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  1. The Eumaniraptora is a clade of non-avian theropod dinosaurs that first emerged during the late Jurassic period and diversified extensively during the subsequent Cretaceous period (143-66 Million years ago). This group is most famously known as the Raptor dinosaurs (the sister clade of the theropod dinosaurs that gave direct rise to the birds), consisting of mostly small to mid sized theropod dinosaurs. There are a few species though that exceed the typical small-medium size range for the raptor dinosaurs. Only a few giant raptor dinosaurs are currently known. But recent discoveries over the past few decades have demonstrated large raptor dinosaurs were less of an exception in Cretaceous ecosystems than previously thought. Here is a list of all the currently known giant Eumaniraptora from the fossil record which hopefully can expand our understanding the vital roles these animals played in the ecosystems they once inhabited. Let me know if I forgot any examples. South America Austroraptor cabazai (Dromaeosauridae - Argentina, South America) (Late Cretaceous (78-66 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 6 meters (20 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679073/ Antarctica Imperobator antarcticus (Eumaniraptora - part of what is now James Ross Island, Antarctica) (Late Cretaceous (71 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 4 meters (13 feet) in length, note: did not have the iconic pair of sickle shaped claw on its feet like most other Eumaniraptora) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667118300120?via%3Dihub Asia Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae - part of what is now Mongolia, Asia) (Late Cretaceous (96-89 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 5 meters (16 feet) in length) Perle, A.; Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. M. (1999). "A new maniraptoran Theropod−Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)−from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia". Contributions from the Geology and Mineralogy Chair, National Museum of Mongolia (101): 1−105. Unnamed Bissekty Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae (could possible be a species of Itemirus) - part of what is now Uzbekistan, Asia) (Late Cretaceous (92-90 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimens CCMGE 600/12457, ZIN PH 11/16, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263891965_Dromaeosauridae_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Bissekty_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Turonian_of_Uzbekistan_and_the_phylogenetic_position_of_Itemirus_medullaris_Kurzanov_1976 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/giant-dromaeosaurid-theropod-from-the-upper-cretaceous-turonian-bissekty-formation-of-uzbekistan-and-the-status-of-ulughbegsaurus-uzbekistanensis/4543ABAB1EC19C84405EDF66A5F53124 Europe Unnamed Wessex Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae (specimens for this species could belong to Vectiraptor) - Isle of Wight, Great Britain, Europe) (Early Cretaceous (125 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimens IWCMS.2002.1, IWCMS.2002.3, IWCMS.2002.4., and BMNH R 16510, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222830089_The_first_record_of_velociraptorine_dinosaurs_Saurischia_Theropoda_from_the_Wealden_Early_Cretaceous_Barremian_of_southern_England https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121003712 Unnamed Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Gorodishchenskii District Russia, Europe) (Late Cretaceous (72.1-66.0 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen VGI. no. 231/2, grew up to 5.8 meters (19 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235806763_Carnivorous_dinosaurs_Saurischia_Theropoda_from_the_Maastrichtian_of_the_Volga-Don_Interfluve_Russia North America Utahraptor ostrommaysi (Dromaeosauridae - Western North America) (Early Cretaceous (135-130 Million Years ago)) (grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285714464_A_large_dromaeosaur_Theropoda_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_of_eastern_Utah Dakotaraptor steini (Dromaeosauridae - Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (66 Million years ago)) (grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283655219_The_first_giant_raptor_Theropoda_Dromaeosauridae_from_the_Hell_Creek_Formation Unnamed Marshalltown Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (72.1 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen NJSM 14158, grew up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327117985_The_distinctive_theropod_assemblage_of_the_Ellisdale_site_of_New_Jersey_and_its_implications_for_North_American_dinosaur_ecology_and_evolution_during_the_Cretaceous https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gdouglas/raptor/index.html Unnamed Tar Heel Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae ((Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (78.5-77.1 Million Years ago)) (Based on Specimen YPM.VPPU.021397, grew up to 3.4 meters (11 feet 2 inches) in length) https://peerj.com/preprints/26829/ Alaska Troodontid (Troodontidae (could be a species of Troodon or a new genus in Troodontidae) - Prince Creek Formation Alaska, Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (70.6-69.1 Million Years ago) (grew up to almost 4 meters (13 feet) in length) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236632883_On_the_Occurrence_of_Exceptionally_Large_Teeth_of_Troodon_Dinosauria_Saurischia_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_of_Northern_Alaska Latenivenatrix mcmasterae (Troodontidae - Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta Canada, Western North America) (Late Cretaceous (75.5 Million years ago)) (grew up to 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) in length) https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/78296/1/cjes-2017-0031.pdf Unnamed Mount Laurel Formation Giant Dromaeosauridae (Dromaeosauridae - Eastern North America) (Late Cretaceous (72.1 Million Years ago)) (based on Specimen NJSM GP 22949, grew up to 3.4 meters (11 feet 2 inches) in length) https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191206 What do you guys think?
  2. A couple of fossils from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia originally classified as plants have been reidentified as juvenile sea turtle fossils: Fossil plant or turtle? (palaeo-electronica.org) Turns out a 100-million-year-old plant fossil was really a baby turtle (cosmosmagazine.com) Fossil first identified as plant is actually a baby turtle | Popular Science (popsci.com) The initial assignment of Sphenophyllum colombianum to Sphenophyllum by Huertas (2003) was perplexing because Sphenophyllum is known only from the late Devonian to Permian, but the reclassification of S. colombianum as a marine turtle removes the sole chronologically extraneous record of Sphenophyllum. Huertas, G. 2003. Flora Fósil de Villa de Leyva y sus alrededores. Camargo Editores, Chía, Colombia.
  3. bockryan

