devonian is the last time we see trilobites with such variation, large sizes and numbers and orthocerids too are much more uncommon after the rise of the goniatites. The massive tabulate coral reefs also disappear after the Devonian. Fascinating period and I hope to share some of its wonders with you. Equally, a lot of this is rather new to me, so I would be very grateful for any assistance, corrections or further information on my specimens. Thank you. The Early Devonian epoch is split into three stages, so let's start with the first of those, the Lochkovian, that began about 419 mya and finished roughly 411 mya. I have been sent a nice selection of brachiopods from the Kalkberg Formation, Helderberg Group by the Mighty @Misha, mostly. But the kind gentleperson also sent me this fascinating little bryozoan hash : It is dominated by fenestellids, which is usually the case in the Devonian, but other orders sill occur. These ones, I think, are Fenestella, but there are so many species in the formation that I wont take a guess as to species : Not sure what this one is ;
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- cordillera cantabrica
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From the album: Trilobites
Silurian Catavi Fm, Bolivia A good trilobite worker has sent me some literature to assist me in pinning down the species. -
I thinking I might have put something out on these before, but it might have been via PM and mostly on the trilo-bit pieces. I am looking to see if anyone has a possible ID on the shells. I believe that this material might be Devonian in age. I picked this material up at an ESCONI members Garage sale a couple of years ago. There are a number of pieces and it was supposed to have come from an old collection. Any help would be appreciated. Some other piece’s including trilo-bits.
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South American Crocodilian diversity at the Lake Pebas System During the Miocene era
Joseph Fossil posted a topic in General Fossil Discussion
Image of a Reconstruction of the Caiman Mourasuchus and Prehistoric Dolphins in Miocene Venezuela by Julio Lacerda Image Source: https://www.facebook.com/art.julio.lacerda/photos/mourasuchus-was-a-very-large-caiman-with-a-distinctly-flat-head-and-numerous-sma/2971939362916938/?_rdr In the Northern and Central Basins of Miocene South America between 23-5.3 Million Years ago, there was a giant system of lakes known as Lake Pebas. Fed by rivers directly connected to South America’s Caribbean Atlantic Coast, this lake system at its largest covered an area slightly bigger than 1,000,000 square kilometers (km2) in what is today part of Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Bolivia. The lake system was home to a variety of life including a vast diversity of dugongs, fish, dolphins, land mammals, and Crocodilians (when I say crocodilians, I mean the general group within the archosaur family that includes Crocodiles, Gavialoids, and Caimans). Image of Reconstruction of Lake Pebas Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Palaeogeographical-model-of-northwestern-South-America-during-the-Middle-Miocene-some-14_fig6_254893768 While Crocodilian diversity decreased globally after the warm Paleocene and Eocene eras, emergence of the lake pebas system paved the way for an explosion in diversity for these semi-aquatic reptiles in Northern South America. This is best demonstrated by the vast and diverse Miocene crocodilian fossils found in the Urumaco Formation and Pebas Formation. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981118303699 https://igeo.ufrj.br/inc/isc/3/3_87-Souza_Filho_etal_2020_Melanosuchus_latrubessei.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375856/ These heyday for South American crocodilians saw the emergence of some of the largest aquatic crocodilians currently known on Earth since the Creteaceous and Paleocene eras, including Giant Caimans Purassaurus and Mourasuchus amazonensis. Image of Reconstructions of the sizes compared to an adult Human of several notable Crocodilians from Lake Pebas by Armin Reindl Image Source: https://www.deviantart.com/arminreindl/art/Crocodilians-of-the-Pebas-Megawetlands-900353328 The Lake Pebas system would persist up until the formation of the Andes Mountains during the Late Miocene. This decreased the size of the Pebas lake system and ultimately help give rise to one of the World’s most spectacular river systems, the Amazon. Crocodilian diversity in the region decreased as well and now only a few crocodilian genera inhabit South America currently. Lake Pebas is also the primary reason why the Amazon River system is home to freshwater stingrays, freshwater manatees, and freshwater dolphins. When Lake Pebas started to decrease in size, those creatures successfully adapted to the more freshwater environments of the Amazon River. Here's a list of all the currently known crocodilian genera and species that lived in the Miocene Lake Pebas system. If I forget any examples, please let me know and I'll add the examples to the list promptly. Unnamed Paleosuchus sp. (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 16.0-11.6 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.2-1.4 meters (3.9-4.6 feet) in length) Kuttanacaiman (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 15.97-11.6 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.71-1.88 meters (5.62-6.20 feet) in length) Gnatusuchus (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 11.6-5.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.49-1.67 meters (4.89-5.50 feet) in length) Gryposuchus (Gavialidae) (Miocene, 16.3-5.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 10 meters (33 feet) in length) (five species currently known, four species lived in the adjacent rivers of and in Lake Pebas itself) G. jessei (Miocene, 11.6-7.2 Million years ago) G. pachakamue (Miocene, 11.6-7.2 Million Years ago) G. croizati (Miocene, 11.6-5.3 Million Years ago) G. colombianus (Miocene, 16.3-11.8 Million Years ago) (Note: One unnamed Gryposuchus sp. May have survived up to the Pleistocene, 2.6-0.012 Million Years ago in what is now Paricao, Brazil) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&taxon_no=38417&max_interval=Quaternary&country=Brazil&is_real_user=1&basic=yes&type=view&match_subgenera=1 Hesperogavialis (Gavialidae) (Miocene, 11.6-7.2 Million Years ago) (grew up to 10 meters (33 feet) in length) Brasilosuchus (Gavialidae) (Miocene, 9 Million Years ago) (grew up to 3.6-3.9 meters (11.9-12.9 feet) in length) Charactosuchus (Crocodylidae) (Eocene-Miocene, 48.6-7.2 Million Years ago) (grew up to 3.6-3.9 meters (11.9-12.9 feet) in length) (three species currently known, two species lived in the adjacent rivers of and in Lake Pebas itself) C. fieldsi (13.8-7.2 Million Years ago) C. sansoai (11.6-7.2 Million Years ago) Mourasuchus (Alligatoridae) (15.9-5.3 Million Years ago) (Largest Mourasuchus sp. Grew up to 4.7-5.9 meters (15.4-19.3 feet) in length) (five species currently known (including one unnamed Mourasuchus sp. From Bolivia), four species lived in the adjacent rivers of and in Lake Pebas itself) M. amazonensis (Miocene, 9.0-6.8 Million Years ago) M. pattersoni (Miocene, 9.0-6.8 Million Years ago) M. atopus (Miocene, 15.9-11.8 Million Years ago) M. arendsi (Miocene, 11.6-5.3 Million Years ago) Unnamed Caiman sp. (Based on Specimen UCMP 39978) (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 15.97 Million Years ago) (size: NA) Caiman wannlangstoni (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 13.8-5.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.7-1.9 meters (5.5-6.2 feet) in length) Caiman brevirostris (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 11.6-7.2 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.7-1.9 meters (5.5-6.2 feet) in length) Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) (Miocene-Present, 9.0-0.0 Million Years ago) (grows up to 2.0-3.5 meters (6.5-11.4 feet) in length) (still extant in the present) Acresuchus (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 9.0-7.2 Million Years ago) (grew up to 3.4 meters (11.2 feet) in length) Purussaurus (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 16.3-5.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 9.2-10.9 meters ( 30.2-35.7 feet) in length) (four species currently known (including one unnamed Purussaurus sp. From Panama), three species lived in the adjacent rivers of and in Lake Pebas itself) P. brasiliensis (Miocene, 9.0-7.2 Million Years ago) P. neivensis (Miocene, 13.8-11.8 Million Years ago) P. mirandai (Miocene, 11.6-5.3 Million Years ago) Melanosuchus latrubessei (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 10.89 Million Years ago) (grew up to 4 meters (13.1 feet) in length) Globidentosuchus (Alligatoridae) (Miocene, 11.6-6.8 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.72 meters (5.6 feet) in length) Hope you all find this helpful!!!-
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- miocene crocodilians
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From the album: Vertebrates
Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964 Early Cretaceous El Molino Formation Pajchapata Cochabamba Bolivia Lit.: Giuseppe Marramà & Giorgio Carnevale (2017) The relationships of Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964, a freshwater double-armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of South America, Historical Biology, 29:7, 904-917, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2016.1262855 Reconstruction of Gasteroclupea branisai by Giuseppe Marramà & Giorgio Carnevale-
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From the album: Trilobites
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Hi all- I am doing some cataloging of fossils here at the office. This came is as a donation a while back and I need help IDing it. They were purchased with no info. These trilobites were in a nodule of sorts. I have seen this sort of preservation from Morocco and Bolivia and maybe Peru. Can anyone help me with genus and country of origin? The photo with my hand in it shows the outside of the nodule, if that helps. Thanks JP
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From the album: Cnidarians
Conularia africana (Sharpe, 1856). 4.4 cm long, 2.8 cm wide. Patacamaya, La Paz, Bolivian Altiplano, Bolivia. Belen Formation, Early Devonian, Emsian stage. Bought as an online purchase. -
I have recently added this piece to my collection. Was sold to me as a Sedimentary Stromatolite from Bolivia. No further info given. I have looked online and in my book and can't match it to anything. Is this a genuine Stromotolite? - it wasn't too expensive, and it's quite attractive either way. Photo of both sides. Roughly 11cm square
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From the album: Trilobites
Taxonomy: Eldredgeia eocryphaeus Age: Lower Devonian (Belen Fm) Location: La Paz, Bolivia Source: Purchased-
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From the album: Trilobites
Taxonomy: Malvinella buddeae Age: Lower Devonian (Belen Fm) Location: La Paz, Bolivia Source: Purchased-
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From the album: Trilobites
Taxonomy: Eldredgeia venustus Age: Lower Devonian (Belen Fm) Location: La Paz, Bolivia Source: Purchased-
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From the album: Trilobit 1
From Bolivia -
References: Babcock, et al. 1987. Congresso Latinoamericano De Paleontologia, Bolivia Iv. 208, f.1.8.
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From the album: Invertebrates
Paraconularia ulrichana (Clarke, 1913) Middle Devonian Icla Formation Patacamaya La Paz Bolivia-
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From the album: Fossildude's Purchased/Gift Fossils
I purchased these with some birthday money. I've always been fascinated by these trilobites in nodules. Eldredgeia venustus. Bolivia. If anyone has better information on geologic details (group, formation age, etc) I would appreciate getting it correct.- 9 comments
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