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  1. PaleoNoel

    Gastornis Pen Sketch

    Good evening folks, Last week, on my visit to the great state of Montana, I made this sketch of the enormous bird Gastornis, from the Early Paleogene. These days considered a distant relatives of ducks and geese, Gastornis thrived in the hothouse world of the Paleocene and Eocene in a range that stretched through Europe, Asia and North America. Historically portrayed as carnivorous, often seen hunting the contemporary small horses, recent consensus suggest that plants made up most of its diet. Ignore the text next to drawing that says "Great Gray Owl", the paper I drew this on was in an Audubon notebook with illustrations of more recent birds. Initial version with just ink. A little bit of colored pencil, with inspiration from living birds including Muscovy Ducks and Screamers among others.
  2. Pseudogygites

    Insect Head?

    Hi all! Yesterday, I was sorting through some glacial clay specimens I have from the Saskatoon area. I took most of them from an exposure because of the incredible trace fossils they contain (will post about later!). These clay layers are strongly varved and have the traditional appearance of glacial lake clay. However, interspersed amongst the layers of clay/silt are small pockets of black soil. I have read that these could possibly be bird droppings, or they could just be small lumps of soil that somehow became incorporated into the clay. In these soil pockets, plant fossils of exquisite preservation abound, but I also found this curious critter. I have no idea where to begin with it. When I first saw it, it immediately reminded me of a Triops head, but the “eyes” seem too big for that, plus the structure of the carapace would not allow for the clean line at the bottom (At least that I know of). It seems very much to me like an insect/invertebrate head, probably because it’s bringing me back to Trilobite hunting in Ontario. The two “eyes” protrude ever so slightly from the “head” when viewed horizontally. The entire structure is about 0.5 mm in total length. I also fully believe it could be some type of microscopic organism I have not yet heard of. Ostracods come to mind (I have found them nearby) but I have never seen one like this. Any insight or suggestions would be very much appreciated!
  3. I found this fossil about two years ago and i still can’t find out what it is. I found it near Flat Creek, Tennessee.
  4. Reconstruction Image of an Array of Mediterranean Otters by artist Sanciusart, 2020. Image Source: https://www.deviantart.com/sanciusart/art/An-Array-of-Mediterranean-Otters-862517185 As one of a most well-known groups of the mammalian Mustelidae family, Otters (Lutrinae) are relatives of minks found primarily in salt and freshwater. Emerging in the Middle Miocene 12.5-8.8 Million Years ago, there are 13 currently known species alive today, of which 2 are entirely adapted to life exclusively in saltwater. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276185/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271888/ However, Lutrinae diversity was far higher globally during the Pliocene-Early Holocene than in the present. This diversity peaked during the late Pleistocene, with at least 5 species found only in Mediterranean. Even species still alive today were not only around by this time but coexisted with these unique Pleistocene-Holocene otter species. For others, these Pleistocene-Holocene unique otters were the direct ancestors of several modern otter species. By the beginning of the Holocene, this diversity dropped dramatically due to Human overexploitation and climate change that occurred between the Pleistocene and Holocene. Modern Otter diversity has also declined in more recent times due to continued overhunting which especially plagued North American Otters during the California “Fur” Rush of the 1700s-early 1900s and the effects of Human induced Climate Change since the Industrial Revolution. Both still plague many Otter species today. It is only because of global Conservation efforts that some of the most endangered Otter species today have a fighting chance at survival. Here's a list of all the currently known unique Otter (Lutrinae) genera and species of the late Pleistocene-Early (to part late) Holocene (2.58-0.012 Million Years ago) which can hopefully demonstrate the diversity of these magnificent animals during this time. Let me know if I forgot any examples. Europe Sardinia-Corsica Megalenhydris barbaricina (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) in length) Sardolutra ichnusae (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Algarolutra majori (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Lutra castiglionis (Lutrinae) (Pleistocene, 0.774-0.129 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Sicily Lutraeximia trinacriae (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Malta Nesolutra euxena (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Crete Lutrogale cretensis (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 0.129-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Mainland Europe Lutra simplicidens (Lutrinae) (Pleistocene, 0.774 - 0.129 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=36206&is_real_user=1 Lutra bressana (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Cyrnaonyx antiqua (Lutrinae) (Pleistocene, 0.774 - 0.129 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) Great Britain Enhydra reevei (Lutrinae) (late Pliocene-early Holocene, 3.6-0.781 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.2-1.5 meters (3.93-4.92 feet) in length) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=166097&is_real_user=1 Asia Indonesia Lutrogale palaeoleptonyx (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 2.588-0.781 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=93522&is_real_user=1 https://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i1545-1410-786-1-1.pdf North America Mainland North America Satherium piscinarium (Lutrinae) (late Pliocene-early Holocene, 5.3-0.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.8 meters (5.90 feet) in length) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=20308&is_real_user=1 Enhydra macrodonta (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 1.8-0.012 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.2-1.5 meters (3.93-4.92 feet) in length) https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=84881&is_real_user=1 South America Mainland South America Unnamed Pteronura sp. (Lutrinae) (late Pleistocene-early Holocene, 0.129-0.0117 Million Years ago) (grew up to 1.8 meters (5.90 feet) in length) (Note: The report describing the Unnamed Argentina Pteronura sp. fossil specimens describes them as belonging to the Pleistocene individual of the still extant species Pteronura brasiliensis, but the reports details about the larger size of the remains compared to the current known size range of Pteronura brasiliensis and unique features in the Argentina specimens skull points to the likely possibility that the Argentina specimen is from a new unnamed Pteronura sp.) https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/80190/CONICET_Digital_Nro.c78ed830-e93e-4ecc-b379-84e1d32b96ac_A.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Hope you all find this helpful!!!
  5. Hello all, quick question for you guys who have more knowledge than me. Is this a real raptor claw? Seller states its from the Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota. Pictures are as clear as the seller could give me. Its about .58"/1.4cm. Thanks!
  6. Pseudogygites

    Triarthrus spinosus

    Ventrally preserved. Both genal spines and one thoracic spine are present. Hyostome slightly visible. Found associated with T. eatoni, T. rougensis, cephalopods and graptolites.
  7. Has there been any latest word on the systematics of gomphotheriine gomphotheres from North America? As far as I know, Shoshani et al. (2006) list Serridentinus as separate from Gomphotherium in their cladistic analysis of Eritreum, and I've also read that the Gomphotherium from New Mexico could represent multiple species (Heckert et al. 2000), and that Lambert and Shoshani list some North American gomphotheres synonymized with Gomphotherium by Tobien (1973) as distinct from Gomphotherium (e.g. Gnathabelodon, Eubelodon, Megabelodon). Heckert, A.B., S.G. Lucas and G.S. Morgan (2000). Specimens of Gomphotherium in the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science and the Species-Level Taxonomy of North American Gomphotherium. In: New Mexico's Fossil Record 2, Lucas, S.G. (ed.). New Mexico Museum of Nature and Science, Bulletin Number 16. Lambert, W. D., and J. Shoshani, 1998. The Proboscidea. In Janis, C., K. M. Scott, and L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. J. Shoshani, R. C. Walter, M. Abraha, S. Berhe, P. Tassy, W. J. Sanders, G. H. Marchant, Y. Libsekal, T. Ghirmai and D. Zinner. 2006. A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a ‘‘missing link’’ between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(46):17296-17301
  8. Wrangellian

    Acquired a collection

    The lady from our local rockhound club that gave me the Arthrophycus piece recently... has given me the rest of her fossils. She is getting on in years and has decided to start passing stuff on, and anyway she is more of a lapidary person I think. This is partly a showoff post and partly a request for more information for the ones that I am lacking detailed info on. She was not able to give me the full info on every piece. I was able to fill in some gaps myself but not all. I don't know if I should post the pertinent ones in the ID section. but if anyone can fill in where details are lacking I'd appreciate it. Most of them come from Canada and the US, but also England, and one from Australia, and they span from Ordovician to Recent. I'll post closer pics of individual pieces below, but here are some overall shots - the collection fits into 3 flats: Paleozoic and Cenozoic:
  9. Is it hard to find materials from giant short faced bear (arctodus simus)? Cannot find its material online other than the ones from museums. Could anyone share their arctodus simus collection or any photos related to arctodus simus materials? Would be really grateful to see some of them!
  10. I came across a weird tooth online. The seller claims that it is an all-natural Tyrannosaurus rex tooth from the Hell Creek fm. (no more specifics than that), though it features very odd preservation. It is nearly pure white in color. As I have little experience in tooth identification and telling apart fakes, I would like to gauge everyone's opinions on whether or not this tooth is completely authentic and identified correctly. If I receive any more information about the specimen, I will make sure to list it here. *New info*: The seller has informed me that the tooth has not been bleached by the sun. Rather, the color is due to where it was excavated from. If true, this seems to be a wonderfully unique tooth. The original owner has confirmed that it is from an area near Mosby, Montana (also very close to Jordan, Montana).
  11. Hello, Does anyone know who would be the go-to authority on Pennsylvanian crinoids of North America? The most prominent paleontologist I can find based on publications is Harrell Strimple, but he's unfortunately passed away many years ago. I have some specific questions I'd like to ask. Thanks.
  12. Found near Winchester Virginia in the needmore formation, having a hard time figuring out the species. Still have to clean up his right side, but there’s at least one genal spine preserved, can’t tell yet if there’s any spines along the ends of each thorax segment. Had a good tip on reddit that it might be a Reedops but the librigena area seems not as substantial on mine. Likewise the attached genal spine seems much finer and arcs further away from the thorax. Has a smooth glabella (with the exception of the furrows) which I also don’t see any examples of when I search Reedops either. Eyes are hard to see right now, seems to be the only feature severed off in the mold when separating. Still have it, just needs to be carefully pulled out and reattached. Either way they’re very small, seem smaller than Reedops as well but again, hard to say
  13. Mahnmut

