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An amazingly well-preserved Jurassic rhamporhyncoid pterosaur known as Allkauren koi has been discovered in South America. Here is the article from SciNews: Pterosaurs were highly successful flying reptiles that lived between 210 million and 65 million years ago. These creatures were Earth’s first winged vertebrates, with birds and bats making their appearances much later. They first appeared in the Late Triassic and went on to achieve high levels of morphologic and taxonomic diversity during the Mesozoic era, with more than 150 species recognized so far. Pterosaurs have traditionally been divided into two major groups: the primitive, primarily long-tailed rhamphorhynchoids (preferably currently recognized as non-pterodactyloids) and the derived short-tailed pterodactyloids. They had an extraordinary adaptation to flight, including pneumatic bones to lighten its weight, and an elongated digit supporting a wing membrane. Some were the largest flying animals of all time, with wingspans exceeding 30 feet. Pterosaurs are not rare in the fossil record, but their neuroanatomy is known from only a few three dimensionally preserved remains and, until now, there was no information on the intermediate forms. Named Allkauren koi, the newly-discovered winged reptile is represented by several skeletal elements including an almost perfect, three-dimensionally preserved braincase that shows a unique combination of characters shared with both pterodactyloids and breviquartossans (non-pterodactyloids). The fossilized material comes from a single locality within the Cañadón Asfalto Formation in northern central Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina. “Allkauren koi, from the middle lower Jurassic limit, shows an intermediate state in the brain evolution of pterosaurs and their adaptations to the aerial environment,” said Dr. Diego Pol, a paleontologist at the Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio in Trelew, Chubut, Argentina. “As a result, this research makes an important contribution to the understanding of the evolution of all of pterosaurs.” Life restoration: Skeletal elements:

The azdarchids (including Quetzalcoatlus and Hatzegopteryx) were the ruling pterosaurs during the late Cretaceous, and for a long time they were considered to be only made up of very large species. However, a recent discovery in Canada might change that. Test from article: Paleontologists say they’ve discovered the fossilized remains of a small-bodied pterosaur, a prehistoric flying reptile, which lived roughly 77 million years ago (Late Cretaceous epoch) and had a wingspan of 5 feet (1.5 m). The new pterosaur belonged to a group of short-winged and toothless pterosaurs called the azhdarchids. It is unusual as most Late Cretaceous pterosaurs were much larger with wingspans of 13-36 feet (4-11 m). Previous studies suggest that the Late Cretaceous skies were only occupied by birds and large pterosaurs, but this new finding, which is reported in thejournal Open Science, provides important information about the diversity and success of Late Cretaceous pterosaurs. “This new pterosaur is exciting because it suggests that small pterosaurs were present all the way until the end of the Cretaceous, and weren’t outcompeted by birds,” said lead author Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone, from the University of Southampton. “The hollow bones of pterosaurs are notoriously poorly preserved, and larger animals seem to be preferentially preserved in similarly aged Late Cretaceous ecosystems of North America.” “This suggests that a small pterosaur would very rarely be preserved, but not necessarily that they didn’t exist.” Although fragmentary and poorly preserved, the specimen is the first associated remains of a small-bodied pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous. The fossilized bones (a humerus, dorsal vertebrae and other fragments) were found on Hornby Island in British Columbia in 2009. “The specimen is far from the prettiest or most complete pterosaur fossil you’ll ever see, but it’s still an exciting and significant find,” said co-author Dr. Mark Witton, from the University of Portsmouth. “It’s rare to find pterosaur fossils at all because their skeletons were lightweight and easily damaged once they died, and the small ones are the rarest of all. But luck was on our side and several bones of this animal survived the preservation process.” “Happily, enough of the specimen was recovered to determine the approximate age of the pterosaur at the time of its death. By examining its internal bone structure and the fusion of its vertebrae we could see that, despite its small size, the animal was almost fully grown.” “The specimen thus seems to be a genuinely small species, and not just a baby or juvenile of a larger pterosaur type.” “The absence of small juveniles of large species – which must have existed – in the fossil record is evidence of a preservational bias against small pterosaurs in the Late Cretaceous,” Martin-Silverstone said. “It adds to a growing set of evidence that the Late Cretaceous period was not dominated by large or giant species, and that smaller pterosaurs may have been well represented in this time.” Pictures: Paleoart: Size comparison: