Jump to content

Search the Community

Showing results for tags 'pterosaur'.

  • Search By Tags

    Type tags separated by commas.
    Tags should be keywords or key phrases. e.g. otodus, megalodon, shark tooth, miocene, bone valley formation, usa, florida.
  • Search By Author

Content Type


Forums

  • Fossil Discussion
    • Fossil ID
    • Fossil Hunting Trips
    • General Fossil Discussion
    • Partners in Paleontology - Member Contributions to Science
    • Fossil of the Month
    • Questions & Answers
    • Member Collections
    • A Trip to the Museum
    • Paleo Re-creations
    • Collecting Gear
    • Fossil Preparation
    • Is It Real? How to Recognize Fossil Fabrications
    • Member-to-Member Fossil Trades
    • Fossil News
  • Community News
    • Member Introductions
    • Member of the Month
    • Members' News & Diversions
  • General Category
    • Rocks & Minerals
    • Geology

Categories

  • Annelids
  • Arthropods
    • Crustaceans
    • Insects
    • Trilobites
    • Other Arthropods
  • Brachiopods
  • Cnidarians (Corals, Jellyfish, Conulariids )
    • Corals
    • Jellyfish, Conulariids, etc.
  • Echinoderms
    • Crinoids & Blastoids
    • Echinoids
    • Other Echinoderms
    • Starfish and Brittlestars
  • Forams
  • Graptolites
  • Molluscs
    • Bivalves
    • Cephalopods (Ammonites, Belemnites, Nautiloids)
    • Gastropods
    • Other Molluscs
  • Sponges
  • Bryozoans
  • Other Invertebrates
  • Ichnofossils
  • Plants
  • Chordata
    • Amphibians & Reptiles
    • Birds
    • Dinosaurs
    • Fishes
    • Mammals
    • Sharks & Rays
    • Other Chordates
  • *Pseudofossils ( Inorganic objects , markings, or impressions that resemble fossils.)

