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Hello again friends. I've found this while hiking at about 1800 m. a.s.l. in Santiago-Pontones (Jaen, Spain), in a place which I believe is quaternary. I've not been able to find it in the local literature. Now I only have this picture (I have more but they are dark and not useful), the rock is limestone and is wet, the fossil is conic, I'll post more pictures if necessary. The ruler is in cm. Thank you.

Hi all, I found this leaf imprint in a fossil travertine formation at edge of central desert of Iran. It belongs to a broadleaf species. Do you have any idea of its species? Any help you can give me would be appreciated!

Interesting article on a fossil tooth that his been "buried" in a museum vault for years. It was recently identified as a type of hyena that may have roamed the Arctic Circle. NYT subscribers, or those who haven't gone over a free limit, should be able to read. Cheers. Arctic hyena tooth fossil

This is unusual for the areas I search. Usually Equus and other teeth being float fossils are one at a time singular finds. This trip I found a piece of matrix with two Equus teeth embedded in it with an outline of a missing third tooth in the clump. One upper and one lower tooth are embedded in the matrix very close to each other....unusual. The matrix itself is a puzzle....the color and texture are unusual for the area....stood out like a sore thumb. Matrix reminds me of the type you'd find cemented around bottles and garbage in a century old landfill. I always enjoy finding horse teeth....and this time its the unusual matrix as well as the number of teeth together that makes the find all that more enjoyable.

Last week I was on holiday in the Netherlands and found some nice things, especially shark teeth ! I was at the area of Antwerp, in Cadzand, in Vlissingen and at the Zandmotor near Den Haag. In this topic I want to show my finds from my visit at the Zandmotor. The Zandmotor is artificial peninsula, constructed as part of the Dutch coastal defense system. The sand originates from about 10 kilometers offshore, and contains bones of various land mammals from the Quaternary period. On my visit I found some bone fragments, two shark teeth and some more things .... Here are two pictures of the found location: Firstly I want to show my best bone from there. Its an 4 cm long Phalanx and I have no idea from which animal it comes from. I hoped that I would find some more bones and maybe even a mammal tooth but maybe next time Then secondly I was very happy about my two shark teeth I found because they seem to be very rare there. Although they are quite worn The first one is 3 cm long: And the second one is 2 cm long and damaged on the other side: Another very common find there are fish vertebrae. The ones I found: They are not big (the biggest one is 2.5 cm long) Furthermore I found a beautiful tooth plate (?) of a fish: (3.6 cm long) And last but not least two Pectenids: Some more reports will follow (maybe in other threads...) Hope you enjoyed my pictures and thanks for viewing !!!

QUAT glacai The Scheldt estuary trawl crowd might find this useful,perhaps About 5-10 mB each,source: JGSL,jan 2018 issue

Shakum, J. D., 2018. Pollen weighs in on a climate conundrum Science News and Views, Paleoclimate, January 31, 2018 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00943-4 "Simulations by climate models show that Earth warmed during the Holocene epoch, whereas ocean sedimentary cores suggest that global cooling occurred. An analysis of fossil pollen samples now sides with the models." Jeremiah Marsicek, Bryan N. Shuman, Patrick J. Bartlein, Sarah L. Shafer & Simon Brewer, 2018, Reconciling divergent trends and millennial variations in Holocene temperatures. Nature. 554, pages 92–96 doi:10.1038/nature25464 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25464 Yours, Paul H.

The stratigraphic nomenclature for Kansas has been formally revised. The result is lots of changes to the nomenclature made to acknowledge serious problems with five stage glacial model. Layzell, A.L., Sawin, R. S., Mandel, R. D., Ludvigson, G. A., Franseen, E. K., West, R. R., and Watney, W. L., 2017, Quaternary Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Nomenclature Revisions in Kansas; in, Current Research in Earth Sciences: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 263, 6 p. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Current/2017/Layzell/index.html http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Current/2017/Layzell/Bulletin263.pdf http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Current/contents.html https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Greg_Ludvigson Yours, Paul H.

Yellowstone spawned twin super-eruptions that altered global climate, Geological Society of America, October 26, 2017 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171026085804.htm http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/News/Releases/GSA/News/pr/2017/17-60.aspx Santa Barbara Basin Sediment Record of Volcanic Winters Triggered by Two Yellowstone Supervolcano Eruptions at 639 ka https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2017AM/webprogram/Paper306169.html Yours, Paul H.

