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Can anyone tell me what these small items are. They sort of look like little mushrooms with what seems to be a circular attachment type area and then an "upper" surface with very small dots or small bumps. The grid is 5mm on a side so these things are about 2mm x 2mm. These come from the Early Pleistocene aged Waccamaw Formation of North Carolina. From the looks and color of them, they seem like they should be Echinoderm related, but I am just guessing. I am not familiar with them and figured since I found quite a few of them, they must be something worth identifying. Perhaps @sixgill pete or @Al Dente or any micro searchers may be able to set me straight. Thanks for your help.

Hello, I posted this before, but my thread was too disjointed for comfort so I am posting again. I found this bone end (I think it is a tibia) with some other ice age bits and ends and have no idea what it came from. Im pretty sure it is not bovid, from what I am familiar with. Anything could help, and this was found on a riverbed in NE Kansas.

I have been working through a bag of matrix that I received from @sixgill pete from the Waccamaw Formation (Pleistocene) of North Carolina. Earlier I showed a couple of interesting bryozoans that I picked from the matrix (Waccamaw Bryozoan) and the first group of gastropods (Waccamaw Gastropods I). From the 1 quart bag of matrix, I pulled out over 60 different species of gastropods and am up to about 45 species of bivalves! This post represents the second group of gastropods that I have some identification questions about. Again, these are all very small, most are only a few mm's. I appreciate any input, thanks!! 1) The first one up may be the toughest, just because they are incomplete. I have tentatively called them Cerithiopsis bicolor based on Gardners 1948 work and Campbells 1993 publication on similar aged material from Virginia. As usual, I have tried to corroborate these ID's with other sources and tried to use the most up to date nomenclature based on what I find in WORMS, Fossilworks or The Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life websites. 2) Next is a really nice looking, but very small gastropod that I think may be Teinostoma carinatum based on Gardner, but T. lenticlare in Campbell also looks pretty similar. Of course, neither may be right!! This is one of three different species within the small Tornidae family that I found. 3) This one is also a very nice looking specimen but within several references I could not find a very good match. The best I could do was a species of Vexillum based on the general shape, ornamentation and columnar folds but the ones figured in both Ward and Blackwelder (1987) and Dall (1890) had differences from mine. 4) This pair may not even be the same thing as you can see there are slight differences in the ornamentation, but I have about a half dozen and they seem to al least fall into a pretty similar group. I have called these Chrysallida beaufortensis but am not at all confident in this especially since they my just be very young versions of something else. 5) This group is just part of well over a dozen that I found but can't put a good handle on. Perhaps some species of Pyrgiscus (which may now be Turbonilla)? Lea (1843) had a P. daedaleum which looked similar, but I was unable to find any reference to that species since that time. 6) And lastly, is a nice glossy but a bit chewed on specimen that I believe is a species of Turbonilla. T. delta from Campbell (1993) has a description that sounds pretty similar but the illustration in my pdf is poor so I'm not certain. OK, that is all. Again I appreciate anyone taking a look and if you have any ideas, I'm all ears! Maybe @MikeR or @Coco will have some more excellent insights this time around. Thanks again Mike

Fossil shells from Florida loaded (natural) with more fossil shells. Many collectors like to clean out the fossil shells they find so they look like a shell found on the beach (recent). I like to keep them as natural as possible and preserve their history. Some of these fossil shells have other smaller shells that are cemented inside and would harm the shell if removed. Hours of careful cleaning is the only way to preserve and expose what's inside. I love them! The largest shell was entered in fossil of the month for Novembers and was a thread named My Fossil Cornucopia http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/topic/110984-my-fossil-cornucopia/ Due to the size of my images, I will have to make several comments. Enjoy and Happy Collecting.

Here’s a strange little fragment I found on the Brazos River. I’m not 100% sure it’s bone.... maybe wood. However, it has a different outer texture than I’m used to. Also, the inside appears to have two distinct chambers. I considered antler, but I’ve not seen a broken antler time that has these chambers inside.

Hello, These are fossils I found during my recent visit to the Pleistocene site. Any idea which animal it could belong to?

I made it out to the Brazos River for a while on this beautiful, sunny day. The temps ranged from 49 to 71 with low humidity and virtually no wind......perfect! I found a hoof core that seems different from the horse hooves I’ve found. It’s a little beat up, but maybe someone will recognize it. I placed it next to another hoof core that Harry recently identified as tapir. The tapir is on the left and the hoof in question is on the right in each of the pics. @Harry Pristis @fossilus @Lorne Ledger @Shellseeker @GPayton

Odocoileus Sp.deer mamdible. Pleistocene. Santa Fe River, Gilchrist County, Florida Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Cervidae

Hello Everyone, today I went again to my favourite Pleistocene site - and a friend of mine found something that he thinks could be a fossilised wood. He thinks it could have been brought here by the glacier. It looks like this: It's not very big, as you can see - but quite heavy. Does this look like wood to you? I will appreciate your feedback. Kasia

So, I found a few chunks of osteoderms in an area that floods quite often. I wasn't even sure what they were at first, only that I *thought* they might be. But they were completely covered in mud and I was super-careful picking them up and getting them home. One separated from the large chunk. But now I have no idea what to do! I did leave them outside in the rain a few days; they were mostly uncovered when I found them anyway and have been sitting in sloppy mud for an eternity, so I figured it wouldn't hurt. So there was a lot of mud that came off but they're far from clean. I'm not sure what to do next. I have a slight idea of the general area of the body these came from but the chunk is not lying flat and I don't know how to clean them to even see what I'm really working with. Are they going to all separate if I mess with them too much? My boyfriend said he'll get me whatever PaleoBond products I want (he's overwhelmingly supportive of my obsessive fossil hobby) so is that what I should be looking at? I've never felt "in over my head" with fossils before but I'm really at a loss with this. Any assistance, opinions, thoughts, speculations, or anything else would be appreciated.

Can someone please help me with an ID on this? I was almost positive it’s a short faced bear, but the person who found it thinks tiger. It was found in Indonesia. It weighs 5 kilos.

Greetings! I'm retired from a geospatial career, a geology major who did most of my collecting from the 1950s through the early 1990s. My collection is a disappointment to kids who want to see dinosaur fossils - it is 99% invertebrates and plants. For decades, I relied on paper notes, but am now cataloging using Trilobase. I am up to 1,800 specimens, but some catalog number represent dozens of individual species and some specimens (i.e. amber) have up to 67 catalog numbers for individual bugs, plant material, etc. I still have a lot to learn, thus my participating in Fossil Forum and other fossil sites. But I hope to be able to reciprocate by helping others whenever I am able.

@GPayton recently posted a Pleistocene mammal radius that’s still waiting for a positive ID. I thought I’d try to get some info on mine as well. Mine does have the fused radius/ulna and what I learned in the latter thread is that fusion generally indicates artiodactyl. Mine seems to be in the size range of either camel or bison. Is there any way to tell the difference from the fragment I have here? @Harry Pristis @Lorne Ledger

I have been working through a bag of matrix that I received from @sixgill pete from the Waccamaw Formation (Pleistocene) of North Carolina. Earlier I showed a couple of interesting bryozoans that I picked from the matrix (Waccamaw Bryozoan) and now I am finishing up on the gastropods. From the 1 quart bag of matrix, I pulled out over 60 different species of gastropods! The biggest ones were a couple of Olive shells at about 2 inches tall as well as about a half dozen other gastropods that are big enough to easily view with the naked eye, but by far the vast majority of the shells are quite small, some only a few mm's. With some great suggestions for references from both Don and @MikeR I have slogged my way through the identification process which brings me to this post. Out of the group, I have several that I am uncertain about (and probably others that I am wrong on, but ignorance is bliss! ) so I'm going to post a few in this thread and probably start a few other threads over time so I don't have one that has a billion pictures to wade through and try to keep straight. I'm hoping some folks out there can confirm and/or offer a better suggestion on an ID and certainly if you know of a name update, please let me know. The names on many of these critters have been very fluid over the past 100+ years and I consult several different websites (such as WORMS, WMSD, Neogene Atlas, etc) for each species I find to try and check for the latest updates, but some names published early on are seldom heard from again. The first question is on this group of five small gastropods (the silver box is 5mm on a side) which I believe are all the same, but.... I have tentatively called these Turritellas because of the general shape, the aperture and the sculpture (revolving lines) but they don't look straight sided enough to match most of the published forms I can find. They are undoubtedly juveniles and this may be throwing me off, but if anyone has a suggestion, I'm all ears. Some species of Bittium is another possibility. My next question is this small gastropod that looks sort of like some form of Calliostoma but I can not find a match for it in any of the references I consulted. Plus it is a bit low spired for most of the species of Calliostoma that I have seen. The third question is this gastropod which I believe is some species of Epitonium. I found three other species of this genus, but this one is different looking form any of them, the axial ornamentation is not continuous across the sutures and it changes character on the lower half of the body whorl which you can't really see in these pictures. It seems closest to E. carolinae (Gardner) but there are several differences from her description. Next is a very small and undoubtedly juvenile form that I think may be Scalaspira strumosa but I haven't found a lot of pictures of this species and it looks a little different from the drawing in the 1904 publication by the Maryland Geological Survey where Martin further described it. Lastly, for today, here is a pair of really beautiful small gastropods which I keep thinking should be easy to ID, but I can't find a match. They look like a little nutmeg shell (genus Cancellaria) with the shape and the prominent teeth or ridges on the columella, but I can not find any forms that have the very distinctive sculpture of the wide flat bands with narrow incised grooves between them. OK, that is it for now. Thanks for taking a look and for any and all suggestions.