Blogs

  • Anson's Blog
  • Mudding Around
  • Nicholas' Blog
  • dinosaur50's Blog
  • Traviscounty's Blog
  • Seldom's Blog
  • tracer's tidbits
  • Sacredsin's Blog
  • fossilfacetheprospector's Blog
  • jax world
  • echinoman's Blog
  • Ammonoidea
  • Traviscounty's Blog
  • brsr0131's Blog
  • brsr0131's Blog
  • Adventures with a Paddle
  • Caveat emptor
  • -------
  • Fig Rocks' Blog
  • placoderms
  • mosasaurs
  • ozzyrules244's Blog
  • Terry Dactyll's Blog
  • Sir Knightia's Blog
  • MaHa's Blog
  • shakinchevy2008's Blog
  • Stratio's Blog
  • ROOKMANDON's Blog
  • Phoenixflood's Blog
  • Brett Breakin' Rocks' Blog
  • Seattleguy's Blog
  • jkfoam's Blog
  • Erwan's Blog
  • Erwan's Blog
  • marksfossils' Blog
  • ibanda89's Blog
  • Liberty's Blog
  • Liberty's Blog
  • Lindsey's Blog
  • Back of Beyond
  • Ameenah's Blog
  • St. Johns River Shark Teeth/Florida
  • gordon's Blog
  • West4me's Blog
  • West4me's Blog
  • Pennsylvania Perspectives
  • michigantim's Blog
  • michigantim's Blog
  • lauraharp's Blog
  • lauraharp's Blog
  • micropterus101's Blog
  • micropterus101's Blog
  • GPeach129's Blog
  • Olenellus' Blog
  • nicciann's Blog
  • nicciann's Blog
  • Deep-Thinker's Blog
  • Deep-Thinker's Blog
  • bear-dog's Blog
  • javidal's Blog
  • Digging America
  • John Sun's Blog
  • John Sun's Blog
  • Ravsiden's Blog
  • Jurassic park
  • The Hunt for Fossils
  • The Fury's Grand Blog
  • julie's ??
  • Hunt'n 'odonts!
  • falcondob's Blog
  • Monkeyfuss' Blog
  • cyndy's Blog
  • pattyf's Blog
  • pattyf's Blog
  • chrisf's Blog
  • chrisf's Blog
  • nola's Blog
  • mercyrcfans88's Blog
  • Emily's PRI Adventure
  • trilobite guy's Blog
  • barnes' Blog
  • xenacanthus' Blog
  • myfossiltrips.blogspot.com
  • HeritageFossils' Blog
  • Fossilefinder's Blog
  • Fossilefinder's Blog
  • maybe a nest fossil?
  • farfarawy's Blog
  • Microfossil Mania!
  • blogs_blog_99
  • Southern Comfort
  • Emily's MotE Adventure
  • Eli's Blog
  • andreas' Blog
  • Recent Collecting Trips
  • retired blog
  • andreas' Blog test
  • fossilman7's Blog
  • Piranha Blog
  • xonenine's blog
  • xonenine's Blog
  • Fossil collecting and SAFETY
  • Detrius
  • pangeaman's Blog
  • pangeaman's Blog
  • pangeaman's Blog
  • Jocky's Blog
  • Jocky's Blog
  • Kehbe's Kwips
  • RomanK's Blog
  • Prehistoric Planet Trilogy
  • mikeymig's Blog
  • Western NY Explorer's Blog
  • Regg Cato's Blog
  • VisionXray23's Blog
  • Carcharodontosaurus' Blog
  • What is the largest dragonfly fossil? What are the top contenders?
  • Test Blog
  • jsnrice's blog
  • Lise MacFadden's Poetry Blog
  • BluffCountryFossils Adventure Blog
  • meadow's Blog
  • Makeing The Unlikley Happen
  • KansasFossilHunter's Blog
  • DarrenElliot's Blog
  • Hihimanu Hale
  • jesus' Blog
  • A Mesozoic Mosaic
  • Dinosaur comic
  • Zookeeperfossils
  • Cameronballislife31's Blog
  • My Blog
  • TomKoss' Blog
  • A guide to calcanea and astragali
  • Group Blog Test
  • Paleo Rantings of a Blockhead
  • Dead Dino is Art
  • The Amber Blog
  • Stocksdale's Blog
  • PaleoWilliam's Blog
  • TyrannosaurusRex's Facts
  • The Community Post
  • The Paleo-Tourist
  • Lyndon D Agate Johnson's Blog
  • BRobinson7's Blog
  • Eastern NC Trip Reports
  • Toofuntahh's Blog
  • Pterodactyl's Blog
  • A Beginner's Foray into Fossiling
  • Micropaleontology blog
  • Pondering on Dinosaurs
  • Fossil Preparation Blog
  • On Dinosaurs and Media
  • cheney416's fossil story
  • jpc
  • A Novice Geologist
  • Red-Headed Red-Neck Rock-Hound w/ My Trusty HellHound Cerberus
  • Red Headed
  • Paleo-Profiles
  • Walt's Blog
  • Between A Rock And A Hard Place
  • Rudist digging at "Point 25", St. Bartholomä, Styria, Austria (Campanian, Gosau-group)
  • Prognathodon saturator 101
  • Books I have enjoyed
  • Ladonia Texas Fossil Park
  • Trip Reports
  • Glendive Montana dinosaur bone Hell’s Creek
  • Test
  • Stratigraphic Succession of Chesapecten

Find results in...

Find results that contain...


Date Created

  • Start

    End


Last Updated

  • Start

    End


Filter by number of...

