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Hi everyone! I've been going through and identifying some small serrated kem kem teeth and was hoping for some verification. I'm fairly certain the first three are Carcharodontosaurid and the last one isn't but I just wanted to make absolutely sure. CH is crown height CBL is the length of the base CBW is the width of the base

Recently I started collecting dinosaur teeth from Morocco and it has completely refueled my childhood fascination with these awesome creatures. I work as an illustrator (amongst other things) and have taken up the idea of making an illustration of the Kem Kem dinosaur fauna. Before I start sketching, I need to know how these creatures looked like. One main thing I need to do is decide what animals I will give feathers. Here are my thoughts. Species I want to include: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus - enormous, probably semi-aquatic animal, so probably no feathers Carcharodontosaurus saharicus - very big animal, probably no feathers but perhaps some for display? Rugops primus (I am aware it is not (yet) officially described from Morocco) - given that Carnotaurus was most probably not feathered, I am going to assume Rugops was also a scaly animal Deltadromeus agilis - I am going to assume it is an noasaurid. No evidence for feathers. I am thinking about including some fluffy, feathered juveniles. Rebbachisaurus garasbae - big sauropod, no feathers An indeterminate dromaeosaur - fully feathered like a bird An indeterminate titanosaur - huge animal without feathers That's it! Maybe I am slighty too conservative regarding the feathers? Would be great to hear your thoughts.

Hi everyone! I acquired this recently, I'm fairly certain it's Carcharodontosaurus but the shape is kinda off. Is it a Premax? dimensions are 6.2 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm Kem Kem Beds Morocco.

Hi everyone! So first and foremost let me say, it's not a composite. Yes I know there is some sediment where the process meets the centrum, yes it is Moroccan, yes 99.9999999% of the time that automatically means funny business but I've looked at the area really carefully and the bone connects there (might try getting rid of some of that matrix at least on one side depending on what it's from). Anyway, I'm on the fence on this one. I was comparing it to a similar thread where a fellow asked about a caudal vertebra from the kem kem which turned out to be croc but was sold as Rebbachisaurus. In the thread some pics were posted of Titanosaur caudals and this looks really similar to that versus the examples of Crocodyliforms that where shown. But before I take that leap I would like a second opinion. The dimensions are 2.25 in. (6 cm) long, 1.85 in. (4.7 cm) tall, and .83 and .75 in. (2.1 and 1.9 cm) wide on its centrum. I also included the pic from that thread of Titanosaur caudal that was posted by Troodon.

Hi all. I know this is not a great tooth by any standard. But to be honest, I do like how it shows its age. Also, it emphasizes how well preserved my other teeth are. And it is nice and chunky! The tooth has lost some of the features to make an accurate ID. Still, it looks Spinosaurid to me. Could it possibly be something else? It is 7 cm long and from the Kem Kem beds. Thanks!

Hi everyone! I've gotten ahold of some kem kem phalanges and while I think most are Theropod I still could really use a second opinion to make sure (and potentially a further id like Spinosaur). I say most because while I'm fairly certain the first three are Theropod the last one looks off to me. Kinda reminding me mammal phalanges from deer or something I've seen from Florida. Any insight is greatly appreciated as always!

Hi all. This tooth is advertised as an Rebbachisaurus tooth from Kem Kem (these are the only pictures provided). I have tried to find comparable teeth in earlier topics on this forum, but I was not really able to find a good match. What do you think? Is it a Sauropod tooth? Could it be Rebbachisaurus or probably something else? Or are more pictures or details needed? Thanks!

Hi all. I am trying to learn about the characteristics of Dromaeosaurid teeth. This badly repaired and glued teeth (I am not even 100% sure it is not a composite) from Kem Kem is advertised as Dromaeosaurus, which it is most likely not. Yet it seems different from most Abelisaurid teeth and it might have some Dromaeosaurid like characteristics. Still I doubt it is the real deal, as I don't see a clear difference in serration density. What do you guys think?

Hi all, This tooth (4.2 cm) was advertised as a Carcharodontosaurustooth that was broken and repaired on two spots. I do however strongly suspect that the tip of the tooth is from a different speciment than the rest of the tooth. It seems to have a somewhat different colour, texture and shine to it. What do you think? Thanks!