    Entelodont

    From the album: Skeleton models

    Modelled mainly after the skeletal made by bLAZZE92 via wikipedia
  14. Pseudogygites

    Caddisfly Larva?

    Hi again everyone! I have a small fossil from a unit of lacustrine laminated silt from here in Saskatoon from the very late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The unit directly overlays a unit of till from the Wisconsinan glaciation. The unit contains carbonized plants stems, some of which are filled with wood boring beetle larva frass, diatoms, and burrows similar to Cruziana. In one of these hollowed-out burrows, I found this fossil, which is approximately 0.5 mm in length. It is composed of many extremely small carbonized plant fragments, all arranged horizontally from longest to shortest. I have no suggestions to explain how such an arrangement could occur through abiotic means, and the fossil bears a striking resemblance to caddisfly larva cases, many of which are composed of plant fragment arranged horizontally. I have attached some photos taken through a microscope lens on an iPhone. In hopes of accounting for the rough image quality, I have included numerous angles and degrees of brightness to help illuminate the arrangement of plant fragments. Any help confirming the caddisfly diagnosis or directing me from my incorrect guess to a correct one would be greatly appreciated!
  15. The open access paper is: Plotnick, R., & Lamsdell, J. (2022). Eurypterids from the Price Formation of Virginia: First Eurypterids from the Mississippian of North America. Journal of Paleontology, 1-5. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.84 An unrelated paper: Vrazo, M.B., Trop, J.M. and Brett, C.E., 2014. A new eurypterid Lagerstätte from the upper Silurian of Pennsylvania. Palaios, 29(8), pp.431-448. Yorus, Paul H.
  16. Hi! I’m still trying to identify one fossil from a particular unit of Pleistocene/Early Holocene lacustrine silt from my hometown of Saskatoon, but I figured I would look away from it for a bit to try and identify another fossil from the same unit I’ve been unable to classify. I have two specimens, both apparently of the same species. They are both approximately 0.5 millimetres across. They are perfectly circular, with lines radiating from the centre and rings of alternating colours (possibly representing growth lines). One specimen is photographed dorsally, showing its circular shape, the other in profile, showing its umbrella-like, protruding outline. All photos are taken through a microscope with my best camera currently available, an iPhone! My main areas of middling expertise are arthropod and vertebrate fossils, so I have no idea what this is! I have briefly studied fossil foraminifera and diatoms in the past, but it looks like nothing I’ve seen in those areas as well. It reminded me of a small limpet, some type of seed or spore, or perhaps even a strange fish scale, but I have no formal suggestions. I’d highly appreciate any help! I will try to supply any additional information you may need. Thank you!
  17. TaterTexas

    Is this a fossil?

    My daughter found this while on a hike through a creek bed. The top of the bank was roughly 20ft high. Tom Green county, Texas. There were a couple of pieces of petrified wood in the same area. I've seen plenty of animal bones, it has that texture, but the shape is peculiar.
  18. I know that Acro stuff is quite rare and hard to come by, but I was wondering what the best spots in Texas are to find such fossil material. I live in the state, so it would not be too much of an issue to travel to a spot or two to hunt for these theropod fossils. To sum it up, my question is: what are the best spots in Texas to legally hunt for and collect Acrocanthosaurus fossils/teeth (preferably without heavy duty tools or machinery)? If there are any, it would be much appreciated if you list the formation and location.
  19. ...especially Europe - North America. I read very often here on the forum about the high costs of sending parcels from the US to Europe. I am very interested in the real price of that. In the different direction, the price for sending parcels, for example, from Austria to North America is: Up to 2 kg: Euro 25.29,- Up to 4 kg: Euro 37.64,- Up to 10 kg: Euro 71.64,- These are the prices of the federal postal service (www.post.at). At the moment, you have to multiply the Euro with about 1.13 to get the price in USD. Would someone like to tell us shipping costs from the US to Europe? Thank you! Franz Bernhard
  20. Birdyyz

    Large fossilized bone?