  1. Quite a while ago, I made a post talking about Kem Kem Pterosaurs, well since then I got more information, and new Information has been published. I specifically want to talk about Teeth. Now, the only toothed Pterosaurs we are aware off in Kem Kem are Ornithocheiraens, the clade that includes Ornithocheirids (not in all Versions though), Targaryendraconids, Cimoliopterids, Anhanguerids and Hamipterids. All of these besides Hamipterids and Cimoliopterids are possibly present in Kem Kem. So in my last post I claimed that the Teeth you can find should be labelled as Coloborhynchinae indet. based on the fact that Sirrocopteryx, and Coloborhynchus fluviferox are the only known Ornithicheiraens from Kem Kem, this was wrong. There are 5, or possibly 6 Taxa of Ornithocheiraen present in the Kem Kem Beds, I can only go into detail with 4. Sirrocopteryx: Now Sirrocopteryx is an interesting case, I have heard claims of it being an Anhanguerid, but as of now, I cant confidently say this to be true, so I will stay with the identification of it being a Coloborhynchine Ornithocheirid. Now, what Ornithocheirids have Teeth we can reference? Ferrodraco and Mythunga. (Image 1 in order) We can see roughly triangular very robust teeth in Mythunga, or rather long conical teeth that are still very robust. Image 2 is a Pterosaur Tooth which was sold on FossilEra, and it may most likely reflect Sirrocopteryx, but.... Coloborhynchus fluviferox: This is another Coloborhynchine from the Kem Kem Beds, it also is the largest Ornithocheiraen in Kem Kem, due to it's existence it's probably better to identify your Teeth of this Morphotype as Coloborhynchinae indet. Anhangueridae: Wellnhofer and Buffetaut, 1999 describe a very interesting Pterosaur tooth, "The teeth of morphotype IV are very ro- bust, large and recurved. In cross-section the teeth are rounded lingually, but flattened labially. A carina is de- veloped only along the posterior edge. The enamel pat- tern varies, but, in general, appears to be similar to the pattern of the other morphotypes. The surface of the enamel is smooth. The flattened labial surface of the den- tine is slightly wrinkled. The rounded surface of the lingual side is sculptured by fine, parallel, longitudinal striae and wrinkles. The length of the teeth preserved ranges from 28 to 39 mm." (Image 3) Wellnhofer claims these Teeth could be tentatively reffered to Anhanguera, but Anhangueridae indet. is preffered here. Targaryendraconidae: In (Pêgas et al. 2019) the Taxon Targaryendraco got described, which formed the basis of a new pterosaur family, Targaryendraconidae, in the same paper they describe "[...] are several isolated teeth that are elongate, striated, slightly recurved and elliptical in cross-section; including specimens from the Kem-Kem Beds, Cenomanian of Morocco" (Image 4) This is it, till the other new Taxa get published I cant say anything more, but I hope this post was useful to some. References: Rodrigo V. Pêgas, Borja Holgado & Maria Eduarda C. Leal (2019): On Targaryendracowiedenrothi gen. nov. (Pterodactyloidea, Pteranodontoidea, Lanceodontia) and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids, Historical Biology, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2019.1690482 Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco PETER WELLNHOFER, Mtinchen & ERIC BUFFETAUT, Paris A new species of Coloborhynchus (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa Megan L Jacobs, David M Martill, Nizar Ibrahim, Nick Longrich
  2. A couple of days ago a new Azhdarchid Pterosaur was described from Transylvania in Romania. Named Albadraco Tharmisensis, it is know from a couple of beak fragments and a cervical vertebra & the abstract is linked below with a picture of the fossils. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119301016
  3. Still_human

    Pteranodon wing display

    From the album: Dinosaurs & flying reptiles

    Pteranodon Sp. Logan County, Kansas Niobrara form. Smokey Hill chalk Santonian-Campanian, late Cretaceous Im not exactly sure which bones they are, and I’d appreciate any input about it, but based on the significant difference between the 2 connecting bones, I’d imagine it’s one of the metacarpals and the connecting 1st phalanx. (I’m very proud of the display/storage box I made for it. Removed box innards and carved tightly fitted slots in padding from an old crystal wine glass box. Who says having random stuff sitting around for decades is a bad thing!?)
  4. Still_human

    Pteranodon wing (reverse side close up)

    From the album: Dinosaurs & flying reptiles

    Pteranodon Sp. Logan County, Kansas Niobrara form. Smokey Hill chalk Santonian-Campanian, late Cretaceous Sadly this one broke while removing it from packaging, even with great care. Thankfully a beautifully clean break with no fragments or even visible dust! Im not exactly sure which bones they are, and I’d appreciate any input about it, but based on the significant difference between the 2 connecting bones, I’d imagine it’s one of the metacarpals and the connecting 1st phalanx. (I’m very proud of the display/storage box I made for it. Removed box innards and carved tightly fitted slots in padding from an old crystal wine glass box. Who says having random stuff sitting around for decades is a bad thing!?)
  5. Still_human

    Pteranodon wing (closer up)