I recently bought these three little teeth (between 1.7 and 2.0 cm long). They are from the Kem Kem Beds in Morocco. They were advertised as Dromaeosaurus teeth, but I know that is not very likely or well supported. I think the first two teeth might be Dromaeosaurid (mesial and distal serrations are different and the tip of the teeth extend past the base) and the third one might be Abelisaurid (distal side is almost straight). But I could very well be wrong, so I would like to hear your opinions. Thanks!

Hi everyone. I am new to this forum and recently acquired what I think is my first dinosaur tooth. I am pretty excited and surprised that Spinosaurus teeth are so common and pretty affordable. What do you think of this tooth? Did it belong to a Spinosaurus? I bought this specimen because of the well preserved enamel and the nice colour. It was glued together after excavation, but that is okay by me. I believe i can discern some vestigial serration. Thanks for your insights!

Hi everyone . I recently receive this vertebra from Kem Kem basin . I am not sure about ID of this vert ... could be Theropod vert? I removed some of the matrix that covered this vert. I hope it helps a bit in ID There are some gap fill/restored areas to this vert as clearly see in photo. Thank you in advance and Happy Christmas ! Guns

Hello! I saw a jaw fragment for sale from the kem kem beds, it's identified as crocodile. I've seen picsc of crocodile jaws before and that they have like a pitted texture, I don't see that very clearly on this one, but since this is out of my expertise I want to ask you guys who has more knowledge. Could it be something else like a spinosaurid?

Hi everyone! This has been kind of a labor of love for me for the past few months. About a year ago I acquired a wholesale lot of 1000 Squalicorax pristodontus for use in little fossil collections I make to sell. As I was going through them I noticed the differences in shape and on a whim that turned into a labor of love thought "I'm going to see if I can make a composite jaw of this species". I checked around and couldn't find anything on a reconstructed jaw from S. pristodontus so everything is my own approximation by comparing all the teeth to each other to look for similarities is angle and proportions, similarities to smaller Squalicorax that have been reconstructed, and similarities to the modern Tiger shark (which in my opinion and I think I saw this elsewhere as well has the most similar teeth of any modern shark to pristodontus) to figure out how many teeth where in a row and where to place them. The project took on a life of it's own in my down time and here is the end result. Anyway, I was hoping to get some feedback on it.

Looking for help on id for this vertebra from The Kem Kem beds. It is 1 inch x 1.2 inch x 1.2 inch. Feels exceptionally light at 13.8 grams sounds hollow you can hear sediment rattle inside. Unfortunately it appears fairly damaged on one side. Side 1: Bottom: side 2: top: Front end? back end?

Hello! I'm a new member and I was hoping I could get some second opinions on some Kem Kem fossils I'm thinking about purchasing. I've only collected American species, and have been recently interested in bones out of the Kem Kem beds. I've stayed away thus far because of the stories of composite fossils and Frankenstein pieces, but I've come across a couple that I thought were interesting and fairly priced. Was hoping I could get some other thoughts before moving on any of them (wanna make sure they aren't composites or areas of fill look weird). I've attached pictures of three specimens I'm looking at. Any help would be greatly appreciated! 1) Spinosaurus Vertebra 2) Spinosaurus Rib I think this one is what it is, prep work doesn't look the best, but just wanted confirmation I guess. 3) Carcharadontosaurus vertebra (transverse processes) I was wondering if I could get help on confirming the id on this one, not really sure what carcharadontosaur vertebrae are supposed to be like. Centrum is missing, not sure if that's important for the id.

I have this bone from long time ago. As seller label it as Spinosaurus caudal vertebrae bone from Kem Kem bed, Morocco. But I’m not sure about this label about Spinosaurus or other species, can you guys help me to have a look? Thank you!

Hey everyone! I just received a few teeth from the Kem Kem Beds near Taouz, Morocco. Among them one has me particularly stumped - I’ll do my best to provide as much information as possible, but let me know if more is needed! The tooth was listed as a theropod, though even the seller thought that assignment was only tentative. Its total height is 14mm. As the pictures above show, it’s moderately recurved as well as slightly curved lingually, with very distinct flutes running the whole length of the crown, 6 lingually and 9 labially, with the lingual flutes appearing stronger. It’s mediolaterally compressed, with a flat (or slightly concave?) lingual and more rounded labial profile, and a slightly lingually offset mesial carina. The distal carina reaches the base of the crown, whereas the mesial carina stops slightly short of it. The serration density on the distal carina is about 5/mm, on the mesial carina it’s about 7.5/mm (definitely noticeably smaller), getting more dense towards the base. When it comes to weird carnivores there’s of course no shortage in the Kem Kem, with a plethora of unusual teeth without a known owner. So far I haven’t come across one quite like this. I wouldn’t want to exclude the possibility of it being a theropod completely from the start. Still, my first thought went to Notosuchia: There’s an abundance of notosuchians known from the Kem Kem Group, probably as many described as undescribed. For one, there’s the small uruguaysuchid Araripesuchus rattoides (SERENO & LARSSON 2009), which can be excluded pretty easily. Aside from A. rattoides teeth being generally far smaller, the morphology doesn’t fit either: Specimens such as MNN GAD19 illustrate well that the largest teeth in Araripesuchus, its caniniforms, are recurved, but far more bulbous than what we are looking for. The other parts of its dentition are highly heterodont, with mostly small, low, rounded crowns. Additionally, none of its teeth are fluted in the fashion we see here. Next in line are the peirosaurids Hamadasuchus rebouli (BUFFETAUT 1994) and an as of yet undescribed taxon likely closer to more derived peirosaurids, Peirosauridae B [ROM 52620 and ROM 49282]. The latter is often attributed to H. rebouli, but will hopefully be revised after the description of BSPG 2005 I 83. IBRAHIM et al. 2020 lump everything into Hamadasuchus, but didn’t do their own analysis and note that reevaluations are in order. Similar to Araripesuchus, peirosaurids are highly heterodont, with conical anterior teeth and lower, more robust posterior teeth. The relatively high number of specimens helps in this regard: While recurved, the anterior teeth in Hamadasuchus are subconical and not overtly fluted. The posterior teeth, while possessing serrated carinae and showing some fluting, are far more stout and bulbous. In Peirosaurid B, the anterior teeth, most notably the caniniforms, are indeed fluted and recurved, but are very conical and do not possess serrated carinae. The posterior teeth, while possessing serrated carinae, some mediolateral compression, and being overall taller than in Hamadasuchus, are not recurved or fluted, but symmetrical and far more blunt than the pointed form we are looking for. Lastly, there are the ziphosuchians: IBRAHIM et al. 2020 use ‘Candidodontidae’ CARVALHO et al. 2004, though they note it’s unclear what exactly this family comprises of, so it might be best to treat its members simply as basal ziphosuchians. Libycosuchus brevirostris (STROMER 1914, 1915) has very little preserved in terms of teeth, and sits between other notosuchians which have very strange dentitions themselves. Looking at relatives such as Candidodon (CARVALHO & CAMPOS 1988), it would appear that these basal taxa would also have had mostly heterodont dentitions with conical anterior and low posterior teeth. Additionally, BUFFETAUT 1976 notes that the teeth appear to have been comparatively small overall, which appears right when looking at the alveoli of BSP 1912. I couldn’t find any reference to fluting or serrations in its immediate relatives, only in the far more derived members of this group, called ‘advanced notosuchians’ by POL & LEARDI 2015. There’s some evidence that animals similar to these younger South American taxa might have existed in the Kem Kem noted by IBRAHIM et al. 2020, but even then, the anterior teeth in this group show a consistently conical or teardrop-shaped cross-section, not the compressed shape we see here. IBRAHIM et al. 2020 go on to refer some material to Sebecidae SIMPSON 1937, though this is likely due to the general instability in notosuchian taxonomy. The material isn’t described in the text, but is highly doubtful to be from a true sebecid, as that family is only known from the Maastrichtian onward. Quite frankly I’m at a bit of a loss. I know trying to ID Kem Kem teeth too often ends in ‘We just don’t know’, and having looked at the options I haven’t made much headway - the tooth doesn’t really resemble anything that’s described or goes into the direction of what’s undescribed and fragmentary, at least to me. So I’d like to hear your opinions - is there something I have grossly overlooked? Is it just a very weird notosuchian or something else? Could it be a theropod after all? I’d love to hear your thoughts! Thank you very much for your help! BUFFETAUT, E. 1976: Der Land-Krokodilier Libycosuchus STROMER und die Familie Libycosuchidae (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) aus der Kreide Afrikas BUFFETAUT, E. 1994: A New Crocodilian from the Cretaceous of Southern Morocco CARVALHO, I.d.S., & CAMPOS, D.d.A. 1988: Um mamífero triconodonte do Cretáceo Inferior do Maranhão, Brasil CARVALHO, I.S., RIBEIRO, L.C.S. & AVILLA, L.S. 2004: Uberabasuchus terrificus sp.nov., a New Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil IBRAHIM andabunchofothers, 2020: Geology and Paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Eastern Morocco POL, D. & LEARDI, J.M. 2015: Diversity Patterns of Notosuchia (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) During the Cretaceous of Gondwana SERENO, P.C. & LARSSON, H.C.E. 2009: Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara SIMPSON, G.G. 1937: New Reptiles from the Eocene of South America STROMER, E. 1914: Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 1. Einleitung und 2. Libycosuchus @Troodon

