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I am assuming this is a ceratopsian skull bone, but I am stumped! Can someone help me with the ID? Ceratopsian anatomy isn't my specialty. Excavated from mudstone in the Hell Creek Fm. Slope Co. North Dakota Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thanks in advance!

This is a fossil seed I got from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana) last year. Would you say this is a species of Marmarthia or some other plant?

Hello! I’ve had this tooth for a while now and always labeled it as nannotyrannus, since that’s what I bought it as. It’s about .8” long, supposed to be from the Hell Creek formation but no other locality was listed, so I understand an ID might not be 100%. I was just wondering broadly if it was a tryannosaur or dromeosaur tooth. At first I thought tyrannosaur because it’s kind of thick for its size and has large serrations. It also looks like it has “pinching” on only the right side in the base picture which made me think it was a nanno tooth specifically. Then I saw a picture posted on the forum of a similar sized tooth with the same profile listed as dromeosaur. Any help would be appreciated thanks!

Been trying to identify this digit for a while. Recieved it as a gift from a friend. I can't remember exactly if it was from Wyoming or Montana, but it was one of the two.

Hello everyone, I'd like to submit this vertebra to you to understand if it really belongs to packycephalosaurus and possibly if in your opinion how much it has been reworked. Indications on the label: Dimensions: 125mm Origin: Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA CRETACEOUS-Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian (66.0-72.1 million years) Thank you very much

Good morning fellow fossil hunters. I have the opportunity to purchase a partial triceratops skull. Below please find the photos. It allegedly has 15-20% restoration and is from Hell Creek. Here are the dimensions: from the top to the back of frill it is 39 inches, and the horns are 23 inches measuring from the inside. It’s 21 inches across and weighs about 100 pounds. It was found by a friend of a friend. Questions: how does it look to you? Is it a juvenile, as the size seems somewhat small to me, but perhaps that is because it is only a partial skull? It is quite expensive so, I wanted to get the thoughts of the forum first!

Negotiating on terms to buy this T rex Claw. Does it seem smaller than usual in size? How much do this run for? I am new to collecting. Thank you

This piece was found in wyoming and was prepped in the field, described as a section of triceratops frill, is that accurate?

Edited 3/11/23 to better reflect current info. I've recently gotten interested into the turtles of the Hell Creek and Lance formations and decided to compile what I've gathered onto here. It's amazing to see how many different species have been described from these deposits. I've also tried to attach links to papers that talk about these turtles (at about 22 species!). If I've gotten anything wrong or missed anything please let me know! Adocidae: Adocus sp. (part30043.pdf) listed as being present Baenidae: (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283851398_A_Review_of_the_Fossil_Record_of_Turtles_of_the_Clade_Baenidae) "Baena" hayi Boremys pulchra (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241730757_Anatomy_and_relationships_of_the_turtle_Boremys_Pulchra_Testudines_Baenidae) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362931080_Stratigraphic_range_extension_of_the_turtle_Boremys_pulchra_Testudinata_Baenidae_through_at_least_the_uppermost_Cretaceous) Cedrobeana putorius (A_Revision_of_Plesiobaena_Testudines_Baenidae_and_.pdf) Eubaena cephalica (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326165618_A_Description_of_the_Skull_of_Eubaena_Cephalica_Hay_1904_and_New_Insights_into_the_Cranial_Circulation_and_Innervation_of_Baenid_Turtles) Eubaena hatcheri Gamerabaena sonsalla (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238706760_A_New_Baenid_Turtle_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_Maastrichtian_Hell_Creek_Formation_of_North_Dakota_and_a_Preliminary_Taxonomic_Review_of_Cretaceous_Baenidae) Hayemys latifrons Peckemys brinkman (see Cedrobaena) Palatobaena cohen Saxochelys gilberti (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336314521_A_new_baenid_turtle_Saxochelys_gilberti_gen_et_sp_nov_from_the_uppermost_Cretaceous_Maastrichtian_Hell_Creek_Formation_sexual_dimorphism_and_spatial_niche_partitioning_within_the_most_speciose_group_o) Stygiochelys estesi (https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2652?show=full) Thescelus insiliens Chelydridae?: Emarginachelys cretacea (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/17248) Compsemydidae: Compsemys victa (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232688551_Cranial_Anatomy_and_Phylogenetic_Placement_of_the_Enigmatic_Turtle_Compsemys_victa_Leidy_1856) Kinosternidae: Hoplochelys clark (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226429911_A_new_kinosternoid_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Hell_Creek_Formation_of_North_Dakota_and_Montana_and_the_origin_of_the_Dermatemys_mawii_lineage) Sinemydidae?: Judithemys backmani (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232696535_Macrobaenidae_Testudines_Eucryptodira_from_the_Late_Paleocene_Clarkforkian_of_Montana_and_the_Taxonomic_Treatment_of_Clemmys_backmani) Nanhsiungchelydidae: Basilemys sinuosa (B023a33.pdf) listed as being present Trionychidae: Axestemys infernalis (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337382811_A_new_species_of_trionychid_turtle_Axestemys_infernalis_sp_nov_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Maastrichtian_Hell_Creek_and_Lance_formations_of_the_Northern_Great_Plains_USA ) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260636886_Giant_fossil_soft-shelled_turtles_of_North_America) Hutchemys sterea (https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6090612k) Hutchemys walkerorum (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667122000362) Helopanoplia distincta (https://peerj.com/articles/4169.pdf) Gilmoremys lancensis ( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259887738_New_Material_of_Gilmoremys_lancensis_nov_comb_Testudines_Trionychidae_from_the_Hell_Creek_Formation_and_the_Diagnosis_of_Plastomenid_Turtles)