    From the album: Dinosaurs & flying reptiles

    Pteranodon Sp. Logan County, Kansas Niobrara form. Smokey Hill chalk Santonian-Campanian, late Cretaceous Im not exactly sure which bones they are, and I’d appreciate any input about it, but based on the significant difference between the 2 connecting bones, I’d imagine it’s one of the metacarpals and the connecting 1st phalanx. (I’m very proud of the display/storage box I made for it. Removed box innards and carved tightly fitted slots in padding from an old crystal wine glass box. Who says having random stuff sitting around for decades is a bad thing!?)
  6. Still_human

    Pteranodon wing (reverse sides)

    From the album: Dinosaurs & flying reptiles

    Pteranodon Sp. Logan County, Kansas Niobrara form. Smokey Hill chalk Santonian-Campanian, late Cretaceous Im not exactly sure which bones they are, and I’d appreciate any input about it, but based on the significant difference between the 2 connecting bones, I’d imagine it’s one of the metacarpals and the connecting 1st phalanx. (I’m very proud of the display/storage box I made for it. Removed box innards and carved tightly fitted slots in padding from an old crystal wine glass box. Who says having random stuff sitting around for decades is a bad thing!?)
  7. Still_human

    Pteranodon wing (phalanx close-up)

    From the album: Dinosaurs & flying reptiles

    Pteranodon Sp. Logan County, Kansas Niobrara form. Smokey Hill chalk Santonian-Campanian, late Cretaceous Im not exactly sure which bones they are, and I’d appreciate any input about it, but based on the significant difference between the 2 connecting bones, I’d imagine it’s one of the metacarpals and the connecting 1st phalanx. (I’m very proud of the display/storage box I made for it. Removed box innards and carved tightly fitted slots in padding from an old crystal wine glass box. Who says having random stuff sitting around for decades is a bad thing!?)
  8. Hi all, I was recently offered this tooth from late Cretaceous of Orensburg, Russia. Most likely Gaisky City District. I can't figure out if it's a Polycotylid plesiosaur or Pterosaur tooth. The overall shape is closer to pterosaur than plesiosaur. However, I am not aware of pterosaur having wrinkling like that, nor do I know of pterosaur teeth being found there. What are your thoughts on this? Thank you.
  9. They named it after a local mayor. https://www-m.cnn.com/2019/10/03/world/pterosaur-butch-australia-fossil-scn-trnd/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2F
  10. Kasia

    New pterosaur from China

    https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/new-pterosaur-was-fossilized-with-a-ridiculous-grin/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+basic-science+(Topic%3A+More+Science) https://peerj.com/articles/7688/
  11. Hi everyone I just read that a New pterosaur has been named it’s called Cryodrakon Boreas it’s name means cold dragon of the North wind it’s wingspan was 32.8 feet and it’s diet consisted of baby dinosaurs mammals and lizards it was found 30 years ago in the dinosaur park formation of Alberta Canada then it was thought to be a Quetzalcoatlus until 30 years later it was studied and is now its own genus here’s to learn more.
  12. Pterosaur Fossils are a rarity, and few ever are on the public market, but the Pterosaurs from the Kem Kem Beds are seen most commonly on the market, this is rather not due to an unusally high Pterosaur abundance, but rather because almost every Fossil is being collected at this locality. Currently, there are 4 named species from the Kem Kem Beds, but the actual number is far higher. The Named Taxa are Alanqa saharica, Xericeps curvirostris, Sirrocopteryx morrocanus and Coloborhynchus fluviferox. Some unnamed ones im allowed to talk about are the Kem Kem Tapejarid, a small Chaoyangopterid species and a 3rd Ornithocheirid. The small Chaoyangopterid originally was identified as a Pteranodontid, but it is a Chaoyangopterid. There are up to 4 more Pterosaurs from this Locality, but I am not allowed to talk about them, all of them Azhdarchoids though. The 3rd Ornithocheirid wont affect the identification of any of the Ornithocheirid teeth, but that's all I can say. Sirrocopteryx and Coloborhynchus The Identification of Pterosaur Teeth from Kem Kem has recently become impossible to the genus level, for the most part that. C. fluviferox is a gigantic Ornithocheirid, and any Teeth of greater size might be referable to it, cf. Coloborhynchus fluviferox. Another thing notable is that the Identification can be restricted to a subfamily, Coloborhynchinae indet. instead of Ornithocheiridae/Anhangueridae indet., although this is rather Nitpicky. Alanqa and Xericeps Both of these Taxa are primarily known from Mandible and Rostral Tips, identification of these is rather easy, with the one of Alanqa being triangular in crossection, and the ones of Xericeps curving upward. Loads of Postcrania is also often refered the either of the two, referal is inconclusive though, especially considering there are more than just those two. The Chaoyangopterid and Tapejarid I have never seen either two on sale, but I will be mentioning them further too. The Tapejarid is a large Taxon related to Sinopterus, it's the first image. But there is more Material I cant mention. The small Chaoyangopterid is just a mandible fragment, but it has a rather deep crest. What about the Dsungaripterid? The Material of the Dsungaripterid most likely represents Xericeps.
  13. Hi all, please be careful whenever you purchase Chinese vertebrate fossils or dinosaur eggs, especially turtles and birds. While some of these may look laughably fake, a search on purchase history reveals that these fossils have been sold over and over again. No prize for guessing which auction site these fossils were sold. I notice three devious techniques used by these sellers: 1) Issuing a certificate, claiming it's been examined by experts etc - Certs mean nothing, unless they are provided by actual museums 2) Selling some real fossils - I've been monitoring this seller's listings for years. Every now and then, a real one shows up. His victims may have bought something genuine from him before, and assumed all his listings are good. 3) Selling replicas alongside his fake fossils - By outright proclaiming some of his listings as replicas, this seller creates the impression that he is a responsible seller who would inform people about the true nature of their purchases. "The best lies have an element of truth" Remember, if you aren't absolutely sure of your purchase, post some pics here on TFF. We have experts who would help you if they can. Also, if you need more info about this listings or the seller, feel free to PM me.
  14. belemniten