Hi folks, My area in eastern WV is primarily devonian but the map shows some areas along the river as quaternary. The next time I go there, I plan to investigate some of the high banks, small cliffs and generally keep an eye peeled for anything out of the ordinary. What, if anything could I expect to find in this area ? Just wondering what features to focus on and what might be there ....... if anything. Thanks for any guidance.

a hair-raising tale? outtake(cladoceran ephippia)

reptegume2.43270.66.pdf Once again a note on my posting: yes I deliberately did NOT use a certain word

link

After some research on the geological structure of my home state - West Virginia, It has come to my attention that what I once thought to be a land barren of fossils is actually very large plethora of different age rocks being oldest - extreme east, and newest rocks - to the west. But something odd turned up on some of the maps and papers in my scavenging through records of professors in paleontology or geological surveys: Quaternary rocks are riddled all throughout the state, almost as if a large region was once covered but now is reduced and weathered away into small outcrops in random places. I have known for a long time that the state fossil, Megalonyx Jeffersoni, is from the obvious newer rocks. However, the discovery of this skeleton was not dug up but rather found in a sealed cave away from the forces of nature. If I were to visit an area where these rocks are present, could I expect any turn-ups or just expect to find rocks that are of the age but contain absolutely nothing. Cenozoic fauna are definitely not my specialty (far from it, Cambrian) but I'd be willing to check it out after some research by me and input from others. PS, I certainly do not expect to go to an area like this and find fossil of a mammoth or saber-toothed tiger or any such animal (<-- I believe these aren't native to the area), but even the impression of anything could lead me on a journey that, again, I'd be willing to take. Here's the photo that is the reason I am typing this right now-

SOME OF YOU MIGHT LIKE THIS

Both specimens were collected in the late 1950's by Otto Geist, with very little locality information. The links take you to the ARCTOS database pages about the specimens, with collection info and high quality pictures. This one was collected near Ruby, Alaska. My initial thought was that it is a horn pedicle of some sort but I would expect to see some brain case, and I don't. A previous identifier called it a Moose antler tine, but after some comparison I have trouble seeing antler tine. http://arctos.database.museum/guid/UAM:ES:3616 The vertebra was collected on the Koyuk River, Seward Peninsula, Alaska formerly part of the "Bering Land Bridge." There's little collection information but someone has assumed that it is Quaternary and mammalian. http://arctos.database.museum/guid/UAM:ES:26432 Thanks for looking, Alex