Yay! It's #FossilFriday once again! So if you are stuck at work and trying to look busy, here is the first part of my fossil hunt from last year in the Hell creek fm of South Dakota.

I came across a weird tooth online. The seller claims that it is an all-natural Tyrannosaurus rex tooth from the Hell Creek fm. (no more specifics than that), though it features very odd preservation. It is nearly pure white in color. As I have little experience in tooth identification and telling apart fakes, I would like to gauge everyone's opinions on whether or not this tooth is completely authentic and identified correctly. If I receive any more information about the specimen, I will make sure to list it here. *New info*: The seller has informed me that the tooth has not been bleached by the sun. Rather, the color is due to where it was excavated from. If true, this seems to be a wonderfully unique tooth. The original owner has confirmed that it is from an area near Mosby, Montana (also very close to Jordan, Montana).

Hoping someone can help me ID this bone from the Hell Creek Formation. When I received it a while back it was suggested to me that it could be part of a Triceratops beak, but I'm struggling to see it. Judging by the texture it does look like a piece of Triceratops skull though, so I was hoping someone familiar with trike skulls might be able to help me out.

Hi I've cleaned this bone as best as I can with my engraver. I do not have an air compressor. How would I proceed with cleaning up this specimen?

Hello everyone ! I bought this Tyrannosaur tooth and the seller told me it was either a Tyrannosaurus rex or a Nanotyrannus. Can you tell me if it's a T-rex or a Nanotyrannus ? It's a premaxillary tooth. It comes from Hell Creek formation in South Dakota.

Good evening to all my paleo peers! Tonight I’d like to share with you a selection of some of my favorite fossils found this year. I was lucky enough to spend three weeks in Montana over the summer, along with a few other fossil hunting opportunities here and there. As we hop into the New Year I'll kick things off aptly... Frog Radioulna-Judith River formation, Montana One of my all time best single fossil hunting days was spent in late June on a microsite in the Judith River badlands of northern Montana. Among the teeth of crocs, hadrosaurs and dromaeosaurs was this absolutely tiny limb bone. When reviewing my finds from this week I gathered up several of these micro bones and put them in a gem jar. I brought this minute group along with a small portion of my collection on my recent visit to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. While exploring their collections I met amphibian expert Amy Henrici, who recognized it as the distinctive fused lower arm bone from a frog, also known as a radioulna. Yesterday I was able to take clear, close up pictures of this tiny limb on my digital microscope and subsequently posted it as my fossil friday on instagram (same username). I was excited to learn about its identity as it’s the first example of a frog fossil in my collection that I’m aware of! This little guy would have likely been on the menu for a whole host of predators, including Dromaeosaurs and Troodontids. The recent discovery of Daurlong provides evidence of a predator prey relationship between these two groups.

anyone identify this? It is roughly palm sized.

Hi all, Any thoughts on the ID of this claw? About 3 cm long, sold as ?dromaeosaur claw from Hell Creek, Slope County, ND. The phalanx was found in the same location but not articulated. I've chewed through the excellent "Identification of Claws/Unguals from the Hell Creek/Lance Formations" topic but can't quite fit it to anything!