    pterosaur bone

    From the album: Holzmaden

    This is a 11 cm long pterosaur bone (maybe a flight phalanx) from the lower Jurassic from the quarry Kromer near Holzmaden. It was a very luck find as I found it on a stone, which I took with me because of another fossil. So I am very happy with this find although the preservation is not the best.... Two more pictures:
  15. belemniten

    pterosaur bones (perhaps Dorygnathus)

    From the album: Holzmaden

    This is probably one of my best find so far from the quarry Kromer near Holzmaden. Its a plate with some pterosaur bones, which is very rare in Holzmaden as these are marine desposits. The bigger bone might be a Humerus. Before I was able to find this piece I only found a few isolated pterosaur bones. Hopefully I can find a complete one one day The prep of this specimen took about 5 hours. Before the prep it was visible that these are pterosaur bones so I was very surprised ... Some more pictures:
  16. Those flying reptiles must be so cute fluttering around. https://m.phys.org/news/2019-06-baby-pterodactyls-birth.html
  17. I wasnt very active recently so sorry for that. But the last weeks I was several times hunting for fossils in the quarry Kromer in Holzmaden (Germany) and in this thread I want to show you some things I found there. As some of you know may know I am mainly interested in marine reptile fossils so most of the finds are marine reptile bones and teeth ... So firstly some teeth. I actually found a lot of them but these are the best ones I found this year: A 2 cm long Steneosaurus tooth (crocodile): Another Steneosaur tooth with a length of 1,8 cm: And the last 1.2 Steneosaur tooth: I also found some Ichthyosaur teeth. Here is one of the nicest from this year: Besides of several teeth I also found some bones. Ichthyosaur bones are the most common type of bones there so I found mainly Ichthyosaur material. Especially I found many ribs but they are mostly not prepped yet. Here is just one little example: Its about 10 cm long. I didnt found many vertebrae this year but here is a pretty neat one with a length of about 3.5 cm: A bit rarer is this little Steneosaur (crocodile) vert: I am really happy that I can say that I found some pterosaur material this year. As these are marine deposits you may can imagine that pterosaur bones and teeth are very very rare. Here is a little 6 cm long and very worn pterosaur bone: Another pterosaur bone: This one is about 11 cm long. I didnt saw that one in the quarry Kromer but I took the stone with me because of a tooth on the other side of the stone so I was very pleased as I turned the stone around at home The next one is probably my favourite find of the year until now: These are also pterosaur bones (the big one might be a humerus?) Some more pictures of the same piece: And last but not least this find: I am actually not sure what it is. Might be pterosaur bone too ( maybe a Scapula?) or another possibility would be a bone from the skull but its kinda difficult to determine isolated bones ... Still many bones and teeth to prep and the year is still young so lets see what I can find/reveal! I hope you like some of my finds and thanks for watching
  18. dinohunter93