These are a few of the pdf files (and a few Microsoft Word documents) that I've accumulated in my web browsing. MOST of these are hyperlinked to their source. If you want one that is not hyperlinked or if the link isn't working, e-mail me at joegallo1954@gmail.com and I'll be happy to send it to you. Please note that this list will be updated continuously as I find more available resources. All of these files are freely available on the Internet so there should be no copyright issues. Articles with author names in RED are new additions since June 7, 2018. General Papers in Paleontology Archaean Eon Allwood, A.C., et al. (2009). Controls on development and diversity of Early Archaean stromatolites. PNAS, Vol.106, Number 24. Altermann, W. and J. Kazmierczak (2003). Archaean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth. Research in Microbiology, 154. Awramik, S.M. (1992). The oldest records of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Research, 33. Brasier, M., et al. (2006). A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. B, 361. Brasier, M., et al. (2004). Earth's Oldest (~3.5 Ga) Fossils and the 'Early Eden Hypothesis': Questioning the Evidence. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 34. Brocks, J.J., et al. (1999). Archaean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes. Science, Vol.285. Knauth, L.P. (2005). Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean: implications for the course of microbial evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 219. Moorbath, S. (2005). Oldest rocks, earliest life, heaviest impacts, and the Hadean-Archaean transition. Applied Geochemistry, 30. Sankaran, A.V. (2002). The controversy over early-Archaean microfossils. Current Science, Vol.83, Number 1. Schopf, J.W. (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Phil.Trans.R.Soc. B, 361. Schopf, J.W. (1993). Microfossils of the Early Archaean Apex Chert: New Evidence of the Antiquity of Life. Science, Vol.260. Schopf, J.W., et al. (2007). Evidence of Archaean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research, 158. Sharma, M. and Y. Shukla (2009). The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon - Global perspective and the Indian record. J.Biosci., 34. Stueken, E.E., D.C. Catling and R. Buick (2012). Contributions to late Archaean sulphur cycling by life on land. Nature Geoscience, published on-line. Waldbauer, J.R., D.K. Newman and R.E. Summons (2011). Microaerobic steroid biosynthesis and the molecular record of Archaean life. PNAS, Vol.108, Number 33. Proterozoic Eon Ediacaran Period Barroso, F.R.G., et al. (2014). First Ediacaran Fauna Occurrence in Northeastern Brazil (Jairabas Basin, ?Ediacaran-Cambrian): Preliminary Results and Regional Correlation. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 86(3). Bottjer, D.J. (2002). 2. Enigmatic Ediacara Fossils: Ancestors or Aliens? In: Exceptional Fossil Preservation. Bottjer, D.J., et al. (eds.), Columbia University Press, New York. Clapham, M.E., G.M. Narbonne and J.G. Gehling (2003). Paleoecology of the oldest known animal communities: Ediacaran assemblages at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland. Paleobiology, 29(4). Droser, M.L. and J.G. Gehling (2015). The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran. PNAS, Vol.112, Number 16. Droser, M.L., J.G. Gehling, and S.R. Jensen (2006). Assemblage palaeoecology of the Ediacara biota: The unabridged edition?. Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232. Dzik, J. The Verdun Syndrome: Simultaneous Origin of Protective Armor and Infaunal Shelters at the Precambrian-Cambrian Transition. Dzik, J. (2003). Anatomical Information Content in the Ediacaran Fossils and Their Possible Zoological Affinities. Integr.Comp.Biol., 43. Gehling, J. (2015). First Fossil Animals - Ediacara Fauna of South Australia. Flinders Ranges Treasures. Glaessner, M.F. and M. Wade (1966). The Late Precambrian Fossils from Ediacara, South Australia. Palaeontology, Vol.9, Part 4. Grazhdankin, D. (2004). Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution. Paleobiology, 30(2). Jensen, S. and T. Palacios (2016). The Ediacaran-Cambrian trace fossil record in the Central Iberian Zone, Iberian Peninsula. Comunicacoes Geologicas, 103, Especial 1. Knoll, A.H., et al. (2006). The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale. Lethaia, Vol.39. Knoll, A.H., et al. (2004). A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale. Science, Vol.305. Liu, A.G. (2011). Reviewing the Ediacaran fossils of the Long Mynd, Shropshire. Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society, 16. Meert, J.G., et al. (2010). Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan. Gondwana Research, xx-xxxx. Narbonne, G.M. (2005). The Ediacara Biota: Neoproterozoic Orgin of Animals and Their Ecosystems. Annu.Rev. Earth Planet.Sci., 33. Narbonne, G.M. (2004). Modular Construction of Early Ediacaran Complex Life Forms. Science, Vol.305. Narbonne, G.M. and J.G. Gehling (2003). Life after snowball: The oldest fossil Ediacaran fossils. Geology, Vol.31, Number 1. O'Brien, S.J. and A.F. King (2004). Ediacaran Fossils from the Bonavista Peninsula (Avalon Zone), Newfoundland: Preliminary Descriptions and Implications for Regional Correlation. Current Research (2004) Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Report 04-1. Peterson, K.J., B. Waggoner and J.W. Hagadorn (2003). A Fungal Analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran Fossils. Integr.Comp.Biol., 43. Peterson, K.J., et al. (2008). The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records. Phil.Trans.R.Soc. B, 363. Retallack, G.J. (2013). Ediacaran life on land. Nature, Vol.493. Retallack, G.J. (1994). Were the Ediacaran fossils lichens? Paleobiology, 20(4). Schiffbauer, J.D., J.W. Huntley and G.R. O'Neil (2016). The Latest Ediacaran Wormworld Fauna: Setting the Ecological Stage for the Cambrian Explosion. GSA Today, Vol.26, Number 11. Seilacher, A., D. Grazhdankin and A. Legouta (2003). Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists. Palaeontological Research, Vol.7, Number 1. Wood, R. and A. Curtis (2015). Extensive metazoan reefs from the Ediacaran Nama Group, Namibia: the rise of benthic suspension feeding. Geobiology, 13. Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era General Paleozoic Brett, C.E. and S.E. Walker (2002). Predators and Predation in Paleozoic Marine Environments. Paleontological Society Papers, Vol.8. Eldredge, N. (1971). The Allopatric Model and Phylogeny in Paleozoic Invertebrates. Evolution, Vol.25, Number 1. Schonlaub, H.-P. and H. Heinisch (1994). The Classic Fossiliferous Palaeozoic Units of the Eastern and Southern Alps. IUGS Subcomm. Silurian Stratigraphy, Field Meeting 1994, Bibl.Geol. B.-A., 30. Smith, M.P., P.C.J. Donoghue and I.J. Sansom (2002). The spatial and temporal diversification of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates. In: Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: the Ordovician and Mesozoic-Cenozoic Radiations. Crame, J.A. and A.W. Owen (eds.), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 194. Ye, H., et al. (1996). Late Paleozoic Deformation of Interior North America: The Greater Ancestral Rocky Mountains. AAPG Bulletin, Vol.80, Number 9. Cambrian Period Blair, J.E. and S.B. Hedges (2004). Molecular Clocks Do Not Support the Cambrian Explosion. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol.22, Number 3. Davidek, K., et al. (1998). New uppermost Cambrian U-Pb date from Avalonian Wales and age of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. Geol.Mag., 135(3). Dzik, J. (2005). Behavioral and anatomical unity of the earliest burrowing animals and the cause of the "Cambrian Explosion". Paleobiology, 31(3). Hagadorn, J.W. Chengjiang: Early Record of the Cambrian Explosion. Hagadorn, J.W. (2002). 4. Burgess Shale: Cambrian Explosion in Full Bloom. Jacobs, D.K., et al. (2005). Terminal addition, the Cambrian radiation and the Phanerozoic evolution of bilaterian form. Evolution & Development, 7:6. Kirschvink, J.L. and T.D. Raub (2003). A methane fuse for the Cambrian explosion: carbon cycles and true polar wander. C.R. Geoscience, 335. Landing, E., et al. (2000). Cambrian-Ordovician boundary age and duration of the lowest Ordovician Tremadoc Series based on U-Pb zircon dates from Avalonian Wales. Geol.Mag., 137(5). Lieberman, B.S. (2008). The Cambrian radiation of bilaterians: Evolutionary origins and palaeontological emergence; earth history change and biotic factors. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 258. Marshall, C.R. (2006). Explaining the Cambrian "Explosion" of Animals. Annu.Rev. Earth Planet.Sci., 34. Mitchell, R.N., et al. (2015). Was the Cambrian Explosion Both an Effect and an Artifact of True Polar Wander? American Journal of Science, Vol.315. Morris, S.C. (2006). Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'. Phil.Trans.R.Soc. B, 361. Morris, S.C. (2000). The Cambrian "explosion": Slow-fuse or megatonnage? PNAS, Vol.97, Number 9. Morris, S.C. (1993). Ediacaran-Like Fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale-Type Faunas of North America. Palaeontology, Vol.36, Part 3. Peng, S., L.E. Babcock and R.A. Cooper (2012). Chapter 19. The Cambrian Period. In: The Geologic Time Scale 2012. F.M. Gradstein, et al. (eds.), Elsevier B.V. Phoenix, C. (2009). Cellular differentiation as a candidate "new technology" for the Cambrian Explosion. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 20(2). Plotnick, R.E., S.Q. Dornbos and J. Chen (2010). Information landscapes and sensory ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. Paleobiology, 36(2). Shu, D.-G. (2008). Cambrian explosion: Birth of tree of animals. Gondwana Research, 14. Shu, D.-G., et al. (2009). The earliest history of the deuterostomes: the importance of the Chengjiang Fossil-Lagerstatte. Proc.R.Soc. B, published online. Valentine, J.W. (2002). Prelude to the Cambrian Explosion. Annu.Rev. Earth Planet.Sci., 30. Valentine, J.W., et al. (1999). Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion. Development, 126. von Bloh, W., C. Bounama and S. Franck (1963). Cambrian explosion triggered by geosphere-biosphere feedbacks. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol.30, Number 18. Yang, B. (2014). Cambrian small shelly fossils of South China and their application in biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. Ph.D. Dissertation - Freie Universitat Berlin. Zhang, X.-L. and D.-G. Shu (2013). Causes and consequences of the Cambrian explosion. Science China - Earth Sciences, 57(5). Zhang, Z. and G.A. Brock (2018). New evolutionary and ecological advances in deciphering the Cambrian explosion of animal life. Journal of Paleontology, 92(1). Ordovician Period Brocke, R., et al. (1995). First Appearance of Selected Early Ordovician Acritarch Taxa from Peri-Gondwana. In: Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Cooper, J.D., M.L. Droser and S.C. Finney (eds.), The Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Fullerton, California, USA. cocks, L.R.M. (1985). The Ordovician-Silurian Boundary. Episodes, Vol.8, Number 2. Connolly, S.R. and A.I. Miller (2002). Global Ordovician faunal transitions in the marine benthos: ultimate causes. Paleobiology, 28(1). Cooper, R.A., G.S. Nowlan and S.H. Williams (2001). Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System. Episodes, Vol.24, Number 1. Elliot Smith, M., B.S. Singer and T. Simo (2011). A time like our own? Radioisotopic calibration of the Ordovician greenhouse to icehouse transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 311. Farrell, U.C., et al. (2009). Beyond Beecher's Trilobite Bed: Widespread pyritization of soft tissues in the Late Ordovician Taconic foreland basin. Geology, 37. (Thanks to piranha for finding this one!) Finnegan, S., S. Peters and W.W. Fischer (2011). Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Selective Extinction Patterns in Laurentia and Their Relationship to Climate Change. In: Ordovician of the World. Gutierrez-Marco, J.C., I. Rabano and D. Garcia-Bellido (eds.), Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 14. Fortey, R.A. and L.R.M. cocks (2003). Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews, 61. Havlicek, V. (1989). Climatic changes and development of benthic communities through the Mediterranean Ordovician. Sbor.geol. ved, Geologie 44. Melott, A.L., et al. (2004). Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction? International Journal of Astrobiology, 3(1). Miller, A.I. and S.R. Connolly (2001). Substrate affinities of higher taxa and the Ordovician Radiation. Paleobiology, 27(4). Miller, A.I. and S. Mao (1995). Association of orogenic activity with the Ordovician radiation of marine life. Geology, Vol.23, Number 4. Niocaill, C.M., B.A. van der Pluijm and R. Van der Voo (1997). Ordovician paleogeography and the evolution of the Iapetus ocean. Geology, Vol.25, Number 2. Rasmussen, C.M.O. and D.A.T. Harper (2011). Interrogation of distributional data for the End Ordovician crisis interval: where did disaster strike? Geological Journal, published on-line in Wiley Online Library. Silurian Period Calner, M. (2008). Silurian global events - at the tipping point of climate change. In: Mass extinctions. A.M.T. Elewa (ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg. Calner, M. (2005). A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period. Geology, Vol.33, Number 4. Cronin, T.C. (1971). A Study of the Silurian System and a Silurian Reef in West Texas and Southern New Mexico. Masters Thesis - Texas Tech University. Woodcock, N.H. (2000). Chapter 1. Introduction to the Silurian. In: British Silurian Stratigraphy. Palmer, D., et al. (eds.),Geological Conservation Review Series, No.19, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Devonian Period Anderson, J. (2008). Reconstructing the Aftermath of the Late Devonian Alamo Meteor Impact in the Pahranagat Range, Southeastern Nevada. Masters Thesis - Idaho State University. Brame, R.I. (2001). Revision of the Upper Devonian in the Central-South Appalachian Basin: Biostratigraphy and Lithostratigraphy. Ph.D. Dissertation - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Brett, C.E. and G.C. Baird (1996). Middle Devonian sedimentary cycles and sequences in the northern Appalachian Basin. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 306. (Thanks to xonenine for finding this one). Elliott, D.K., et al. (2000). Middle and Late Devonian vertebrates of the western Old Red Sandstone Continent. Cour.Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 223. George, D. and A. Blieck (2011). Rise of the Earliest Tetrapods: An Early Devonian Origin from Marine Environment. PLoS ONE, 6(7). (Read on-line or download a copy.) Marynowski, L., M. Rakocinski and M. Zaton (2007). Middle Famennian (Late Devonian) interval with pyritized fauna from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland): Organic geochemistry and pyrite framboid diameter study. Geochemical Journal, Vol.41. Sandberg, C.A., J.R. Morrow and W. Ziegler (2002). Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events and mass extinctions. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 356. Stigall, A.L. (2010). Invasive Species and Biodiversity Crises: Testing the Link in the Late Devonian. PLoS ONE, 5(12). (Read on-line or download a copy.) Ziegler, W. and G. Klapper (1985). Stages of the Devonian System. Episodes, Vol., Number 2. Carboniferous Period Heckel, P.H. and G. Clayton (2006). The Carboniferous System. Use of the New Official Names for the Subsystems, Series and Stages. Geologica acta, Vol.4, Number 003. Permian Period Basu, A.R., et al. (2003). Chondritic Meteorite Fragments Associated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica. Science, Vol.302. Benton, M.J. and R.J. Twitchett (2003). How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Vol.18, Number 7. Bottjer, D.J., et al. (2008). Understanding mechanisms for the end-Permian mass extinction and the protracted Early Triassic aftermath and recovery. GSA Today, Vol.18, Number 9. Gastaldo, R.A., et al. (2009). The terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary event bed is a nonevent. Geology, Vol.37, Number 3. Kiehl, J.T. and C.A. Shields (2005). Climate simulation of the latest Permian: Implications for mass extinction. Geology, Vol.33, Number 9. Knoll, A.H., et al. (2007). Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256. Lucas, S.G. (2004). A global hiatus in the Middle Permian tetrapod fossil record. Stratigraphy, Vol.1, Number 1. Marusek, J.A. (2004). The Great Permian Extinction Debate. Lunar and Planetary Science, XXXV. Retallack, G.J., et al. (2006). Middle-Late Permian mass extinctions on land. GSA Bulletin, Vol.118, Numbers 11-12. Shen, S.Z., et al. (2006). End-Permian mass extinction pattern in the northern peri-Gondwanan region. Palaeoworld, 15. Stephenson, M.H., L. Angiolini and M.J. Leng. The Early Permian fossil record of Gondwana and its relationship to deglaciation: a review. Virgili, C. (2008). The Permian-Triassic transition: Historical review of the most important ecological crises with special emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula and Western-Central Europe. Journal of Iberian Geology, 34(1). Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Cisneros, J.C., et al. (2010). Spondarthritis in the Triassic. PLoS ONE, 5(10). (Read on-line or download a copy.) Fraser, N.C. (1992). Late Triassic Faunal Successions of Central Pangaea. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol.43, Number 1B. Lucas, S.G., et al. (2007). Global Triassic Tetrapod Biostratigraphy and Biochronology: 2007 Status. In: The Global Triassic. Lucas, S.G. and J.A. Spielmann (eds.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41. Michalik, J., et al. (2010). Climate change at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in the northwestern Tethyan realm, inferred from sections in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol.60, Number 4. Ochev, V.G. and M.A. Shishkin (1989). On the Principles of Global Correlation of the Continental Triassic on the Tetrapods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol.34, Number 2. Olsen, P.E., et al. (2002). Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Science, Vol.296. Olsen, P.E., et al. (2002). Continental Triassic-Jurassic boundary in central Pangaea: Recent progress and discussion of an Ir anomaly. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 356. Spray, J.G., S.P. Kelley and D.B. Rowley (1998). Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth. Nature, Vol.392. Tanner, L.H., S.G. Lucas and M.G. Chapman (2004). Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions. Earth-Science Reviews, 65. Tucker, M.E. and M.J. Benton (1982). Triassic Environments, Climates and Reptile Evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 40. Jurassic Period Munnecke, A., H. Westphal and M. Kolbl-Ebert (2008). Diagenesis of plattenkalk: examples from the Solnhofen area (Upper Jurassic, southern Germany). Sedimentology, 55. Palfy, J., et al. (2007). Triassic-Jurassic boundary events inferred from integrated stratigraphy of the Csovar section, Hungary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 244. Svensen, H., et al. (2007). Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256. Turner, C.E. and F. Peterson (2004). Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - a synthesis. Sedimentary Geology, 167. van de Schootbrugge, B., et al. (2005). Early Jurassic climate change and the radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in the Tethys Ocean. Paleobiology, 31(1). Cretaceous Period Alegret, L., et al. (2002). The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: sedimentology and micropalaeontology at El Mulato section, NE Mexico. Terra Nova, Vol.14, Number 5. Alvarez, W., et al. (1992). Proximal impact deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Gulf of Mexico: A restudy of DSDP Leg 77 Sites 536 and 540. Geology, Vol.20. Arenillas, I., et al. (2006). Chicxulub impact event is Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in age: New micropaleontological evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, XX. Baraboshkin, E.Y., A.S. Alekseev and L.F. Kopaevich (2003). Cretaceous palaeogeography of the North-Eastern Peri-Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196. 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