    Mortoniceras sp.

    From the album: Fossil Collection: DC Area and Beyond

    Mortoniceras sp. Tarrant County, TX Fort Worth Formation Early Cretaceous
  4. Alvrr.0

    What genus is this Ammonite?

    So i found this Ammonite in one of my trips to a late jurassic/early cretaceous marine formation. I posted this same specimen but without preparation and they tell me that is impossible to know without the center area or the inner whorls. Now I prepped this Ammonite and the ribs on the inner whorls are visible. If anybody can tell about the genus or species of this Ammonite i'll be very greatful. Thanks!
  5. Clayton Jones

    Durant Oyster Bed

    I just got home from a fossil hunting trip to a site a few miles northwest of Durant, Oklahoma. Some friends own a small plot of land with a very shallow pond on it that just happens to be a good exposure of the underlying Caddo formation limestone and clay found all over the area. The limestone surface has been broken up a bit by natural erosion as well as by the initial excavation of the pond and construction of the dam, which is evident through a few scrape marks left by an excavator bucket. The site predominantly yields smallish (~2" in length) oyster fossils of varying quality but, there is also an occasional secondary species of small bivalve (Neithea?) and even less commonly, echinoids and turritella(?) casts, of which I only found a fragmented turritella cast today. Some of the oyster shells also have small holes through them, these might be due to worms, maybe? This is is the first fossil hunting trip that I've been on in quite a while and it's the first that I've documented for my Museum of the Cosmos project. I'll be 3D scanning the better fossils and hash plates I found today and uploading them to the Museum of the Cosmos Sketchfab account soon, along with a video on the YouTube channel and write up of the hunt on the main museum website. For now, I'm combing through literature to figure out exactly what species of Oysters these are (Gryphea, texigryphea...?), as well as the other bivalve (Neithea?).
  6. On Wednesday, I got a text from @LSCHNELLE of an incredible discovery he made. I rushed off with in a multiple hour drive to assist his dig, ultimately spending two days working together on his find until we were both exhausted. He'll tell that epic, still unfolding story when he's ready The last day of that dig though, I made it home well into the night, looking like a swamp monster covered in plaster and mud. I took a brief shower, woke up the next morning bright and early with plaster still in my hair, and loaded the car buzzing with energy. Pita and I were to drive out west to see the solar eclipse, putting ourselves right in it's path. The Texas hill country can be a wild place- broad swathes of limestone canyonlands and valleys, full of interesting extant wildlife and millions of years of early Cretaceous gems. It was a beautiful way to see a rare astronomical event. Some phone pics of the event below. The blacked-out photos are how the eclipse appeared through the special eclipse glasses (essentially pieces of X-ray paper in a frame) Dung beetles were rolling horse manure everywhere we went Herpetofauna of course. Usually while I'm hunting, Pita frolicks about looking for local herps On the way back home the next day I spotted a roadcut that I was willing to try. I've tried small roadcuts a couple times before, and I've always been skunked. We hoped our odds would be different. Mapped as upper-glen rose limestone, I didn't have high hopes, since I knew the really productive Glen rose member was the lower unit. Little did I know I was actually about to embark on a sea urchin bonanza of my wildest dreams. From nearly off the bat, Loriola? showed up in force: Other fossils showed up as well, such as this: Algal fruiting body? There were also some larger Tetragramma bits lying around here and there Early on, I saw a beautiful complete Coenholectypus gracing the exposure too. This will be a nice prep project: at home: So, a good show from the upper glen rose, a lovely weekend of solar eclipses, rolling hills, unusual animals and amazing fossils concluded! Wishing y'all good times in the field, Jared
  7. Echinoid Express

    Macraster elegans Assemblage

    From the album: My Echinoid Collection

    Macraster elegans Assemblage Duck Creek Formation Albian Age, Early Cretaceous (102-100 Ma) Grayson County, Texas, USA Acquired from a collector during a local trade show, September 2023
  8. Troodon

    Acrocanthosaurus Teeth

    A good number of Dinosaur collectors, on this Forum, have Acrocanthosaurus on their wish list and its one of the holy grail of teeth to acquire. I saw this post by Jim Kirkland and thought I would increase the drool factor. He does not state what formation it came from but have to believe its the Cedar Mountain Formation.. Enjoy His comment "Acrocanthosaurus serrations are so fine you can barely see them"
  9. I recently purchased an odd little archosaur jaw from the Wealden at Bexhill-on-Sea in East Sussex, UK. It's 14.88mm in length and 4.03mm tall, with a single remaining tooth of approximately 1mm in height. The seller told me he thought it would be Aigialosaurus, something I thought odd due to that genus only being known from Hvar in Croatia, and being much younger (Cenomanian) than this specimen (Valanginian). However, it turns out that a jaw was found at this locality at some point that has since been moved to the Bexhill Museum and was identified as Aigialosaurus (though, based on what, I don't know): While I'm working on figuring out whether the jaw in the other thread can indeed by attributed to an early mosasauroid (Aigialosaurus?), I wanted to ask people in this thread what they make of my particular section of jaw. Ventral Terminus (end of jaw) 1 Terminus (end of jaw) 2 Observe the tooth attachment with raised sockets, not unlike in mosasauroids. Details of tooth attachment. Here are the photograph of the jaw from Bexhill that was identified as Aigialosaurus again, for ease of reference (source): So, what do you guys think? Reptile or fish? Crocodile, lizard? Do you think my jaw compares well to the one identified as British Aigialosaurus? @caterpillar @Praefectus @ThePhysicist
  10. pachy-pleuro-whatnot-odon

    British Wealden aigialosaur

    Hi all, I was recently told about supposed Aigialosaurus/aigialosaurid (mosasaurus) material from the Wealden at Bexhill-on-Sea in East Sussex, and was wondering whether anybody knows anything more about this. Because, as far as I'm aware (Wikipedia), Aigialosaurus is described from Hvar in Croatia and, moreover, temporarily restricted to the Cenomanian, whereas these remains, stemming from the Wealden, would be Early Cretaceous in age (Berriasian through Aptian) - most likely Valanginian, as they were recovered from Bexhill-on-Sea. (Image source) I must say these remains do look rather mosasauroid, although I've been unsuccessful in finding further information on the specimen, which is supposed to be housed in the Bexhill Museum. The person who first told me about them remembers having seen a newspaper article, believes the British Natural History Museum was involved with the specimen back then, and had heard about a paper being written about it. That's about all I have to go on for now. So my questions right now are: does anyone have more information on this specimen; know of the publication; and what do people here generally make of this piece: is it mosasauroid, or could it be something else? @paulgdls @DE&i @Praefectus @caterpillar @The Amateur Paleontologist @Kosmoceras @ThePhysicist @Welsh Wizard @DanJeavs
  11. First armoured dinosaur discovered on Isle of Wight ‘in 142 years’ Nilima Marshall, Independent, June 15, 2023 The paper describing Vectipelta barretti can be found at this link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577?journalCode=tjsp20 (unfortunately, not open-access)
  12. A new spinosaurid dinosaur species from the Early Cretaceous of Cinctorres (Spain) Abstract A new spinosaurid genus and species is described based on the right maxilla and five caudal vertebrae of a single specimen from the Arcillas de Morella Formation (Early Cretaceous) at the locality of Cinctorres (Castellón, Spain). Protathlitis cinctorrensis gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by one autapomorphic feature as well as by a unique combination of characters. The autapomorphy includes a subcircular depression in the anterior corner of the antorbital fossa in the maxilla. The new Iberian species is recovered as a basal baryonychine. The recognition of Protathlitis cinctorrensis gen. et sp. nov. as the first baryonychine dinosaur species identified from the Arcillas de Morella Formation (late Barremian) from the same time as Vallibonavenatrix cani, the first spinosaurine dinosaur from the same formation in the Morella subbasin (Maestrat Basin, eastern Spain), indicates that the Iberian Peninsula was home to a highly diverse assemblage of medium-to-large bodied spinosaurid dinosaurs. It seems that spinosaurids appeared during the Early Cretaceous in Laurasia, with the two subfamilies occupying the western part of Europe during this period. Later, during the Barremian–Aptian, they migrated to Africa and Asia, where they would diversify. In Europe, baryonychines were dominant, while in Africa, spinosaurines were most abundant. s41598-023-33418-2.pdf
  13. Marco90

    Cassiope pizcuetana

    From the album: My collection in progress

    Cassiope pizcuetana Villanova 1859 Location: Teruel, Spain Age: 121 - 113 Mya (Aptian, Early Jurassic) Measurements: 9,6 cm Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Subphylum: Conchifera Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Superfamily: Cerithioidea Family: Cassiopidae
  14. The Tyrannosaur Dinosaurs (Tyrannosauroidea) inhabited North America from 152 Million Years ago during the Late Jurassic era up until 66 Million Years ago during the Late Cretaceous era. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110141.html However, there is a relatively large geologic gap between the time of the Late Jurassic to the Santonian-Campanian stages of the Cretaceous (when the the oldest known Tyrannosaurid Lythronax (Late Creteaceous, 81.9-81.5 Million Years ago) emerged) in terms of the number of Tyrannosauroidae confirmed in North America. However, this doesn't mean they were completely absent from the Continent. Rather, they remained small to mid sized predators under the shadow of Large Carnosaurs up until the Cenomanian-Turnonian extinction event 93-94 Million years ago, which the tyrannosaurs filled the role of Apex Predator in most terrestrial ecosystems by the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous. The Tyrannosaur geologic gap between the Late Jurassic and Santonian Cretaceous is also not completely empty and several confirmed Tyrannosauroidea are known from this time period in North America. I've created a list of known Tyrannosauroidea species and specimens from the Aptian-Santonian Cretaceous of North America which I would like to share on the fourtm (let me know if there are any examples I'm missing or should add): Unnamed Cloverly Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur – Cloverly Formation, Wyoming, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous, 108 Million Years ago) (Based on Specimen FMNH PR 2750, likely grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2010.543952 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lindsay- Zanno/publication/229287579_On_the_earliest_record_of_Cretaceous_tyrannosauroids_in_western_North_America_Implications_for_an_Early_Cretaceous_Laurasian_interchange_event/links/0fcfd50089dd8f3955000000/On-the-earliest-record-of-Cretaceous-tyrannosauroids-in-western-North-America-Implications-for-an-Early-Cretaceous-Laurasian-interchange-event.pdf Unnamed Wayan Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur – Wayan Formation, Idaho, US, North America) (Early Late Cretaceous, 100.6-97.8 Million Years ago) (Based on Specimen IMNH 2251/53975, grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-paleontology/volume-96/issue-6/jpa.2022.42/A-partial-tyrannosauroid-femur-from-the-mid-Cretaceous-Wayan-Formation/10.1017/jpa.2022.42.full Unnamed Lewisville Formation Tyrannosauroid (Tyrannosaur - Woodbine Group Lewisville Formation, Texas US, North America) (Late Cretaceous (100-95 Million Years ago)) (Based on Specimens DMNH 2013-0701701 and SMU 77218, grew up to 2.7-4.8 meters (8.8-15 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796713/ Moros intrepidus (Tyrannosaur – Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous (96.4 Million Years ago)) (Grew up to 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6385174/ Suskityrannus hazelae (Tyrannosaur – Moreno Hill Formation, New Mexico, US, North America) (Early Cretaceous, 93.5-89.3 Million Years ago) (grew up to 3 meters (9.8 feet) in length) https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/82474043/82473554._Brusatte._AAM.pdf
  15. I remember very well when I was in Middle school and the discovery of the fossils of the early Cretaceous theropod Siats meekerorum (Cenomanian Creteaceous (What is now western North America), 94 Million Years ago) in Utah was announced in 2013. The incredible discovery was on the front page of a decent amount of the newspapers for sale at my local Jewel grocery store (I even cut out the part of the newspaper describing Siat's discovery and still have it). Image Credit: Jorge Gonzales https://www.sci.news/paleontology/science-siats-meekerorum-dinosaur-utah-01567.html At the time, I simply heard it was a carnosaur (specifically an allosauroid) and didn't really notice debates about Siat's taxonomic placement...That is until two days ago. I was researching Tyrannosauroid diversity in Early Cretaceous North America when I came across a recent Scientific paper from July 2022 by Paleontologists Dr. Darren Naish and Dr. Andrea Cau analyzing Eotyrannus lengi and other Tyrannosaur dinosaurs placement within Tyrannosauroidea. It's pretty well researched and I highly recommend you guys read the paper!!! https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9271276/ Despite the paper being pretty well researched, the authors made a conclusion that has me scratching my head a bit - they place Siats as a Non Tyrannosaurid Tyrannosauroidea!??
  16. As a freshmen in College, I did a little extra credit report for my geology class about a controversial topic - Tyrannosauroidea diversity in the Southern Hemisphere during the Jurassic-Early Late Cretaceous periods. I was quite surprised at the amount of specimens I found. This diversity likely was the result of an early spread of the early tyrannosaur group Pantyrannosauria into Africa, Eurasia, and North America during the Jurassic and diversified once the land connecting these continents spread out more. Most of these species lived during the Early Cretaceous, though one or two exceptions might have lasted into the Early Late Cretaceous. I've created a list of known of the species and specimens which I would like to share on the forum (let me if there are any examples I'm missing or should add): South America Santanaraptor (Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation) (Early Albian, Cretaceous period 112.6-109.0 million years ago) Specimen: MN 4802-V (partial skeleton) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=67712 Tyrannosauroidea indet. (Rio do Peixe Group of the Sousa Formation) (Berriasian to the Berriasian, Cretaceous period 145.5-130.0 million years ago) Specimen: NA http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=58791 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309717524_As_localidades_com_rastros_fosseis_de_Tetrapodes_na_America_Latina Tyrannosauroidea indet. (Serra da Galga Member of Marília Formation) (Late Maastrichtian, Cretaceous Period, 70.0-66.0 million years ago) Specimen: CPP 449 (partial tooth) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270524259_Theropod_teeth_from_the_Marilia_Formation_late_Maastrichtian_at_the_paleontological_site_of_Peiropolis_in_Minas_Gerais_State_Brazil (above paper initially described specimen, identification as possible Tyrannosauroidea in science direct paper) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220303151 Africa (Madagascar) Tyrannosauroidea indet. (Isalo Illb Formation) (Bathonian, Jurassic period 167.7-164.7 million years ago) Specimen: MSNM V5819 (partial tooth) http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=55391 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257651210_First_description_of_theropod_remains_from_the_Middle_Jurassic_Bathonian_of_Madagascar Australia Timimus hermani (Otway Group of Eumeralla Formation) (Late Aptian, Cretaceous period 122.5-109.0 million years ago) Specimens: NMV P186303 (limb: left femur), NMV P186323 (limb: left femur of juvenile individual), QM F34621 (Pedal phalanx III-1) http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Timimus.asp http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=57099 Tyrannosauroidea indet. (Otway Group of Eumeralla Formation) (Late Aptian, Cretaceous period 110.0 million years ago) Specimen: NMV P186069 (Pubis bone) Possible Specimen: ?NMV P186046 (Pubis bone) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42589187_A_Southern_Tyrant_Reptile https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100325143045.htm
  17. oilshale

    Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964

    From the album: Vertebrates

    Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964 Early Cretaceous El Molino Formation Pajchapata Cochabamba Bolivia Lit.: Giuseppe Marramà & Giorgio Carnevale (2017) The relationships of Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964, a freshwater double-armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of South America, Historical Biology, 29:7, 904-917, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2016.1262855 Reconstruction of Gasteroclupea branisai by Giuseppe Marramà & Giorgio Carnevale
  18. Something that has been baffling me for a while is the fate of the European genera of Tyrannosauridae after the Mid Cretaceous. Multiple Tyrannosauridae genera including Proceratosaurus (Tyrannosauridae, England, Great Britain, Middle Jurassic (166 Million Years ago): ironically one of the earliest known Tyrannosauridae from the fossil record currently known), Eotyrannus (Tyrannosauridae, Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight, Early Cretaceous (136.4-125.45 Million Years ago)) and an unnamed Tyrannosauridae genera from Germany (Early Cretaceous (130.0-122.5 Million Years ago)) are known from Mesozoic deposits in Europe dating from the Middle Jurassic up to the Early Cretaceous. Holtz, Thomas (December 1998). "A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs". Gaia. 15: 5–61. https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/gaiaphyl.pdf Hutt, Stephen & Naish, Darren & Martill, David & Barker, Michael & Newbery, Penny. (2001). A preliminary account of a new tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research. 22. 227-242. 10.1006/cres.2001.0252. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=242e6d5f962a143900f3c8d2ff5eb20d6fe7482b K.-P. Lanser and U. Heinhofer. (2015). Evidence of theropod dinosaurs from a Lower Cretaceous karst filling in the northern Sauerland (Rhenish Massif, Germany). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89:79-94 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-theropod-dinosaurs-from-a-Lower-karst-Lanser-Heimhofer/94860c34dedf8ac6d65759af9725ae76402eef59 But by the Late Cretaceous around 70-66 Million Years ago, they are absent from the fossil record in the region. Instead, the top predators of the region at the time seem to be Abelisaurs and large pterosaurs. Isasmendi, Erik & Torices, Angelica & Canudo, José & Currie, Philip & Pereda Suberbiola, Xabier. (2022). Upper Cretaceous European theropod palaeobiodiversity, palaeobiogeography and the intra‐Maastrichtian faunal turnover: new contributions from the Iberian fossil site of Laño. Papers in Palaeontology. 8. 10.1002/spp2.1419. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/spp2.1419 I’m curious on what could have caused this faunal turnover (especially since that between the Ealy Cretaceous (at the time of the known records of Tyrannosauridae from Europe) and the Late Cretaceous, Europe was basically a series of islands) or if they were still present in Europe during the Late Cretaceous and specimens have yet to be found or properly categorized? What do you guys think?
  19. Troodon

    Utahraptor Project

    Trapped in an 18,000-pound block of quicksand now turned to stone is a hidden treasure of well-preserved Utahraptor fossils. Utahraptor ostrommaysorum is a large (around five meters or 18 feet long), feathered, predatory theropod dinosaur from Utah’s early Cretaceous (~124 million years ago). Utahraptors sported huge sickle claws on their second toes, with the largest specimen measuring at 22 cm (8.7”) long. Utahraptor is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur — popularly called “raptors” based on the Jurassic Park movie franchise shorthand for it's sickle-clawed stars. The illustration below shows the suspected setting for the origin of this amazing fossil block. Bones of an iguanodontid dinosaur that was also believed to have gotten mired in quicksand. So far bones from perhaps six individual Utahraptors have been found and they think were attracted to the quicksand mire by the easy prey and we're trapped. This block could provide evidence for pack hunting behavior in Utahraptors Funding is required to keep the project moving The setting, Utahs badlands the Cedar Mountain Formation initial discovery Sickle Claw visible More initial discoveries Jaw fragment Dentary Utahraptor Project Link to learn much more about what is going on. http://utahraptors.utahpaleo.org/#gallery
  20. I am curious if anyone has comments or thoughts. It was collected in a river bed in Ellicott City, MD in November of 2007
  21. Creek - Don

    Pholadomyida / Slipper clam top view

    Found near Alliance Airport, Highway 170, Denton County
  22. Creek - Don

    Pholadomyida or Slipper Clam side view

    Found near Alliance Airport, Highway 170, Denton County
  23. Creek - Don

    Neithea

    Weno/PawPaw Formation. Very large Neithea bivalve. Measures 58 mm x 46 mm / 2.23 x 1.81 inches.
  24. Here are two recent publications that provide additional information of Thailand's Dinosaur Fauna This paper describes the fossil assemblage from the Khok Pha Suam locality of northeastern, Thailand from the Early Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation (Aptian-Albian). We currently see material coming out of this region including Laos so it can be beneficial to those that collect this region https://fr.pensoft.net/article/83081/ The presence of multiple Spinosaurids in the Sao Khua Formation is discussed. Article https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/078-2021 Paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349291782_A_spinosaurid_from_Thailand_Sao_Khua_Formation_Early_Cretaceous_and_a_reassessment_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_Spain
  25. Some good news for those that collect dinosaur material in Texas Multiple localities in the Lewisville Formation of the Woodbine Group have been studied and researchers have been able to identify a few taxa. https://peerj.com/articles/12782/
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