    Isle of Wight Fossils

    Hi all, I found this concretion when I was fossil hunting in Yaverland, Isle of Wight. It appears to have a tooth and bone fragments in it. I was wondering if anyone could help identify what these fossils may have belonged to. Many thanks in advance!
  19. Recently i purchased this lower pterosaur jaw fragment (23cm in length) and i have been paying it off bit by bit (currently on hold). The seller claims absolutely no work has been done to it though it looks like there has been a repaired crack about one third down the jaw. I wanted to ask whether anyone can see if there has been any work done to it that isn't listed or that i haven't spotted. To me it looks good and looks mostly natural (except maybe the repaired crack). I don't have the fossil yet so i hope the pictures are enough. Thanks in advance.
  20. Hey everyone! So, I have recently acquired some fossils and, forever the skeptic and pessimist, I just want to see if they're (likely to be) real or not. Spinosaurus Tooth (Egypt) - Unknown Pterosaur Bone (Unknown) - Mosasaur Teeth (Morocco) - I'm very aware of the fake jaw aspect, I'm just interested in whether or not the teeth are real. Thank you!
  21. Hey guys, Hello, I discovered this bone in a fossil box about a year ago and bought it for only $ 1.5 because it made me look special somehow. But I do not know to which animal he could belong. For me, however, he resembles a finger bone of a pterosaur. Can you help me maybe? The bone is hollow and 42mm (1,7") in size. Kind regards from Germany!
  22. I am certainly not getting my hopes up for this fossil, because from experience of seeing theropod teeth placed in croc jaws and people labeling it as a 'rare Spinosaurus or Carcharodontosaurus jaw" on the market, the likelihood of finding an original jaw with associated teeth not from different animals is extremely rare (at least in the case of theropods and pterosaurs). However the seller has this as a Pterosaur jaw piece with one associated Pterosaur tooth and wanted to see whether you all think this is a composite or not. From what i know, there have only been two toothed Pterosaur jaw sections found from the Kem Kem Beds (the holotype for Siroccopteryx and the holotype for Coloborhynchus Fluviferox). The fossils is 5 inches by 3 inches. Thanks.
  23. fossil_sea_urchin

    Pterosaur tooth?

    I saw this tooth as pterosaur from Niger, but some possible wear on it makes it look like sauropod. Please help ID ,thanks in advance.
  24. I've been looking for Moroccan pterosaur teeth, and have found this one from the Kem Kem beds for sale. I know there's fish teeth being sold as pterosaur teeth so I wanted to ask if anyone out there could confirm whether this is from a pterosaur? Thanks!
  25. Cracked Pterodactyl Egg With Embryos Complete And Visible? At our favorite auction site, a seller is offering in several ads, these beautiful boulders that are no more than mere geological occurrences, which anyone can find on the edge of any river, as if they were genuine Pterosaur eggs ... But the Freak Circus does not end here, there's more! He announces as if these "eggs" had visible Pterosaur embryos. Can anyone see? But if you're a picky fossil collector who does not like rickety and scrawny creatures like the Pterosaurs ... His problems are over, because now he also sells boulders as if they were dinosaur eggs: How does he know what a Pterosaur egg is and what is a Dinosaur egg? Anyone have any explanation? A genuine egg of the Pterosaur is very, very rare, and is extremely different from these boulders that are widely being offered! That is, genuine Pterosaur eggs have shells, consisting essentially of an outer layer of thin and hard limestone, while under the shell was a softer membrane: And thanks to these meager but true discoveries is that we now know that pterosaur eggs were malleable, similar to the snake eggs of today: Unfortunately I can not reveal prices here, but believe me, these fake eggs do not cost anything cheap! So the high price is a great seducer, a real temptation for a novice and inexperienced collector, to think that high price means rarity, therefore, authenticity! The advice is the same as always, study on the subject so that the light of knowledge can dispel the darkness of ignorance.
×
×
  • Create New...