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I've been doing research, and come to my own conclusion to the following question, but would like peoples input: How does terrain form in locations far away from plate boundaries? Obviously, normal fault dynamics, or, any fault dynamic doesn't affect these locations too much, but, warping and folding of the plates can cause ruptures to appear, leading to volcanic activity, forming and depositing new land. These endogenic processes form an "input" for final terrain form, then exogenic processes take over, consisting of weathering and erosion of all kinds. Hydraulic erosion is a key component in this "output" process, depositing and translating matrix from one location to another. Presumably, this is all it is? Depositing of new material from rivers, rain, and wind, coupled with the buckling of plate crust - shown in the famous Rocky Mountains - and volcanic activity form interesting and varied terrain, even away from faults. Note that volcanic hotspots can form from normal (divergent) faulting, as well as being diverted further away from a reverse (convergent) fault. Isaac

Scientists discover an unusual stone circle in British Columbia by Deanna Conners, Earth-Sky Org https://earthsky.org/earth/scientists-discover-an-unusual-stone-circle-in-british-columbia The paper is: Czajkowski, M. and Okulitch, A.V., 2011. An unusual stone circle, chilcotin range, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48(12), pp.1523-1530 https://www.academia.edu/33162993/An_unusual_stone_circle_Chilcotin_Range_British_Columbia_Canada Yours, Paul H.

Grieve, R.A., 1988. Astronaut's guide to terrestrial impact craters. Lunar and Planetary Institute technical report no. 88-03, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas. 89 pp. https://repository.hou.usra.edu/handle/20.500.11753/936 https://repository.hou.usra.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.11753/936/TR_8803.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Yours, Paul H.

Ancient meteorite tells tales of Mars topography by Anne M Stark, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, May 24, 2018 https://phys.org/news/2018-05-ancient-meteorite-tales-mars-topography.html 'Black Beauty' Meteorite Study Reveals the Secrets of Mars' Strange Topography by Andrew LaSane, Outer Places, May 24, 2018 https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/18499-black-beauty-meteorite-mars The open access paper is: William S. Cassata, Benjamin E. Cohen, Darren F. Mark, Reto Trappitsch, Carolyn A. Crow, and others, 2018, Science Advances 23 May 2018: Vol. 4, no. 5, eaap8306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8306 http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/5/eaap8306 Yours, Paul H.

Giant canyons discovered in Antarctica By Jonathan Amos, BBC News http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44245893 The open access paper is: Winter, K., Ross, N., Ferraccioli, F., Jordan, T.A., Corr, H.F., Forsberg, R., Matsuoka, K., Olesen, A.V. and Casal, T.G., 2018. Topographic steering of enhanced ice flow at the bottleneck between East and West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL077504 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GL077504 Yours, Paul H. "The past is never dead. It's not even past." William Faulkner, Act 1, Scene III, Requiem for a Nun (1951)