    Hello, I found this possible fossilized bone in the creek on my friends 26 acre Farm in poweshiek County, Iowa. The farm is located on Glacier land. The farm has very sandy soil and large Hills that slope down to the creek. I have found many easily identifiable fossilized bones such as jaw, femur, pelvic and teeth but this one looks very odd but seems to have the correct pores and texture. Any help will be appreciated thank you.
  21. Hello I'm new to the fossil forum and hopefully I provide enough information. I found this fossil egg looking Rock in poweshiek County Iowa. One of my close friends owns a farm and we have been finding several possible fossils in the creek and near the surface on the hillside. The farm is 26 acres and located on Glacier land which is very Sandy with steep hills down to the creek which starts about two miles away from me natural spring and never dries up. This one was found about two feet below the water, sand and mud. It appears as if the little rascal was hatching, that is if it's an egg. Thank you
  22. grg1109

    Comprehensive book?

    Hi. I'm wondering if someone could recommend a comprehensive book on marine fossil invertrabates of North America covering all ages. I have the "Index Species of North America" book. I also own a couple of books on Devonian Fossils in NY. Although these have been helpful...I would like a good comprehensive book so as not to keep bothering you all here for fossil identification. Thanks Greg
  23. Looking for help with this Early Ordovician (Floian) trilobite from the Powell Dolostone of Arkansas, USA. The specimens (GRAY FIGURE below) were identified by Taylor (1968) as cf. Lannacus nericiensis Wiman, but that species (now a species of Megalaspides) doesn't seem like a great match, as the author notes in the paper. In fact, I'm not sure that proper Megalaspides even lived in North America. Last week, an Arkansan found another asaphide specimen (MAIZE AND BLUE FIGURE below) in these same rocks, which may or may not be the same species as the specimens described by Taylor. My question: Could these all be specimens of Isoteloides canalis? That species is already known from the Powell Dolostone in Missouri per Weller & St. Clair (1928) (as Isoteloides whitfieldi, now a subjective synonym of Isoteloides canalis). Or are these instead specimens of a distinct Powell asaphide, and if so, what genus & species? Thanks in advance. 1959 Treatise blurbs for Isoteloides and Megalaspides are in the BLACK AND WHITE FIGURE below. Here's Taylor (1968): https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3056&context=jaas Here's Weller & St. Clair (1928): https://share.mo.gov/nr/mgs/MGSData/Books/Volumes/Geology of Ste. Genevieve County/V-022.pdf GRAY FIGURE: MAIZE AND BLUE FIGURE: BLACK AND WHITE FIGURE:
  24. I'm working up a series of fossil field guides for various formations. I'd like to provide a visual indicator of which fossils are rare, which are common, and which are abundant, without getting in the way of the visual layout of the fossils & identifying information. The complete set of categories I am working with is {Abundant, Common, Rare, Very Rare, Common to Abundant, Rare to Abundant, Rare to Common, Present, and Questionable}. Has anyone seen a good way that a field guide of any kind has provided such a visual indicator as a page-wide element of visual layout? Attached is my first draft for the brachiopods of the Zaleski Flint Member of the Allegheny Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Ohio. All feedback welcome! Thanks.
  25. Although identification of Hadrosaurid teeth in North America is very difficult or impossible some older publications by John Horner give us some information to help us with a few. The information goes back a bit so there might be some new understanding but will share what is published. If anyone has publications that can add to the dentary information of teeth from North America please feel free to post it. Horner notes that on dentary teeth all Saurolophinae teeth have diamond-shaped crown whereas Lambeosaurinae teeth are more elongate see figure 13.4. So one may not be able to assign it to a specific genus but a Subfamily may be possible. Maxillary teeth can be different but not discussed.. Saurolophinae include: Edmontosaurus, Kritosaurus, Gryposaurus, Brachylophosaurus, Maiasaura, Brachylophoslaurus Lambeosaurinae include: Lambeosaurus, Parasaurolophus, Corythosaurus, Hypacrosaurus I would suggest that only complete teeth with fairly good preservation be used in any attempt to identify these teeth. Hell Creek & Lance Formation A publication on Edmontosaurus diversity in North America by N. Campione and D. Evans 2011 concluded that all there is only one species of hadrosaur in these faunas so all teeth found can be assigned to Edmontosaurus annectens. Judith River Formation Horner identifies dentary teeth with small denticles as Gryptosaurus (However not sure its been described from JRF so I would question this assignment) Two Medicine Formation Horner identifies dentary teeth with big denticles as Gryptosaurus latidens Horner identifies dentary teeth with very small denticles as Prosaurolophus maximus Hypacrosaurus stebingeri - The figure below shows variations with several species of dentary teeth Book: John Horner: Evidence of diphyletic origination of the Hadrosaruian in Dinosaur Systematics Approaches & Perspective Currie & Carpenter Chapter 13 Book: Dinosaurs under the Big Sky by Jack Horner 2001
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