I found this jaw on the Brazos River a couple of years ago and figured that it is just from a modern dog. Just thought I would try to get a confirmation. I would hate to discount the idea that it is something more interesting like Pleistocene coyote or wolf. It is actually pretty well mineralized. The cancellous bone is hard and not spongy like other modern bones that I find. The carnassial measures 22.2mm x 11.9mm

All three of these vertebrae were found in a single trip to the Brazos River several months ago. Although I know that they're likely mammalian, the closest to an ID I've been able to get for any of them is Equus sp. cervical vertebra for the largest, and maybe thoracic vertebrae from a horse as well for the other two since they're so similar. Anybody able to help? Vertebrae 1, 2, and 3 (in order): Vertebra 1 (side view): Vertebra 2 (side view):

Found on the Brazos River several months ago. Although worn and incomplete, it seems like there's enough diagnostic features to make an identifcation possible, at least in my mind. After searching the forum and the Internet for anything comparable, the closest match I was able to find was the proximal end of a mammoth radius - mostly because of the shape of the articular facet and the areas surrounding it. Obviously mammoth bones are huge, but from the pictures I've seen it looks like even though the radius itself is very long, it only broadens towards the distal end. Any help would be appreciated, even if it does mean calling me crazy!

So I've been hitting the Brazos River pretty steadily all year for Pleistocene fossils, but aside from some astragali, the only perfectly complete bones I've been able to find are two Equus metacarpals ( cannon bones). I'm not sure if this post belongs in this section of the forum since I'm not really looking for an ID (unless I'm wrong and one of the bones isn't Equus after all), but instead wanted to ask a question about the bones' anatomy. That's because although they both look exactly the same and are both clearly cannon bones from what I'm positive are horses, they each have different lengths and widths. The distal faces are also both different - the skinnier cannon bone has a pitted face while the thicker, shorter cannon bone has a completely flat one. Right now my theory is that horses either have different length cannon bones in their fore vs their hind legs, or the two bones are from different aged horses, but I haven't been able to find anything helpful online. Anybody able to help me out? Are these bones from different species or is one of my two wild guesses actually right? And because I've appreciated their help so much in the past, I'll just give @Harry Pristis and @Shellseeker a heads up!

Happy Thanksgiving to everyone! I really appreciate this forum and the people willing to take the time and effort to answer everyone's questions and help people learn. I found these two fragments in gravel. Mostly Pleistocene era here with some Cretaceous shells also I think. FRAGMENT ONE: CLAW CORE? The photos I'd seen of claw cores made me think this could be one, but since it's not very well defined, I've been wondering if it's even animal related at all. The most similar example I could find was a turtle claw core documented by @Harry Pristis , as seen here: Am I way off base? The flat smooth side and holes made me think it was vascular tissue, but I've wondered if it might be reef or even some type of mineral instead. FRAGMENT TWO: SMALL HOOF CORE? This looks like a very small hoof fragment with a rounded top and very flat bottom. The exterior looks worn on the toe-tip area and broken off toward the top. I had trouble finding anything that looked similar online. It does seem very small compared to several other hoof core examples I've seen. The closest thing I could find that looked a little similar was this camel hoof core fragment documented by @worthy 55 As usual, any help would be appreciated, and thanks to anyone who takes a look. --Brandy

My friend found this in the Brazos River riverbed with low water, sand and gravel. Near Brookshire, Texas. Mostly Pleistocene fossils here. This was our first time to find an actual intact bone, so we were really excited. No clue what it is though. The only thing I could find that I thought looked similar were calcaneus bones. Any help is appreciated! Thanks, --Brandy

Location: South Texas Estimated Age: Pleistocene Matrix: Sand, low water, gravel I found this vertebra in the riverbed yesterday and could use help identifying it, if possible. I found this link, which made me think it was possibly a turtle vertebra, since it looks like the front is convex and the back is concave. It's a pretty large vertebra, so my turtle guess may be completely off, unless this is another hesperotestudo piece. Thanks for any help or suggestions! --Brandy

Hello I found these bones maybe 15 feet at the bottom of a wall along the San Marcos River in Southeast/Central TX. This band in the river has produced Mastadon and equus fossils. Hoping for an identification. Thanks

Hey guys if i would get id and information if the bones i found are fossilised and if they are then who does they belong to would be very cool! I found them washed out on the beach of the baltic sea after the storm, from poland side "Mikoszewo" not far from kaliningrad border https://imgur.com/a/NfQFPkg there are photos of 3 bones i found, i have more bounds but need to bring them from the car and make photos, will add them later today Any help would be appreciated!:)

A few weeks ago I revisited a small Cave/Rock shelter up by Marble Falls, TX that I collected in back in the 90's. I had found some good stuff then but with boredom finally decided to go out again and bring back more dirt to sift through. Quite the treasure trove, working on a paper about the locality. The material seems to be mostly late Pleistocene and is consistent with other caves in Central Texas such as Cave Without A Name and Miller's Cave. The entire cave floor has been torn up probably by artifact hunters but they did miss one - a late Archaic Point that I have identified tentatively as an Ensor Point (Variety I). Now to the fossils - first the two extinct species A Cottonmouth Viper fang Hmmm, I seem to have reached the max MB for upload, will post more later

I just got this skull yesterday and everything I get I check with a UV light... this one glows. Could it just be preservation? All help is appreciated.