Hello, I'm trying to correctly identify a tooth found in the Kem Kem formation. It is clearly predatory! I was told it was possibly dromeosaurus, however after a search it seems there are many wrongly identified as this species from that location. Any help would be much appreciated.

I need a few more Cretoxyrhina for the display I’m trying to finish. I really do not want to spend money so I’m trying a trade. I recently got some rare Kem Kem Lamniformes teeth and can offer up a Leptostyrax. It is the largest of those I got at 2.6 cm. There is some matrix on the root but the tooth is in pretty good shape. I would consider teeth from any location but my preference would be a location I don’t have such as New Mexico or Alabama. PM me if you’re interested

Hello! My name is PaleoZ and I live in North Dakota, U.S.A. I live in the famous Glacial Lake Agassiz deposit. Here in the surrounding fields I have found fossil shell imprints, soft bodied marine animals, nautilus shells, and a couple other of unidentified fossils that are very indistinct. My two most favorite geological formation are the Hell Creek Formation and Kem Kem Beds of Morocco. I have found and collect and variety of fossils from U.S.A, Madagascar, Morocco, Canada, and many unknown location fossils. I love pretty much anything fossil related and if you have a cool new fossil, I would love to see it. Every Fossil has its Story. Keep hunting and exploring the world. Sincerely PaleoZ

Hello again! These are two different teeth described as belonging to Deltadromeus agilis. The images are not very good, sorry! Any chance to corroborate it?

Hello, I recently discovered this strange fossil while browsing my collection. It is from the Kem Kem Formation and measures around 6cm on the longest side. I did some research but had absolutely no idea what that could be. I think it's also very difficult to determine, but maybe one of you has an idea. I would be happy to receive a few suggestions! On the left side (red arrow in the pictures) there is a 1cm deep "hole", a kind of bulge, but not broken out, but the natural shape of the bone. Many thanks and best regards from Germany

The theropod landscape of the Kem Kem deposits continue to be more muddled with new discoveries and research but that should not surprise anyone. I've made several post about multiple Spinosaurid and Carcharodontosaurid in the Kem Kem and it continues to be supported by recent publications. The attached paper describes a femur that supports the concept that Abelisaurid's were in the Kem Kem. We are seeing teeth...so that's good. The paper however looks at the region: Figure 2 below, included in that paper, identifies the main theropod fauna of the region. The abbreviation KKCA under Morocco stands for Kem Kem Compound Assemblage. Please note that under KKCA there are two Spinosaurids mentioned Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus indet. The paper concludes that there is to much ambiguity in the material studied to assign it to Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and further reevaluation is needed. Boy that sure puts an arrow through Ibrahim's Spino redesign. It also states that Kemkemia auditorei, paper attached, may be a crocodyliform or like the paper suggest a spinosaurid. The figure also shows two Carcharodontosaurid: Carcharodontosaurus and Sauroniops. Also Rugops is shown exclusive to Niger. More changes will come and hopfully in some lifetime we will have answers. So if you want to follow proper convention all Spino and Carch material should be identified has indeterminate but if you have that need to have a species name that's okay no one will know. Abelisaurid paper 1754-4.pdf Kemkemia paper 54a7b1c70cf267bdb90a1cf9.pdf