Hello everyone I went on a commercial dino dig tour Summer 2022 of the Hell Creek formation in the Butte County, South Dakota area and found lots of bones and spitter teeth and had a great time. These two were in my unknown/unidentifiable pile and I've recently done some cleaning/prep to them and was requesting some help with possible IDs. The first item (on the left in most of the images) looks like a broken rooted ceratopsian/triceratops tooth to me with ridges and enamel showing. The second item (on the right in most of the images) looks a little like a scute with a raised round/circular area in the center and a lot of what looks like scratch marks on the opposite surface. I'm a newbie to the Hell Creek and these guesses may be off. Let me know if you would like any additional angles or detail for help with the ID. Thanks a bunch for looking

Hey all, What do you think of this toe bone from Hell Creek? The seller marked it as Saurornithelestes with a "?" at the end. It's a tiny 0.5". What I thought might be diagnostic about it is the proximal end. I believe it has Toe 2 Digit 2 characteristics. But it also looks like the flatter top part of the proximal end (bottom part in this picture) may just be worn down or something--it doesn't look totally smooth. If you think there's anything to the Toe 2 Digit 2 hypothesis, then I assume it's theropod indet rather than Saurornithelestes--or is there a case for young Acheroraptor? For all I know, you'll think the proximal end simply has wear to it and it's not even from an animal with a sickle claw. Thanks,

A revisit to my Mini museum of prehistoric animals. Just added a nice metal model of a stegosaurus that MrsR got me for Christmas (she completed it, as she loves making them). All the fossils here are from Hell Creek except a small bit of dinosaur eggshell from Two Medicine Formation. A lot of the fossils are from winning the Grand Christmas Auction 2017 , it goes to show how much enjoyment I am still getting from this lot. Top floor Richardoestesia isosceles , Thescelosaurus tooth, Turtle bones , Montana Croc Teeth Mummified skin Hadrosaur species, from the Low- Upper Cretaceous of Judas River, Montana, USA. With some nice raised ellipsoid scales intact. dinosaur eggshell. Floor 1 Nanotyrannus lancensis tooth , Tyrannosaurid indet, T-rex tooth and tooth tip, Ceratopsian indet could be triceratops. Myledaphus tooth, Garfish scale and vertebra, Bottom Floor Edmontosaurus annectens teeth, toe and finger bones. Hope you will enjoy this tiny collection in a bell jar. Happy New Year. Bobby

(Note: I don't know why half of this is in bold, I wrote this in a google doc first and copy pasted it to here, and it defaults to bold without the ability to undo it. This tends to fluctuate. Easy to see though!) "Dinosaurs are overrated", Mike teased to me. We were sitting together at the flooded dig site of our mosasaur in the early morning hours, having just finished a jam-packed but enjoyable conversation about his research and other matters related to paleo. Naturally, dinosaurs were brought up, as our schedule had to work around my upcoming internship to the Hell Creek formation. "You're right" I chuckled back - yet we both knew otherwise. Our jabs were at the insane media attention that the Hell Creek mega fauna receive, not at the neglected fact that these animals were just that, animals. Mike at his core is a biologist, a naturalist even, studying mosasaurs and their evolution. I hoped that I would get a chance to really appreciate dinosaurs in that same naturalist-esque light in person. Dinosaurs are just different to dinosaur paleontologists, and I'm glad now that I got to immerse myself in that. The group I was meeting with was actually a duo - "Fossil Excavators" is a small non-profit with big research ambitions (based on some amazing material they've discovered) run by two awesome guys - Harrison Duran and Dr. Mike Kjelland. Some may know them from this discovery that circulated a couple years ago, of a Triceratops skull named "Alice" with an interesting brow horn deformity. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/26/745760553/college-student-discovers-65-million-year-old-triceratops-skull So, while not an internship with a school, it was an internship nonetheless and I gained experience, inspiration, and friendships. As for friends, Harrison and two of the other interns, Dawson ( @Dawson Sensenig) and Piper, as well as our amazing photographer Brittany Nailon who took many of these photos I'll show later, deserve a special mention. We spent the first few days scouting for new sites, and to good success. Mike came across the best of these new sites, which we since have dubbed "The Graveyard". It's a river wash deposit, so there's very little that's articulated but there is a great diversity of species. Better yet, the matrix is the polar opposite of the hard shales and limestones I'm used to here in Texas. In this deposit at least, it was like digging through a sand box (delightful!). Here are some quick pics from that spot: Just such a picture perfect insitu for this vert, sitting at the base of a hill among lots of other scattered bone: This well preserved edmontosaur carpal that @Dawson Sensenig found big ol' gar scale from Piper I actually made fewer direct discoveries than expected (which is ok, we worked as a team and we're directed to a spot to dig so it's not like I'd be able to take much credit for finding something anyway ). I was however happy to find this (likely) Dromaeosaur claw Though, it paled in comparison with the find 15 minutes earlier close by, from another intern (cameron) - this awesome theropod claw shown below, maybe from Anzu wyliei. A tiny tooth that we assume to be the ever enigmatic Paronychodon: This Edmontosaurus metatarsal that Dawson spotted (though I'm holding it) A stingray tooth I found, because of course I will find something aquatic here - never far from my roots! A small, broken rex tooth spotted by our photographer Brittany and a dromaeosaur tooth: More Edmontosaurus material - jaw pieces and a rib: More edmontosaur materiel, this time from a different clay site - due to the more stable matrix, there was some articulation here, though just a few verts There was also the usual assortment of leaves and ceratopsian teeth. One cool thing that stood out to me was this seed preserved in ironstone. There were a few rainy days, and one of them we spent in eastern montana on the bearpaw shale, collecting campanian invertebrates. The storms up there were hard and brief, full of orange lightning. I also include a photo I took below of one of those cloud bursts: Our bearpaw formation cephalopods! The ammonites found by our group above were exquisite, and I was particularly excited about the nautiloid. It was also a day of firsts, in that for the first time ever, I accepted a fossil into my collection (yes, we got to keep our finds that day!) that I didn't find myself. @Dawson Sensenig discovered the ammonite shown right before the nautiloid, and graciously insisted I keep it. How could I decline? As a quick break from the fossils, I'll include some of the extant fauna of the hell creek we ran into, and some other shennanigans: Beautiful prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) I encountered while scouting high up on one of the many buttes: A gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer) I caught that may even be the same individual we initially discovered in our outhouse And a constant dig companion in some spots: In addition to the creepy crawlies, the landscape was one full of mule deer and pronghorn. I have a deep admiration and fascination for pronghorn, considering their vestigial speed from outrunning Miracinonyx. I had this idea that I would like to chase down/ follow a mule deer or pronghorn for as long as I could manage, as our ancestors did while persistence hunting. Needless to say my few attempts failed quickly - though I had sandals good for running, they were not good at guarding me from the cacti that flourish there. I was still pulling spines out of my feet two weeks later . Dawson and I became fast friends that shared a lot in common, (besides just a love for paleo). I helped resurrect an interest in climbing he had while he helped inspire an interest in running in me. There's not much to climb in North Dakota, but we did find a boulder that offered some fun. Here's Dawson and I below: (Dawson taking a moment to blink the sand from his eyes before trying the big move on this ridiculous little climb) (Myself dangling immediately after the big move...with eyes full of sand). There was a rib 20 feet away around the corner here. I also became great friends with our photographer, Brittany. Her goal is actually to primarily be a paleontology photographer, pretty cool. She also used both film and digital, and I'm particularly fond of the film shots (though I can't post all of them yet!) (And I can't help from shouting her out.... if you need someone (or know someone who needs someone) to photograph geologists or paleontologists... she's your gal!). Here are a few of the photos she took that I was there for: (Digging on the Edmontosaur rib) Dawson and I shaking plaster covered hands, with Harry, who guided the process, in the background. An environment shot of the "Graveyard" on film one of the days we were chased away by weather - that's me taking a photo of a butte in the distance Another environment shot of the beautiful Hell creek strata, also on film. another film shot from Brittany of myself while scouting - I felt right at home on these big sandy hills... ample practice from the steep, unstable Ozan exposures back home! Another film shot below of some of the crew: This photo above was a cool memory. There was no reception, but at the airport, before I left, I deliberately left a tab open with @Troodon's marvelous write-up on the forum about "The case for Nanotyrannus" (below). I opened it up to get to talk about it with the other interns, and Harry looked over us to see what the fuss was about. Seeing this, Brittany yelled "WAIT keep doing that! Don't stop!" and took this photo, as well as two others, as we talked over @Troodon's fantastic write up. EDIT: When I posted this (at 3 am) last night I completely forgot to include two other highlights! 1) On one of the rain days, we drove into the small town nearby and rented out a theater for $75 an hour, and watched two episodes of David Attenborough's "Prehistoric Planet". I was pleasantly surprised by this documentary, it was tastefully done and very engaging. The ammonite scene was so beautifully made that it may as well have brought a tear to my eye . If you haven't seen it, you should! 2) Our team had beers at a little diner with Robert DePalma and his team (from the Tanis site). It was cool to get to know those guys, considering their impressive position in the field of paleontology they hold at the moment. Tanis was in the same "neighborhood" as some of our sites! Before my conclusion, I just want to include the two CRAZY finds Harry made with Mike and the rest of the team right after I left: While I was there, I was very keen to find mammal material. There's a very significant site that we were working on towards the end dubbed "Alexandria's library" (due to the wealth of rare specimens it has produced for the team in the past). I only got to be involved in working the site for a couple days, as the newer Graveyard site was able to be investigated thoroughly and efficiently in our time there. The main day I spent working at Alexandria's library was spent with Dawson slamming away at ironstone capping a hill, so that we could get to the fossiliferous sands and clays below. We finished the job but didn't get a chance to actually investigate the fruits of our labors there. Upon returning to the newly revealed sands, Harry then finds a DIDELPHODON JAW! As luck would have it, the big finds came in quickly after I left, with another amazing find that would've given me a heart attack (so it's probably for the best...) ...yeah. I was stunned when he texted me this. I'm so proud these guys. And so that was our time there, and I'm influenced. Never have I felt so inspired and driven to the paleo goal as I do now. There was a moment of I had at the graveyard site that I will never forget. I was crouched, moving into a neighboring butte with a screw driver. I had my friends at my side, similarly driven and exceptionally knowledgeable, and each deeply focused on their task at hand. We were damp, as a sudden cloud burst caught us red handed an hour before. The sun was out again and the clouds were scattered but full of color and depth - the sort of beautiful sky you can expect in a waning afternoon after a strong storm. I looked out over the three buttes that dominated the sky line at this site, and finally settled a thought that I've been brooding on for months. I will fully commit to paleontology. This is what I want my life to be, and I'm willing to face the elephant in the room (money) if it means that I get to do what I was doing, right then and there, for the rest of my life. This is a life well lived. Paleontology is a sacred science, one of deep wonder and a wide range of demanded skill. Not only is a paleontologist a multi-disciplinary academic, excelling at the very least in both geology and biology (while often proficient in chemistry and physics) - a paleontologist is also an explorer and adventurer, with dirt under his nails and probably an ache in his back . It's a gritty science that occupies two worlds. Not only that though. What strikes me is the sheer amount of totally untouched potential still locked away in the rocks. A modern biologist has to look hard to find something new, in a place usually isolated. You and I might walk into the greenbelt by our neighborhood and stand a plausible chance of discovering something either unnoticed or just flat out never seen before. That is something special. Being a paleontologist today is like being a naturalist at the turn of the 20th century. We have the entire world open to us. And so that was the 2022 Hell Creek expedition. I do have a closer appreciation for dinosaurs now, and I even have a few exciting ideas concerning them on the horizon...but I must say it's a pleasure to be back to this hallowed, marine deposited ground. I missed our big lizards and sharks. Onwards and upwards!

Hi all, These two teeth came from the same seller and were put up for sale at the same time. They're so odd, that I thought it might be helpful to post them together since, if they come from the same animal, perhaps they provide more information as a pair than either would alone. Ricardo premax? Pterosaur? Acheroraptor? From the Hell Creek formation in Garfield, Montana CH: About 10mm (both) CBL: Tricky enough that I didn't measure, but can try if needed CBW: Tricky enough that I didn't measure, but can try if needed Mesial Serration Density: about 15/mm Distal Serration Density: about 15/mm (one of them is worn to the point of no serrations on one side, but the other side is about 15/mm, so I assume the missing side would have had serrations and been the same). Strong fluting on one or both sides. Thank you!! TOOTH 1 Possibly smooth side: Ridges: TOOTH 2

I've had these crocodilian teeth from Niobrara County in the Lance Formation for a while now, but I'm not sure how if its possible to ID them beyond "Crocodilian tooth." I've generally heard that the "sharp" morphology are Borealosuchus teeth and the short bulbous teeth are Brachychampsa. Is that a safe rule to follow? I've also noticed that there are some slight differences in the teeth I have (hopefully the pics make it visibile). They're small, but the two on the lower left have noticeable raised striations (not sure what to call it). However, the one on the lower right and on the top are smooth. Is this just a difference in preservation? Identifiable traits to the species level? Positional characteristics? Individual variation? I'd like to hear any opinions on this. Thank you for your time